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`ELEVENTH
`EDITION v
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`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
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`IBG 1066
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`IBG V. TT
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`CBM2016-00087
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`icti0nary
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`IBG 1066
`IBG v. TT
`CBM2016-00087
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`A GENUINE NIERRIAM-WEBSTER
`The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a
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`Copyright © 2008 by Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`
`Merriame’ebster’s collegiate dictionary. — Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 9787~0-87779n807—1
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978r—0—87779~808~8
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD—ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978~0—87779—809—5
`(Leatherlook with CD—ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978—087779—810—1
`(Canadian)
`ISBN 978»-O—87779~813-2
`(International)
`ISBN 978w0~87779~814-9
`1. English languagemDictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam—
`Webster, Inc.
`Pl1.1628.M36
`423~dc21
`
`2003
`
`2003003674
`CIP
`
`Merriam-vWebster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
`2003
`
`COI-J -l"=LGl/\TE is a registered trademark of Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any meanswgraphic, electronic, or
`mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval
`systemsmwfihout written permission of the publisher.
`
`Made in the United States of America
`
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`dark 0 data structure
`
`1Clark \‘déirk\ ltd] [ME dark, fr. OE (leave; akin to OHG ftzrclzrmncn to
`hide] (bef. 120)
`1 a : devoid or partially devoid of light : not receiv-
`ing, reflecting, transmitting, or radiating light (a ~ room) b : trans-
`mitting only a portion of light (~ glasses)
`2 a : wholly or partially
`black (~ clothing)
`1) ofa color: of low or very low lightness c : be—
`ing less light in color than other substances of be same kind (~ rum)
`3 a : arising from or showing evil traits or dcsn-es : EVIL (the ~ pow-
`ers that lead to war)
`b : DISMAL. GLOOMY (had a. ~ view of the fu—
`ture) c : lacking knowledge or culture : UNENLIGHTENED (3 ~ peri—
`od in history)
`d 2 relating to grim or depressing circumstances (N
`humor) 4 a : not clear to the understanding b : not known or ex-
`plored because of remoteness (the ~erz reaches of the continent) 5
`: not fair in complexion : SWAR’l‘HY 6 : SECRET (kept his plans N) 7
`: possessing depth and richness (51 ~ voice) 8 : closed to the public
`(the theater is ~ in the summer)
`syn see onscrnua ~ dark-15h
`\‘diir—kish\ adj —— dark-1y adv - clat'K-ness 21
`2dark 11 (13c)
`1 a : a place or time of little or no light : NlGHT. NIGHT—
`FALL 13 : absence of light : DARKNESS 2 : a dark or deep color —— in
`the dark 1 : in secrecy (most of his dealings were done in the dark)
`2 : in ignorance (kept the public in the dark about the agreement)
`3dark vi (14c) obs : to grow dark ~ vt : to make dark
`dark adaptation n (1900) : the process including dilation of the pupil.
`increase in sensitivity of the retinal rods. and regeneration of rhodopsin
`by which the eye adapts to conditions of reduced illumination ——
`dark—adapted \.diirk-au‘dap—tod\ adj
`dark age it (1640)
`1 : a time (luring which a civilization undergoes a
`decline: as 3 121. cap D&A : the European historical period from about
`AD 1176 to about 1000; broadly : MIDDLE AGES b often 1)], ofrtm an];
`dei :
`the Greek historical period of three to four centuries from
`about 1100 ac. 2 6! often 11/. often Cap D&A : the primitive period in
`the development of something (in the dark ages of medicine) b often
`pl, often mp DLU : a state of stagnation or decline
`dark continent n (1829)
`1 often C(11) DLQC: the continent of Africa 2
`: something unknown or unexplored
`
`dark-en \'dar—kon\ vb dark-ened; dark-en-ing \'
`" ~ko-nilJ\ vi (14c)
`1 : to grow dark : become obscured (the skies were ~ing) 2 : to be-
`come gloomy (his mood ~31!) ~ v2
`1 : to make dark 2 : to make
`less clear : OBSCURF, (the financial crisis «ed the future of the compa-
`ny)
`3 : TAINT,
`'rARNISH (Ned his reputation)
`4 : to cast a gloom
`over 5 : to make of darker color — dark-en-er \-ko~ner\ n
`dark energy it (1998) : a hypothetical fen-n of energy that produces a
`force that opposes gravity and is thought to be the cause of the acceler-
`ating expansion of the universe
`dark—eyed iunco n (1974) : a common No. American junco (szco
`hyemalir)
`dark field .-1 (1865) : the dark area that serves as the background for ob-
`jects viewed in an ultramicroseopc
`dark—field microscope n (1926) : UL'I‘RAMICROSCOPF.
`dark horse n (1831)
`1 a :
`'1 usu. little known contender (as a race—
`horse) that makes an unexpectedly good showng b : an entrant in a
`contest that is judged unlikely to succeed 2 : a political candidate un—
`expectedly nominated usu. as a compromise between factions
`dark lantern n (1640) : a lantern that can be closed to conceal the light
`dar-kle \‘diir—kah vi dar-kled; dar-kling \~k(o—)lin\ [back-formation fr.
`(Ir/riding] (1800)
`1 a : to become clouded or gloomy b : to grow dark
`2 : to become concealed in the dark
`Mark-ling \'diir~klin\ adv [ME (lerkelyng, fr. dark dark + 43ng ~ling]
`(15c) : in the dark
`Qdark-llng adj (1718)
`1 : DARK 2 : done or taking place in the dark
`darkling beetle n (1816) 2 any of a family (Tencbrionidae) of firm:
`bodied mostly dark~colored vegetable-feeding nocturnal beetles which
`often have vestigial and functionless wings and whose larvae are usni
`hard cylindrical worms (as a meaiworm) —- called also tenebriont'd
`dark matter 71 (1982) : nonluminous matter not yet directly detected by
`astronomers that is hypothesized to exist to account for various ob—
`served gravitational effects
`dark reaction )1 (1927) : any of a series of chemical reactions in photo~
`synthesis not requiring the presence of light and involving the reduc«
`tion of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrate; esp : CALVIN CYCLE
`dark-room \‘dih‘k—.riim. «,rum\ :1 (1841) : a room with no light or with a
`safeiight for developing light—sensitive photographic materials
`dark-some \'dark—sam\ adj (ca. 1530) : gloomily somber : DARK
`darky or dark-1e \'diir-ke\ n, pl darkies (1775) um oflens-ive : a black
`person
`1dar-lin \'diir—lii)\ :1 [ME darling, fr. OE tlEm'Iing, fr. (More dear] (bef.
`12c)
`'. a dearly loved person 2 : FAVORITE (a director who is the ~
`of the critics)
`2darling adj (15c)
`1
`: dearly loved : FAVORITE
`2 : very pleasing
`: CHARMING —-— dar-ling-ly \-lin—lc\ adv —— dar-ling-ness n
`darm-stadt-i-um \.dfiirm-‘sta—t&—9m\ )1 [N14, fr. Darmstadt, Germany]
`(2003) : a short-lived radioactive element produced artificially —— see
`ELEMENT table
`1clam \‘di’trn\ vb [perh. fr. F dial. darner] v! (ca. 1600)
`1 : to mend with
`interlacing stitches 2 : to embroider by filling in with long running or
`interlacing stitches ~ vi : to do darning —— darn-er n
`3darn \‘diirn
`also durn \‘dorrt\ adj or adv [euphemism]
`(1781)
`zdarn n (1720) i a place that has been darned (a sweater full of NS)
`: DAMNED
`4darn also (turn vb (1781) : mus ~ darned \‘diirn(d)\ also durncd
`r \‘dcrn(d)\ adj or adv
`“darn also durn n (1840) : DAMN
`dar-nel \‘déir~n°l\ n [ME] (14c) : any of several usu. weedy ryegrasscs
`(germs Lolium)
`1 : a long needle with a large eye for use in
`darning needle 11 (1742)
`darning 2 : DRAGONFLY, DAMSELFLY
`DARPA llbbl‘ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
`1dart \‘(liirt\ n [ME. fr. AF, of Gmc origin; akin to OHG turf dart, OE
`darotlz] (14c)
`1 a archaic : a light spear
`b (1) : a small missile usu.
`with a pointed shatt at one end and feathers at the other
`(2) pl but sing
`in cvmtr : a game in which darts are thrown at a target 2 a : some-
`thing projected with sudden speed; esp : a sharp glance b : something
`causing sudden pain or distress (NS of sarcasm)
`3 : something with a
`slender pointed shaft or outline; spear)": a stitched tapering fold in a
`garment 4 ‘. a quick movement (made a N for the door)
`
`1 : to throw with a sudden movement 2 : to thrust or
`2dart vt (1573)
`move with sudden speed
`3 : to shoot with a dart containing a usu.
`street
`tranqgilizing drug ~ vi : to move suddenly or rapidly (Ned across the
`dart-board yuan-menu n (1901) : a usu. circular board (as of com-
`pressed bristles) used as a target in the game of darts
`dart-er \‘diir-tofl n (1796)
`1 : ANHINGA 2 : any of numerous small
`No. American freshwater bony fishes (esp. genera/immacrypta, Etlreo»
`stoma. and Pcrcina of the family Percidae)
`Dar-win-l-an \diir—‘wi'néqm azli (1860)
`1 : of or relating to Charles
`Darwin. his theories esp. of evolution, or his followers 2 : of, relating
`to, or being a competitive environment or situation in which only the
`fittest persons or organizations prosper — Darwinian n
`Darowln-ism \‘diir~wa-.ni-zoin\ n (1864)
`1 : a. theory of the origin and
`perpetuation of new species of animals and plants that offspring of a
`given organism vary, that natural selection favors the survival of some
`of these variations over others, that new species have arisen and may
`continue to arise by these processes, and that widely divergent groups
`of plants and animals have arisen from the same ancestors —— compare
`EVOLUTION 4. NEO-DAR\VINISM 2 : a theory that inherent dynamic
`forces allow only the fittest persons or organizations to prosper in a
`competitive environment or situation (economic ~) —— compare s0»
`CIAL DARWINISM - Dar-win-ist \-wo-nist\ n or adj
`Dar-win‘s finches \.diir—wonz—\ n pl [Charles Darwin] (1947) : finches
`of a subfamily (Geospiziuae) having great variation in bill shape and
`confined mostly to the Galapagos Islands
`Dar-win tulip \.diir—wen—\ n (1889) : a tall late—flowering tulip with the
`flowers single and of one color
`1dash \‘tlash\ vb
`(lass/ten, prob. fr. MF doc/tier to impel forward] vt
`(14c)
`1
`: to break by striking or knocking 2 : to knock, hurl. or
`thrust violently 3 : SPLASH, SI’A'ITER 4 a : RUIN, DESTROY (the news
`~21! his hopes) b : DEPRESS, SADDEN c : to make ashamed 5 : to
`affect by mixing in something different (his delight was ~ed with bit-
`terness)
`6 : to complete, execute, or finish off hastily —— used with
`clown or off (Ned down a drink) <~ off a letter) 7 [euphemism]
`: ‘DAMN 4 ~ vi
`1 : to move with sudden speed 2 : SMASH
`2dash 72 (14c)
`1 a archaic : BLOW b (1) : a sudden burst or splash (2)
`: the sound produced by such a burst 2 a : a stroke of a pen I:
`: a
`punctuation mark -— that is used esp.
`to indicate a break in the
`thought or structure of a sentence 3 : a small usu. distinctive addition
`(a ~ of salt) (a ~ of humor) 4 : flashy display 5 : animation in
`style and action 6 a : a sudden onset. rush. or attempt b : a Short
`fast race 7 : a long click or buzz forming a letter or part of a letter (as
`in Morse Code) 8 : DASHBOARD 2
`dash-board \'dash—.bord\ n (1842)
`1 : a screen on the front of a usu.
`horse-drawn vehicle to intercept water, mud. or snow 2 : a panel ex—
`tending across the interior of a vehicle (as an automobile) below the
`windshield and usu. containing instruments and controls
`dashed \‘dasht\ adj (ca. 1889) : made up of a series of dashes
`da-sheen \da—‘shén, da-\ 71 [origin unknown] (ca. 1899) : TARO
`dash-er \'da~shor\ n (1790)
`1 : a dashing person 2 : one that dashes
`3 : a device having blades for agitating a liquid or semisolid
`dashi \‘dii—(,)shé\ n Up, broth] (1955) : afish broth made from dried b0<
`nito
`dabshi-ki
`\do-‘shé—kc, dii-, da~\ also dai-shi-ki
`\di—\ 11 [modifl of Yoruba {lanai/cf] (ca. 1968) : a
`usu. brightly colored loose-fitting pullover gar-
`ment
`dashing adj (Ca. 1697)
`1
`: marked by vigorous
`action : SPIRI'I‘ED (a ~ young horse)
`2
`: marked by smartuess esp. in dress and manners
`—— dash-in -ly \—in~le\ adv
`dashnpot \' ash-.piit\ n (1861) : a device for cush-
`ioning or damping a movement (as of a mechani-
`cal part) to avoid Shock
`das-sie \‘da—sé\ n [Afrik] (1814) : nrnnx
`das-tard \‘das-tarth n [ME] (15c)
`1
`: COWARD
`2 :
`'1 person who acts treacherously or under-
`handedly
`das-tard-ly \-lé\ adj (1542)
`1
`: COWAIUJLY 2
`: characterized by underhandedness or treachery
`(a ~ attack) (a ~ villain)
`syn see COWARULY
`—— das-tard-li-ness n
`(16‘! abbr dativc
`DAT abbr
`1 differential aptitude test 2 digital audiotape
`dosta \‘dfi~ta, 'da~ also ‘na—\ 71 pl but sing or1)! in cum-tr, often nth-i1; [L, p]_
`of datum] (1646)
`1 2 factual information (as measurements or statis
`tics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation (the w is
`plentiful and easily available —«H. A. Gleason. Jr.) (comprehensive ~
`on economic growth have been published ——N. H. Jacoby) 2 : infor-
`mation output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful
`and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be
`meaningful
`3 : information in numerical form that can be digitally
`transmitted or processed
`usage Data leads a life of its own quite independent of datum, of
`which it was originally the plural. It occurs in two constructions: as a
`plural noun (like earnings), taking a plural verb and plural modifiers
`(as these. many, a few) but not cardinal numbers, and serving as a ref~
`ercnt for plural pronouns; and as an abstract mass noun (like informa»
`tion), taking a singular Verb and singular modifiers (as this, much, lit-
`tle), and being referred to by a singular pronoun. Both constructions
`are standard. The plural construction is more common in print, per.
`haps because the house style of some publishers mandates it.
`data bank n (1966) : DATABASE
`da-ta-base \'dz't-ta».bas. 'da~ also 'dii~\ 11 (ca. 1962) : a usu. large collec—
`tion of data organized esp. for rapid search and retrieval (as by a corn-
`putcr) —— database vt
`data mining n (1988) : the practice of searching through large amounts
`of computerized data to find useful patterns or trends
`data processing n (1954) : the converting of raw data to machine:
`readable form and its subsequent processing (as storing, updating, rear—
`ranging, or printing out) by a computer —— data processor 71
`data structure n (1963) : any of Various methods or formats (as an at.
`ray, file, or rccort) for organizing data in a computer
`
`
`
`dashiki
`
`1date \‘dfit
`1 : the o
`2 Daim wit
`date n [It
`Rome). 1
`Gk didar.
`~ of his
`(the m (
`somethin
`esp : a so
`tic charm
`: an enga
`a —— to dal
`date vb d
`antique)
`with char
`plainly th
`elnonolo;
`days) 3
`oat-able
`dat-ed all]
`MODED,
`l
`ed-ness
`datedess
`: too anei
`date-tine
`printed pl
`2 mm dati
`date~rape
`date rape
`QUAINTM
`date rape
`ly (as in a
`tin] date r:
`1da-tive \'d
`to. or bein
`ject of a Vt
`2native n (1
`dative box
`1929) : CO
`da-tum \'d
`\*a\ : somc
`ence 21)!
`suring u:
`da-lu-ra \d
`nate desce
`widely dist
`shade fami
`stramoniui
`hallucinogt
`dau abbr (it
`‘daub \‘dob
`with soft at
`3 a : to a]
`crudely ~
`crudely ——
`2daub n (15c
`daubing 3
`daube \‘dal
`and spices
`1daugh-ter \
`miller dang
`human par-
`scendant
`1
`it ~ of Gre
`radioactive
`2daughter a.
`daughter
`1
`or molecult
`cell) (N D?
`daugh-terei
`\~tar-zin-\ (I
`dau-no-my-
`Apulian) + ~
`dawno-ru-l:
`Illytrlll, a su
`rubido~ -—-fi
`C27H29N01c
`ment of ten!
`daunt \‘donl
`tame, freq. (
`: cow. sun:
`daunt-ing \'4
`~ task) —~
`daunbless \
`flaunt-less-
`dau-phin \'d
`pllyn, fr. OF
`(150) : the el
`dau-phine \t
`hin
`AV ubbr Dis
`da-ven also 1
`recite the pr:
`dav-en-port
`(1853)
`1 :a
`often conver
`Da-Vid \‘dfi-v
`who became
`to biblical at
`(Isz
`dawlt \‘dz’t—vo
`dim. of dflvit
`
`a..
`
`
`
`