JEFFERY L. CARTER
`BERT HASKELL
`ABDELSALAM (SUM1) HELAL
`RICHARD BRICE
`DARRELL WOELK
`MAREK RUSINKIEWICZ
`
`I
`"~ I
`
`K1.Lr\n:R A(TADEMI(‘. PuRusHF.R5
`Busmx!D0R0R£cHTILONDON
`Apple Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1023
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

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`
`
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`u4flu
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`l l l l l l
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`
`The proliferation of wireless networks and small portable computing
`devices has led to the emergence of the mobile computing paradigm.
`Mobile and nomadic users carrying laptops or hand-held computers
`are able to connect to the Internet through publicly available wireline or
`wireless networks. In the near future, this trend can only grow as new
`exciting services and infrastructures delivering wireless voice and
`multimedia data are deployed.
`
`ANYTIME, ANYWHERE COMPUTING: Mobile Computing Concepts
`and Technology is intended for technical and non-technical readers. It
`includes substantial coverage of the technologies that are shaping
`mobile computing. Current and future portables technology is covered
`and explained. Similarly, current and future wireless telecommuni-
`cation networks technology is covered and reviewed. By presenting
`commercial solutions and middleware,
`this book will also help IT
`professionals who are looking for mobile solutions to their enterprise
`computing needs. Finally,
`this book surveys a vast body of recent
`research in the area of mobile computing. The research coverage is
`likely to benefit researchers and students from academia as well as
`industry.
`
`’ iI i I
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`
`
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`1
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`Apple Inc.
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`ll
`Exhibit 1023 ’ Ill
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`ANY TIME, ANYWHERE
`COMPUTING
`Mobile Computing Concepts and
`Technology
`
`Abdelsalam Helal
`University of Florida
`Gainesville, Florida, USA
`
`•
`
`Bert Haskell
`MCC
`Austin, Texas, USA
`
`Jeffery L. Carter
`Motorola
`Austin, Texas, USA
`
`Richard Brice
`Darrell Woelk
`Marek Rusinkiewicz
`MCC
`Austin, Texas, USA
`
`KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
`Boston I Dordrecht I London
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Distributors for North, Central and South America:
`Kluwer Academic Publishers
`101 Philip Drive
`Assinippi Park
`Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA
`Telephone (781) 871-6600
`Fax (781) 681-9045
`E-Mail <kluwer@wkap.com>
`
`Distributors for all other countries:
`Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
`Distribution Centre
`Post Office Box 322
`3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS
`Telephone 31 78 6392 392
`Fax 31 78 6546 474
`E-Mail <services@wkap.nl>
`
`... ' ' Electronic Services <http://www.wkap.nl>
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Any time, anywhere computing : mobile computing concepts and
`technology I Abdelsalam Helal . .. [et al.].
`p. em. --
`(The Kluwer international series in engineering and
`computer science ; SECS 522)
`Includes bibliographical references.
`ISBN: 0-7923-8610-8 (alk. paper)
`I. Helal, Abdelsalam. A. , 1959-
`1. Mobile computing.
`11 . Series.
`QA76.59.A59 1999
`006.3--dc21
`
`99-40721
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
`retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo(cid:173)
`copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
`publisher, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell,
`Massachusetts 02061
`
`Printed on acid-free paper.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`3
`
`PORTABLE INFORMATION
`APPLIANCES
`
`3.1 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
`
`The first portable information appliance was probably a piece of stone or clay
`with markings on it, used to record numeric information. This information
`was probably very important to the user of this appliance and in some way
`directly affected his livelihood. It may have actually provided the "function"
`of counting by allowing the user to create a mark corresponding to a piece of
`livestock. This would have been very useful to an individual whose society had
`not yet invented a system of numbers. Given the lifestyle of such an individual,
`ease of use, portability, durability, and reliability were all essential. Ease of
`use probably meant that the individual marks had to be deep enough in the
`appliance so as to be detectable by touching. This would have been necessitated
`by t he need to count goats in a heads-up mode while incrementing through the
`marks with the thumb. Once utilized, this appliance would have to be stowed
`in an extremely portable fashion so that it did not interfere with other activities
`such as attempting to frighten away predators, throwing sharpened sticks at
`predators and most importantly, running away from predators. Durability
`would have been important since the user did not have the means to protect
`the device from temperature variations, moisture, abrasion, and shock. To
`the user, this device may have played a very important role in establishing
`his credibility, accountability, and responsibility with respect to the rest of his
`community.
`
`As the technology of mathematics and writing developed, human civilization
`progressed onward to the papyrus scroll (Figure 3.1) and ink pen. This ap(cid:173)
`pliance was highly portable and could convey very complex information. The
`user interface took a while to learn (reading and writing), and until relatively
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`28
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.1 Papyrus: ancient Egypt's portable information appliance
`
`F igur e 3.2 Pocket watch
`
`recently, only a limited number of individuals were able to use the technology.
`Still pen and paper persisted for several thousand years and is still the preferred
`portable information technology for most of the worlds population.
`
`Two other portable information appliances, the pocket watch and the printed
`book (Figures 3.2 and 3.3) are relatively recent inventions which have trans-
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`29
`
`Figure 3.3 Printed book
`
`formed human society. The pocket watch enabled the level of logistical syn(cid:173)
`chronization between individuals required for industrialization . Printed books,
`while not as interactive as paper and pencil, have also evolved as the preferred
`method for accessing standardized information in a portable format. Thus, pa(cid:173)
`per and pencil, the printed book, and the pocket watch have been the dominant
`portable information appliances since the dawn of the industrial revolution.
`
`The invention of the semiconductor technology in the Early 1960s began a
`transformation in portable information appliances, the full impact of which
`has yet to be realized.
`
`The first widely adopted electronic portable information appliance appeared
`in the early 1970s in the form of electronic calculators. Development work on
`these products began in the mid 60s and these designs exploited state of the
`art discrete transistor technology. By late 1960s, however, companies such as
`Texas Instruments, Rockwell and Intel had identified handheld calculators as
`a way to grow the market for Integrated Circuit technology.
`
`In 1970 there were several bulky hand-held calculators on the market at price
`points of around $300 and above. By 1975, calculators had shrunk to pocket
`size and had fallen below the $20 price point. The age of portable electronic
`devices, enabled by the integrated circuit, was upon us.
`
`About this time, digital watches also began to replace mechanical watches
`which had been in place for hundreds of years.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`30
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.4 An early calculator
`
`Figure 3.5 Portable video cameras (camcorders)
`
`By the early 1980s portable video camcorders had sold over 1 million units
`worldwide and penetration of portable electronics to the consumer had begun
`in earnest. This rapid penetration was driven by the compelling application of
`acquiring and storing motion video images. This trend was further accelerated
`by the introduction of 8mm format models which were highly miniaturized.
`
`Personal organizers, such as the Sharp Wizard, were also introduced in this time
`frame and were most successful in Japan, where the use of personal computers
`was somewhat lagging that of North America. In North America, they were
`popular among technophiles but in general, these products tended to be a
`disappointment to individuals that had experienced desktop computing and
`found little compatibility between organizers and desktops.
`
`Cellular phones have seen remarkable penetration worldwide . By the late
`1980s over 10 million units had been sold worldwide and the cell phone became
`a necessity for many and a status symbol for many others.
`
`By the early 1990s, over one million Notebook computers had been sold world(cid:173)
`wide as these products demonstrated their usefulness by turning spreadsheets
`and word processing into portable capabilities. Early models, in the late 1980s,
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`31
`
`Cellular phone price and volume
`(Data synthesized from EIA figures and MCC estimates)
`
`Average Cellular
`
`Average
`Price of
`Phones
`($)
`
`Average priCe
`houaeho/d
`
`!=Jt~~J-":::;J~;J~I:;;;J~~~ 0
`
`Year
`•cellular phones have dropped In price by an average of
`22% for every doubling of cumulative volume
`
`Figure 3.6 Cellular phones price and volume
`
`Cumulative
`number of cell
`phones
`produced
`globally
`
`Typical Cell
`
`.... Phone Factory
`Cost- MCC
`Estimate
`
`from companies like Toshiba and Compaq, featured Monochromatic reflective
`LCDs. These systems were quite adequate for word processing and spread(cid:173)
`sheets and were quickly adopted by traveling professionals. Transfer of data in
`and out of the notebook was achieved through magnetic disk. Prices remained
`relatively high ($2,000 +) due to two factors. First of all, manufacturers want
`to maintain high margins so the focus of the Notebook industry was on satu(cid:173)
`ration of the business market, in effect, competing with desktop products. The
`second factor was the desire on the part of the user to have high performance
`which matched as nearly as possible that of a desktop system.
`
`By the early to mid 1990s, several manufacturers were experimenting with the
`Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) product concept. These products attempted
`to span a gap between the personal organizer products and the notebook com(cid:173)
`puter products. These products tended to compromise the miniaturization of
`organizers and lacked the full functionality of notebooks. Furthermore, they
`were typically crippled with an over sold and poorly performing handwriting
`recognition capability. Most importantly, these early products tended to com(cid:173)
`pete with, rather than complement the desktop or notebook computer. Several
`manufacturers attempted to add wireless communicat ions to their P DA prod(cid:173)
`ucts to make them more appealing. Still, the lack of integration with the
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`32
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`desktop PC and the bandwidth limitations of the wireless telecommunications
`infrastructure caused these products to fail. The telecommunications infras(cid:173)
`tructure in the mid 1990s offered only wireline and cellular modem capabilities
`with fairly low bandwidth (about 14.4 Kbs) for portable products.
`
`3.2 THE ADVENT OF THE PDA
`
`PDAs burst onto the scene in 1993 and mounted a headlong assault into the
`commercial market-place only to be quickly repulsed. When the initial exuber(cid:173)
`ance subsided, the resulting carnage throughout the industry was both severe
`and widespread. Now, with forces re-marshaled and armed with a new gener(cid:173)
`ation of products, this same industry is attempting another assault, this time
`targeting the application specific vertical marketplace.
`
`PDAs emerged in 1993 amid claims of single-point data organization, ubiqui(cid:173)
`tous and instantaneous communications, and new operating paradigms using
`glitzy graphical user interfaces (GUI) and handwriting recognition. Most if not
`all of these claims fell short of consumer expectations. The reasons, while ob(cid:173)
`vious in hindsight, lay hidden at the time. They were: high customer expecta(cid:173)
`tions, immature applications, and incompatible and unrealized infrastructures.
`
`By 1993, the PC industry had introduced its most recent line of laptop com(cid:173)
`puters which included computational and storage capacities that rivaled their
`most powerful desktop companions, even though computational and storage
`capacity had been doubling every 12 months in recent years. Grazing on these
`fertile fields had fattened the software industry and had bred a generation of
`software developers with inefficient development skills and tools. This in turn
`lead to unwieldy applications whose weaknesses were masked only by the raw
`computational and storage capacities of the hardware they ran on. The re(cid:173)
`sult was that few wiry developers, and even fewer wiry applications existed
`that were capable of operating in the computational, power and storage barren
`environment of the PDA. ·Coincidentally, when the first PDAs appeared practi(cid:173)
`cally none were supported by third party software and embedded applications
`beyond the basic notepad, calendar, and calculator were virtually nonexistent.
`
`Early on it was clear the success of the PDA rested heavily upon a variety
`of component and service infrastructures with the most critical of these en(cid:173)
`ablers being wireless communications. In 1993, riding a sustained boom of 40%
`growth per year and giddy about recent cooperative initiatives, the cellular
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`33
`
`service providers boasted claims of a complete domestic wireless data infras(cid:173)
`tructure (CDPD) by the end of 1994. This effort, seemingly coordinated in its
`announcement, was enthusiastically received by the PDA industry but within
`a year the initiative would stall and lose much of its support. The breakdown
`came in the radio module that provides the link between the PDA and the
`wireless network. Initially predicted to be PCMCIA sized, it was soon realized
`that the requisite data radios would be both larger and more power hungry
`that anyone predicted. When they emerged, larger than some of the PDAs
`they were supposed to support, both industries recoiled under the letdown.
`
`As if this was not enough, the whole industry was elevated to a high state
`of excitement, by a barrage of hype filled announcements, using phrases like
`"Imagine if" and "Have you ever ... you will". Every technology announcement
`from new processor architectures to handwriting recognition techniques added
`fuel to the flames. Claims like "desktop performance in your palm", "time
`saving user interfaces", "ubiquitous communications", "transportable applica(cid:173)
`tions", "laptop functionality", and more were touted loud and long. Market
`analysts and prognosticators joined in the frenzy, seemingly unable to separate
`future dreams from first article hardware. As such, market expectations were
`set high, and high they stayed, as one product after another fell short and
`slammed into the reality wall. In fact, the ring of these claims still echoed in
`the ears of customers as they tried to use products that were expensive, bulky,
`fragile, unsupported, incompatible, uncooperative and unstable.
`
`To make matters worse, costs were high and sales were low. The average price
`for a PDA in 1993 exceeded $750, some like the AT&T EO had prices that went
`as high as $2000-well outside the reach of many of the target customers. Con(cid:173)
`sequently, in the first two years there were just 350,000 units sold. The volumes
`were so low in fact, that unlike most consumer electronics, they never crested
`the cost-experience wave which along with competition has the unrelenting
`ability to drive prices asymptotically toward the cost of the raw materials.
`
`There were other problems as well with this initial surge of PDAs, but they
`served only to add to the mass confusion. The industry backlash, however, was
`both clear and severe. With hundreds of millions of dollars invested, two of
`the major players (AT&T EO, and IBM Simon) dropped out completely. The
`others fell back and re-grouped trying to understand what went wrong. What
`went wrong was equally as clear. Consumers were demanding usefulness and
`the first round of PDAs with limited applications and practically no commu(cid:173)
`nications simply did not fit the bill. Only a small percentage of the devices
`sold were ever really used. The vast majority were simply discarded amid the
`disappointment and frustration of the once excited user.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`34
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Today, the landscape has changed significantly. Unlike the excitement of the
`past, PDAs are now met with suspicion and skepticism. Regardless, a new
`battalion of products is moving into the fray. This time, however, there is
`an attempt to reduce the type, and in some cases manufacturers are trying
`to distance themselves from the past by avoiding the name PDA altogether,
`choosing instead names like pocket organizer and personal information manager
`(PIM).
`
`Despite the reduction in hype, demands on and customer expectations of the
`PDA have continued to rise. One reason for this is that the laptop computer
`performance has continued to double every year. This, along with even higher
`resolution displays, improved ergonomics increased multimedia functions and
`more powerful applications has helped set a new standard for PDAs to meet.
`While PDAs have made progress in their operating systems, applications and
`third party support, they still fall woefully short of customer expectations.
`
`Meanwhile, internet usage has erupted. Reliance on data stored in the myriad
`of html web sites, not to mention email services, has made wide area commu(cid:173)
`nications even more critical to the PDA paradigm than ever. Unfortunately,
`however, 18 months after ubiquitous wireless data services were promised by the
`cellular carriers, CDPD is in serious trouble. South Western Bell and Airtouch
`have essentially stopped their CDPD deployment, leaving major holes like Los
`Angles, New Orleans and Atlanta in domestic coverage. This lack of clarity in
`the wireless infrastructure has caused confusion throughout the industry and
`continues to threaten the viability of the PDA. This problem is compounded
`by the fact that the PDA manufacturers seem to rely on third parties to supply
`wireless modules for their products. This architectural approach results in a
`variety of inefficiencies and is due to a lack of expertise in wireless implemen(cid:173)
`tation. The integration of digital and RF circuitry at the semiconductor level
`will solve this problem in the future, but today, vendors that do not excel in
`both computing and communications design suffer a handicap.
`
`Not surprisingly, a detailed look at the current offering of PDAs reveals that
`they are an outgrowth of PC concepts, utilizing the same worldwide components
`and manufacturing infrastructure that has been optimized to support desktop
`and laptop products. The silicon integration, displays, component size, software
`applications and substrate densities of this infrastructure has driven the PDA
`into one of 2 directions: either toward a fully functional product that is too large
`to be practical or toward a product that meets the ergonomics requirements of
`the paradigm, but that severely limits functionality and performance to fit.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`portable Information Appliances
`
`35
`
`The result is that while the average price of the new PDAs has dropped to
`$575.00, not much else has changed. Still starved for applications this new gen(cid:173)
`eration will not likely outsell its predecessors in the consumer marketplace, even
`though many industry projections say otherwise. Almost in recognition of this
`fact the strategists now say that the vertical market is the new focus of their
`attention but this is no panacea. The demands of the vertical market are many
`times more stringent than that of the consumer market and the procurement
`motivation is much less of an impulse. What is worse, the entrenched competi(cid:173)
`tors like Symbol, Norand, and Telxon understand the operating environment
`and applications of the vertical market better, and will prove tenacious in their
`desire to maintain market share.
`
`From the Early 1960s through the Mid 1990s, the advances in portable infor(cid:173)
`mation appliances were impressive. Within the confines of a portable notebook,
`continuously increasing levels of computing power and display quality had been
`achieved. Ubiquitous, wireless voice communications via cellular phone had be(cid:173)
`come common place. Consumers recorded hundreds of millions of hours of video
`data every year using hand-held camcorders. These products drove the devel(cid:173)
`opment of important technologies. Silicon integration evolved from discrete
`transistor devices to single chips containing over 6 million transistors. Portable
`displays had evolved from simple numeric segment displays with less than 100
`pixel elements into full color displays with over half a million pixels. Electronic
`and mechanical packaging technology was capable of connecting thousands of
`components in a compact volume compared to only a few tens of parts at the
`start of this period. Batteries in the early 60s could store no more than 100
`watt-hours per litre. Their capacity today is up to 200 watt-hours per litre.
`
`For all of these advances in hardware technology, however, many of these
`portable information appliances still seemed as static as the printed book. If
`they were connected to the outside world at all, it was through a low band(cid:173)
`width wireless voice channel which was often unreliable for data transfer. Fur(cid:173)
`thermore, the Internet appeared and created heightened expectations about
`information access. Without mobile access to the growing global information
`network, these portable devices would not live up to their potential.
`
`3.3 PALMTOP COMPUTERS
`
`It is likely that wireless network connectivity will trail wired connectivity in
`terms of performance for the foreseeable future. The best strategy for the de-
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
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`

`
`36
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.7 The Palm Pilot V
`
`velopers of portable information appliance is to design products which either
`provide useful standalone functions such as an electronic still camera, or which
`complement wired network platforms. The emerging market of Palmtop Com(cid:173)
`puters is a breakthrough in terms of the ability of the Palmtop to complement
`the desktop computer.
`
`3.3.1 The Palm Pilot
`
`The Pilot is a highly portable appliance which is the first truly viable substitute
`for traditional pencil and paper technology. With desktop synchronization, this
`device allows the desktop user to augment the networked desktop computing
`experience with a portable time management interface. While the Pilot is
`unlikely to provide services like high quality real-time video in the near future,
`this product concept has made important inroads into sensibly merging the
`interactions of portable and stationary information appliances.
`
`Many other contemporary product designers have failed to take this approach
`by attempting to combine and therefore replace other devices. One example
`would be a smart phone that combines the functions of a cellular phone and
`a notebook computer. Such product concepts often end-up compromising the
`features which make the individual products appealing. For instance, may
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`37
`
`Table 3.1 The Palm Pilot V Specification
`
`/Item
`Size
`Weight
`Storage Capacity
`
`Battery life
`Connectivity
`
`Operating System
`Applications
`
`Specifications
`4.7" X 3.2" X 0.4" (LX H X W)
`4.0 oz. (including batteries)
`2MB: 6000 addresses, 3000 appointments
`(approx. 5 years), 1500 to do items,
`1500 memos, and 200 email messages.
`4-12 weeks (based on use) on 2 AAA batteries
`RS-232C 9-Pin connector and 25-pin adapter;
`IR port;
`TCP /IP ready
`Palm OS
`Date Book, Address Book, Mail, To Do List,
`Memo Pad, Expense, Calculator, Security,
`Games, HotSync, Others
`
`smart phones have poor display quality, unusable keypads, poor battery life,
`poor performance, and are much bulkier than most cellular phones. The result
`is a product that does not effectively replace either of the products that it is
`competing with.
`
`The Palm Pilot V specifications are shown in Table 3.1. The Palm Pilot V
`device is depicted in Figure 3. 7.
`
`3.4 HAND-HELD COMPUTERS
`
`The hand-held computer is another device that attempts to complement the
`desktop. It is much more capable than a Palm Computer, larger in size and
`weight, but can not be fitted in a pocket. Since their first emergence, hand-held
`computers have been competing with the Palm Computer market.
`
`3.4.1 Sharp Power Zaurus
`
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`
`

`
`38
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.8 Sharp Power Zaurus hand-held computer
`
`Table 3.2 Sharp Power Zaurus specification
`
`/Item
`Processor
`Memory
`Display
`
`Colors
`Resolution
`Contrast control
`Keyboard
`PC Card
`Audio
`
`Expansion Ports
`IR Port
`Dimensions ( w x d x h)
`Weight
`Operating system
`
`Specifications
`MIPS RISC Processor
`16MB (ROM Upgradeable)
`6.5 High-Contrast Color LCD Touch Screen with
`Backlight (viewable area measured diagonally)
`256
`640 X 240
`Keyboard
`64 Keys + 7 One Touch Application Keys
`one Type II slot
`WAV file compatible with microphone, speaker,
`and external record button
`Serial Port, PC Link, Printing
`IrDA 1.1 (115.2 kbps)compliant
`7.3 x 3.7 x 1.2 (186mm x 95mm x 29.6mm)
`17.3 oz ( 490g)
`Windows CE
`
`The Sharp Power Zaurus is a popular hand-held computer that competes with
`the Palm Computer market. The Zaurus which is depicted in Figure 3.8 is best
`described in terms of its specifications listed in Table 3.2.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`portable Information Appliances
`
`39
`
`Figure 3.9 The VADEM Clio tablet hand-held PC
`
`Table 3.3 VADEM Clio specification
`
`I Item
`Processor
`Storage
`Display
`Operating System
`Connectivity
`I/0
`
`I Specifications
`MIPS 4000
`24MB ROM, 16MB RAM
`9.4" 640X480, 256 color
`Windows CE 2.1
`IR port and built-in 33.6 kbps modem
`keyboard, pen, and Type II PC card
`
`3.4.2 VADEM Clio
`
`Clio is a Windows CE based hand-held PC with a swing-top design that pro(cid:173)
`vides three modes of interaction: keyboard, pen and tablet, and presentation
`modes. The three modes are achieved by swinging and/or folding the display
`around the keyboard base. The specifications of the Clio, which is shown in
`Figure 3.9 are listed in Table 3.3.
`
`3.5 COMMUNICATORS
`
`The Communicator is a PDA concept that combines the benefits, portability
`and functionality of digital cellular phones and palmtop computers. The idea
`
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`

`
`40
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Table 3.4 The Nokia 9000 Specifications
`
`Item
`Memory
`
`Processor
`Operating System
`E-mail protocols
`Weight
`Dimensions
`Displays
`
`Specifications
`8MB total: 4MB OS and applications,
`2MB program execution,
`2MB user data storage
`embedded INTEL 386 processor
`GeOS TM3.0
`SMTP, IMAP4, POP3 and MIMEl
`397g
`173 x 64 x 38 mm
`Grayscale 640x200 (illuminated) LCD
`
`is to stick a palmtop computer to a cell phone with data capabilities to provide
`remote access, in addition to the stand-alone form factor applications that
`can be found on palmtop computers. Internet access, telnet, email, and web
`browsing are all applications offered by communicators.
`
`3.5.1 Nokia 9000
`
`The Nokia 9000 is the most popular communicator, not only because of its
`appearance in the hands of Agent 007 in one of his recent movies (1997), but
`because of the unprecedented unique features and capabilities. The Nokia 9000
`combined a compact personal organizer with Internet access and a versatile
`voice and text messaging system. The organizer includes: an address book,
`note editor, calendar with to-do list, calculator, and world clock. A built-in
`browser, Telnet, and a VT100 Terminal emulation are built-in applications that
`bring the Internet to the mobile user anywhere GSM coverage is available. A
`multi-protocol email client, Short Message System (SMS) and a Fax application
`are also bundled to provide a wide spectrum of communication alternative, of
`course, in addition to the digital voice phone interface.
`
`The specifications of the Nokia 9000 are listed in Table 3.4. Figure 3.10 depicts
`two pictures of the communicator. The picture to the right shows the commu(cid:173)
`nicator on a recharge base station and reveals the cell phone side of the device.
`The picture to the left shows an open communicator with a Web page on the
`backlit display.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`41
`
`Figure 3.10 Nokia 9000i Communicator
`
`i<' igure 3.11 Motorola Marco hand-held computer
`
`3.5.2 Motorola Marco
`
`The Marco wireless communicator was introduced to the market one year be(cid:173)
`fore the Nokia 9000 communicator (in 1995). It featured a built-in two-way
`wireless packet data modem allowing users to send and receive messages. The
`Marco Wireless Communicator, depicted in Figure 3.11, also included a fax
`and data modem, allowing information to be communicated through any tele(cid:173)
`phone network. To augment its functionality, the Marco was equipped with
`two PCMCIA Type II slots to allow users to simultaneously operate third(cid:173)
`party software applications and add memory to store more data. The Marco
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`42
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.12 Motorola Envoy hand-held computer
`
`weighs 1.8 pounds and is 7.5 inches high, 5.8 inches wide, and 1.4 inches deep.
`The device features a bright portrait screen that allows easy reading in many
`lighting conditions.
`
`At the time the Marco was introduced, Motorola had the vision of creating
`the first "wireless Newton" . Newton OS 1.3 was therefore used. A similar
`product based on the Magic Cap operating system (from General Magic) was
`introduced in parallel. That was the Envoy depicted in Figure 3.12.
`
`Unfortunately, the Apple Newton did not make it and despite all the software
`and personal information management tools loaded in the Marco, Motorola had
`only sold several thousand units before the device production was discontinued.
`
`3.6 SUB-NOTEBOOKS (MICRO-NOTEBOOKS)
`
`As mobile users continue to demand lightweight, long battery life, and rugged
`portable computers, advances have been made in a number of diverse prod(cid:173)
`uct concepts including what is now known as higher performance "micro(cid:173)
`notebooks", or sub-notebooks.
`
`Table 3.5 shows the specifications of the Sony PCG-707C sub-notebook that is
`depicted in Figure 3.13.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

`
`Portable Information Appliances
`
`43
`
`Table 3.5 Sony PCG-707C Sub-Notebook Specifications
`
`I Item
`CPU
`
`Memory
`Hard drive
`FDD
`Pointing device
`PCMCIA card slot
`I/0 ports
`
`Dimensions
`Weight
`Power supply
`
`I Specifications
`233MHz Pentium Processor with MMX Technology
`and 256KB 12 cache
`64MB EDO RAM standard
`3.2GB, 2.5" (6.35 em) disk
`External with port replicatot
`Glide pad
`Type II slot x 1, CardBus support
`USB, VGA monitor, FDD, ASK and IrDA, PS/2,
`Modem (North America only), Mic-in, Audio
`(W X D X H) 10.2" X 8.3" X 0.83"
`1.40 kg (3.09 lbs)
`Li-ion battery pack (approx. 2.5 hours)
`With optional add-on battery (approx. 8.5 hours)
`Universal AC adaptor (100-240V AC, 50/60Hz)
`
`Figure 3.13 A Sony sub-notebook
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1023
`
`

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`44
`
`CHAPTER 3
`
`Figure 3.14 HP Soujourn notebook
`
`3.7 NOTEBOOKS
`
`The notebook computer has enjoyed great success as the portable extension of
`the desktop computing environment. Notebooks are now starting to replace
`desktops for many users. Today the notebook market provides a most wanted
`portability by an increasing majority of users. We provide one example of
`notebooks which is the HP Soujourn. It weighs 3.2 pounds and is less than
`0.71in thick. It uses an Intel Tillamook 233-MHz processor and comes with a
`2.1 GB hard disk and a 64MB of memory. Its display is limited though to only
`12.1in SVGA. The HP Soujourn is shown in Figure 3.14.
`
`3.8 LAPTOPS
`
`Laptops are designed to replace the desktop. They can also be envisioned as
`nomadic desktops that can be easily moved from one place to another. The
`users of laptops require high performance,