PATENT OWNER
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`EXHIBIT 2040
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`PART 6
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`Dimensions ofT1rave
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`and Tourism
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`After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:
`
`Identity at least ten travel motivators.
`
`List and discuss eight social and economic changes that have led to
`increased travel.
`
`Explain the role of local, state, and federal governments in travel and
`tourism.
`
`List the four criteria used to establish the status of an individual as a
`traveler or a tourist.
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`lD%'fl€IIlI
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`11
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`Define the terms traveler and tourist.
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`Identify the three segments of the travel industry.
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`Discuss the size and scope of international travel.
`
`identify the nations that are the world’s leading travel destinations.
`
`Identify the nations whose citizens spend the most on international
`travel.
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`Discuss the conditions and documents that make international travel
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`possible.
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`Identify the nations that send the most visitors to the United States.
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
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`‘I2 Describe the importance of domestic travel to the U.S. economy.
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`13 Defineand describe the economic, cultural, social, and
`environmental impacts of tourism.
`
`‘I4 Identify several nations, states, areas, and localities that rely on
`tourism for jobs and income.
`
`
`
`Earlier chapters have pointed out the close relationships that four
`areas significant to the hospitality industry have had to one another:
`economic progress, the development of roads and transportation, the
`scope of hospitality facilities, and the extent of travel. We have indi-
`cated that those nations with the most advanced economies have had
`the most highly developed transportation networks and the greatest
`numbers of travelers. We have shown that hospitality enterprises
`develop as a direct consequence of the development of transportation
`and that as transportation modes change, so too do the locations of
`hospitality operations. We have discussed the foodservice and lodging
`industries in detail and described characteristic types of operations in
`each.
`_
`
`In this chapter and the two that follow, we will turn our attention
`from the specifics of food, beverage, and lodging operations to the
`larger industry of which hospitality operations are a part: travel and
`tourism. In the first of these, we will discuss the importance of travel
`and tourism to various nations and states, and then take a close look at
`the economic, social, cultural, and environmental impact of travel and
`tourism on them. In the second chapter, we will describe travel ser-
`vices. In the third chapter, we will describe recreation and entertain-
`ment facilities to which people travel for a major nonbusiness purpose:
`pleasure.
`
`
`People travel for many reasons. The list below includes just a few of
`the many possibilities.
`
`Convention attendance
`
`Visiting family or friends
`Business
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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`397
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`Health problems
`Climate
`Rest and relaxation
`
`Theme parks
`Exhibits
`Concerts
`
`Sports events
`Sightseeing
`Education
`
`Visiting the birthplace of parents or grandparents
`Weddings
`Funerals
`
`"Getting away”
`
`Some of these would have been unknown before the twentieth cen-
`
`tury. In the 1600s and 17005, for example, very few people would have
`had the time or the money just to travel because they wanted to go to a
`warmer climate, and no one would have traveled to ski or to visit a
`
`theme park: ski slopes and theme parks were not developed until the
`twentieth century.
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`In recent years, a number of important social and economic
`changes have led to increased travel. These include the following.
`
`> Early Retirement
`
`The retirement age for a large part of the population is earlier than it
`used to be. The social security system in the United States grants
`retirement benefits as early as age sixty—two, and many retirement pro-
`grams are linked to years of service rather than age. In some retire-
`ment programs, particularly government programs, it is possible to
`retire at age fifty—five with substantial benefits after working twenty-five
`or thirty years. Early retirement leads to greater numbers of travelers as
`the retirees set out to see the world.
`
`> longer life Span
`
`The average American or Canadian can now expect to live well into
`their seventies, and many will live considerably longer. This is in con-
`trast to conditions a few generations ago, when the average life span
`was considerably less. A growing population of people over sixty pro-
`vides a larger base of travelers—many of whom can afford extended
`periods of travel.
`
`> Shorter workweek
`
`In the first third of the twentieth century, the six-day week was stan-
`dard for most workers. Today, the five—day week is standard, and a
`four—day week is not uncommon. The resulting longer weekends, com-
`bined with faster and easier transportation, enable many workers to
`take weekend trips. This may include driving to visit friends and rela-
`tives, attending weddings and receptions, and traveling to various
`places and events that people did not have time to attend only a few
`years ago.
`
`> More leisure Time
`
`Workers have greater amounts of leisure time today than ever before.
`American, Canadian, and west European workers have more vacation
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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`399
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`time than any groups of workers in history. Most receive a minimum of
`two to four weeks of vacation each year, and many work for organiza-
`tions that offer additional vacation time for those with greater numbers
`of years of service. Some of the leisure time available to Americans is in
`the form of holidays, many of which are now scheduled to fall on Mon-
`days and Fridays. These create three- and four—day weekends that make
`it possible for people to get away. One example is the addition of Martin
`Luther King Day, celebrated on a Monday in mid January. This has cre-
`ated along weekend that has had a major impact on travel destinations.
`In the northeastern United States, for example, it has turned a relatively
`quiet weekend into a record weekend for the ski areas.
`
`> Greater Disposable Income
`
`Many families have more disposable income available than ever
`before. Higher wages and two-earner households account for much of
`this increase. This makes it possible for consumers to spend more for
`goods and services, and travel appears to be one of the services that
`consumers want most.
`
`> Greater Mobility
`
`Improved roads and better transportation make travel easier and more
`comfortable each year. The U.S. interstate highway system is now vir-
`tually complete, making travel faster between points distant from one
`another. Most people in the United States are near a major airport or
`one that provides service to a major airport.
`
`V Smaller Families
`
`The average size of American families has decreased significantly,
`making it easier and cheaper for the average family to travel: with
`fewer family members, travel costs less.
`
`> Change in consumer Spending Patterns
`
`The growth in public and private retirement programs has prompted a
`“live now” attitude and a feeling that the future will take care of itself.
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
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`improved roads and better transportation make travel easier and more comfortable
`each year. (Photo courtesy of San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau.)
`
`Many people are not as concerned as their parents were with saving for
`retirement, and they are more willing to spend their growing incomes
`on travel. Significantly,
`travel has become a major element in the
`lifestyle of many people.
`
`
`In many countries, the national government plays an important role in
`travel and tourism. Some national governments own and operate air-
`lines as well as national rail systems. Some also own and operate
`hotels, motels, and other tourist facilities. In addition, most national
`governments establish tourism goals, gather statistical data, regulate
`tourist facilities, and advertise internationally to promote tourism.
`In the United States, the national government has taken a much
`more limited role. Until recently, the official government agency pr0~
`moting travel and tourism was the United States Travel and Tourism
`Administration. However, funding for the agency was eliminated. In its
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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`place, Congress established a thirty—six-person National Tourism
`Board, with its members appointed by the president. Congress did not
`provide the board with funding, so there are serious questions about
`what it can accomplish.
`Statistical data concerning travel in the United States is gathered
`by the Bureau of the Census and by several other agencies. However,
`most people interested in obtaining travel-related data about the
`United States tend to rely on information from private agencies. The
`principal private organization providing data in this area is the U.S.
`Travel Data Center, based in Washington, D.C.
`In the United States, the responsibility for promoting and regulat-
`ing travel and tourism in each state falls to state governments. All state
`governments have offices charged with that responsibility, but their
`names and the departments to which they report vary from one state
`to another. In some, there is an independent state travel department; in
`others, the office responsible for travel and tourism is part of a larger
`department—commerce or transportation, for example.
`At the local level, most U.S. cities and regional areas have cham-
`bers of commerce that promote tourism in those communities where
`tourism is important. City governments frequently have convention
`and visitor's bureaus that promote travel to the city. They receive
`inquiries that they refer to hotels and motels for follow—up. They pro-
`vide such services to meeting planners as orientations to the city and
`introductions to convention hall managers, hotel convention man-
`agers, and other suppliers of hospitality services. These bureaus fre-
`quently act as housing coordinators for groups that come to the city,
`referring delegates to hotel properties. In some instances, convention
`and visitor’s bureaus are funded by a tax added to hotel bills in the city.
`This is not the only approach to funding these bureaus, however. In
`other cases, their operating costs are met by some combination of
`funds contributed by tourism—related businesses and matching funds
`from state or local government.
`
`
`
`Most people would agree that a traveler is someone who goes from
`one place to another beyond his normal commuting distance, and a
`tourist is a person who travels for pleasure. However, when one exam-
`ines those definitions critically, it becomes apparent that categorizing
`a specific person as a traveler or a tourist is not as easy as it first
`appears.
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`There are four criteria that have been used to establish the status
`of an individual as a traveler or tourist.
`'
`
`1. Distance
`
`2. Residence
`
`3. Purpose
`4. Length of stay
`
`Various governments, states, and organizations concerned with travel
`and tourism have tended to develop their own definitions of travelers
`and tourists based on these four criteria. These definitions are impor-
`tant because they are used to count and categorize travelers. Unfortu-
`nately, governments, states, and organizations still disagree on both
`the definitions of traveler and tourist and on the importance of each of
`the four criteria in those definitions.
`The question of who should be considered a traveler is particularly
`thorny. Should someone who is going to work on a special assignment
`twenty miles beyond his normal commuting distance be considered a
`traveler? What about someone who is going shopping in a city fifteen
`miles from home? And what about someone who visits a friend in a
`nearby town and returns home the same day? Is she a traveler? Should
`a person who goes from New Haven, Connecticut, to New York City to
`see a baseball game and returns home the same day be considered a
`traveler? If he or she should stay overnight in New York, does that
`
`change his or her status?
`To be counted as a traveler by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, a per-
`son must travel to a place at least one hundred miles away from home
`and return. The U.S. Travel Data Center uses a broader definition: a
`traveler is "any resident of the United States regardless of nationality
`who travels to a place 100 miles or more away from home within the
`United States or who stays away from home one or more nights in paid
`accommodations and who returns home within twelve months, except
`for commuting to and from work or attending school.”1 Of the fifty
`state governments within the United States, a majority have now
`adopted this U.S. Travel Data Center definition, although some are
`using a distance of 50 rather than one hundred miles.
`Because travel and tourism are important to the economic health
`of so many nations of the world, even the United Nations has become
`
`1The Economic Review of Travel in America (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Travel Data Cen-
`.
`tel‘, 1995), p. 3.
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`chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`403
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`involved in establishing definitions. In 1993, the United Nations Statis-
`tical Commission adopted “Recommendations on Tourism Statistics,”
`proposed by the World Tourism Organization. Included in the docu-
`ment are definitions aimed at establishing some uniform approaches
`to collecting data.
`
`Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and stay-
`ing in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
`consecutive year for leisure, business, or other purposes? All travelers
`engaged in tourism are described as visitors, and visitors are separated
`into two groups—domestic visitors and international visitors.
`In everyday usage, the terms traveler and tourist tend to be used
`
`interchangeably; the two terms are quickly becoming synonyms for
`one another. In this chapter, our definition of the word travelers will
`be the same as that of the U.S. Travel Data Center, explained above,
`and the words traveler and tourist will be used interchangeably.
`
`
`
`The travel industry is made up of firms and people who serve the needs
`of travelers. Professor Chuck Gee, a well—known authority in the field,
`divides the travel industry into three segments.3
`
`1. Direct providers of travel services
`2. Support services
`3. Tourism development
`
`> Direct Providers of Travel Services
`
`Direct providers of travel services are those firms and people who
`are in direct contact with travelers and who provide the services neces-
`sary for their travel. They include
`
`Airlines
`
`Bus companies
`
`2There are some exceptions, including migrants, students traveling to and from
`school, crews, and temporary workers.
`3Chuck Y. Gee et al., The Travel Industry, 2d ed. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
`1989), pp. 7-9.
`
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
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`Camps
`Car rental companies
`Credit card companies
`Cruise lines
`Entertainment and recreation centers
`Hotels/motels
`
`National and state parks
`Railroads
`
`Rental companies specializing in campers and recreational vehicles
`Restaurants
`'
`
`Shops selling goods and services to travelers/tourists
`Travel agents
`'
`
`This is not a complete list of the all the direct providers of travel ser-
`vices. However, it does offer a good cross section of firms whose pri-
`mary business activity is to provide a travel service. It is important to
`emphasize that this segment of the travel industry is not restricted to
`transportation, lodging, and foodservice. It includes any firm that pro-
`vides a travel service directly to the traveler: travel agents who make
`travel arrangements; shops that sell souvenirs to travelers; tour guides;
`entertainers who provide music and cultural activities for tourists;
`businesses that supply rental bicycles, rowboats, or sailboats for
`tourists; and many, many others.
`
`> Support Services
`
`Support services is a segment of the travel industry that includes the
`firms and individuals who provide services and supplies to the direct
`providers. These firms and individuals depend on the travel market for
`all of their business or for a large part of it. They provide the necessary
`goods and services that make it possible for direct providers to per-
`form travel services.
`.
`A list of these support service firms includes purveyors of food and
`beverages to hotels and restaurants; laundries that supply the linen for
`lodging properties; firms and individuals who supply travel mementos
`to gift shops; employment agencies that specialize in providing hospi-
`tality workers; management firms that run hospitality operations;
`foodservice firms that provide food for airline passengers; and many,
`many others.
`
`

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`Chapter Eleven e Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`405
`
`> Tourism Development
`
`Tourism development is a term used to identify the individuals and
`organizations that have impact, direct or indirect, on direct providers,
`support services, and individual travelers. This category includes those
`with an interest in travel and tourism but who would not be classified
`
`as direct providers, support services, or travelers. Examples of individ-
`uals and organizations in tourism development include
`
`1. Organizations associated with direct providers. These include
`the American Society of Travel Agents, the American Hotel & Motel
`Association, the National Restaurant Association, the International Air
`
`Transport Association, and the Cruise Lines International Association.
`Each of these organizations represents its respective hospitality or
`travel industry and consists of member firms from those or allied
`industries. They provide a voice for their industries to the U.S. Con-
`gress and to the public, they provide information about their indus-
`tries to their members, and in some cases, they make policy decisions
`relating to the sales of their services, the business or professional prac-
`tices of their members, or both. For example, the International Air
`
`in the United States, the responsibility for
`promoting and regulating travel and
`tourism falls to each state and is usually
`overseen by the department of
`commerce, transportation, or tourism.
`This includes advertising (as shown
`right) in print, television, and radio to
`contribute to the development of tourism
`within the state. (Photo courtesy of
`Virginia Department of Economic
`Development—Tourism Group.)
`
` MQWQ ?E&@@§ VEQO GOVEO g@@e
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Virginia’s star attractions include sunny laeaclnes, bustling
`seaports and secluded islands. But
`tl1ere’s more. For
`the complete story, call }"800"2ll=8"'4-853 lor your lree
`copy of our new liull-‘color, 152-page travel
`:
`guide. Or please write to Virginia Tourism,
`
`
`1,
`Department 265}, Richmond, Virginia 23219.
`©1139: \'Im.\’I.A |)¥Il'ARl‘M£VT Of Ermrynlc ()E\'Eu)ML\1-m=KN\ axon‘
`3--nu:-s
`
`
`
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`406
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
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`Transportation Association establishes international airfares for mem-
`ber airlines.
`
`2. Government agencies, including the National Tourism Board,
`as well as various state and local travel offices. These government orga-
`nizations promote travel and tourism to their countries, states, and
`localities and are important components of the travel industry.
`
`3. Private agencies that promote travel and tourism and gather sta-
`tistical data. One example is the World Tourism Organization (WTO)——a
`private organization located in Madrid, Spain. The WTO promotes inter-
`national tourism, gathers statistical data on world tourism, and is an
`official consultant to the United Nations. Another important private
`organization is the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), located
`in Brussels, Belgium. The WTTC is the newest of the international orga-
`nizations and has recently published a study of world tourism.
`
`4. Schools, colleges, and universities—public, private, and propri-
`etary—that prepare individuals for careers in hospitality and tourism.
`Numerous public and private institutions train cooks, chefs, desk
`clerks, and travel agents, among many others. In addition, more than
`eight hundred two— and four-year colleges offer majors in foodservice,
`lodging, or tourism. Among the first colleges to develop such programs
`were Cornell University, Michigan State University, and Pennsylvania
`State University. One of the first to develop a culinary program was the
`Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, which offers a
`program that has won national and international acclaim. The oldest
`of the four-year colleges offering a comprehensive program in travel
`industry management is the University of Hawaii.
`
`The travel industry is made up of a broad range of private and gov-
`ernment firms and agencies. It is a collection of organizations serving the
`needs of travelers. Many firms in the travel industry have little in com-
`mon except their dependence on travelers for their primary business.
`
`
`
`Travel is the world's largest industry. In 1994, the WTTC estimated that
`world spending on domestic and international tourism reached $3.4
`trillion. This represents about 11 percent of the total amount of money
`spent at the retail level on goods and services. Worldwide, travel and
`tourism employs more than 204 million people.
`
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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
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`407
`
`Table 11.1 GIOWIII of W0|'I(I T0llI'iSlI'l
`
`
`
`
`Table 11.2 Annual Increase ill Wfllld T0llI‘iSIII
`
`P The SCODE Of International Travel
`
`International travel is travel between countries. There has been contin-
`
`ued growth in the number of people traveling internationally, as shown
`in tables 11.1 and 11.2.4 The data in tables 11.1 and 11.2 includes inter-
`national arrivals only. The many millions of travelers who travel within
`their own native countries are not included.
`
`Some will note that these two tables appear to offer conflicting
`information. Table 11.1 shows a sizable increase in the number of
`
`arrivals over the years, while table 11.2 indicates a decline in the per-
`centage of increase in international tourism for each of the periods
`shown. For example, between 1950 and 1960, the increase in interna-
`
`4The data in this chapter is the latest available as this revision is prepared. The pre-
`sentation of data is always delayed by at least two years because of the time required to
`collect, tabulate, analyze, and publish it.
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
`
`tional tourist arrivals was 44,038,000 (69,320,000 minus 25,282,000),
`and the percentage increase per year for that period was 10.6 percent.
`Yet between 1970 and 1980,
`the increase in ‘international
`tourist_
`arrivals was 118,495,000 (284,282,000 minus 165,787,000), but there
`was only a 5.5 percent annual increase for that period. The reason for
`this is that the base numbers used to calculate the annual percentage
`increases were larger in the latter period, and this results in a smaller
`percentage increase. For example, an increase of 500 in the number of
`visitors to an area from 1,000 to 1,500 would be a 50 percent increase.
`Yet that same increase of 500 in the number of visitors the next year
`
`from 1,500 to 2,000 is only a 33 percent increase.
`For the purposes of this chapter, it is important to note that there
`has been a significant and steady increase in international travel. One
`of the primary reasons is the decreased cost of transportation relative
`to income, making transportation more affordable for great numbers
`of people. Others include greater periods of vacation time and greater
`numbers of holidays in many countries.
`
`> World's leading Tourist Destinations
`
`The world's leading tourist destinations are shown in table 11.3. A des-
`tination, as used in this table, is a country that receives visitors, -regard-
`less of whether they come by plane, ship, train, or automobile.
`
`Table 11.3 WorltI’s leading Tourist Destinations, 1993
`
`
`
`

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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
`
`409
`
`France receives more international arrivals than any other country.
`One of the reasons for this is France's central location in western
`
`Europe. Residents of the countries of western Europe frequently travel
`from one country to another, and France is both an excellent destina-
`tion and a country that travelers must pass through when traveling to
`other countries by automobile. France’s central location means that
`many visitors counted in the statistics include people who are passing
`through France on their way to Germany, Italy, or other destinations.
`Second on the list is the United States. Discussion of travel to the
`
`United States is found later in this chapter.
`The third leading travel destination is Spain. Its sunny, warm cli-
`mate and its relatively low prices make it a very popular travel destina-
`tion, particularly for those residents of colder climates. It is thus per-
`haps the leading vacation country for European travelers. The Spanish
`government has made a consistent effort to keep the monetary rate of
`exchange very favorable for visitors in order to attract as many tourists
`as possible.
`Italy, the fourth leading tourist destination, is important histori-
`cally, particularly because the Vatican is located there, and there is
`much else to see in Rome, as well as in the rest of the country. Many
`
`tours of Europe _start or end in Rome.
`In nations that are high on the list of tourist destinations, there
`are many jobs created to provide food, lodging, and other travel ser-
`vices for tourists. The jobs created by tourism are important to the
`economies of these nations, as will be discussed in greater detail later
`in this chapter.
`
`P WOI'Id’S leading SDEIIIIEIS 0I‘I lnternationaI'1'ourism
`
`Table 11.4 shows the amount spent on international trips by residents
`of countries ranked as the top ten in spending for international travel.
`The United States leads the list of international spenders. Discus-
`
`sion of U.S. spending abroad is found later in the chapter. Gerrnany is
`second on the list. The Germans have always been frequent travelers. A
`primary reason for this is the economic prosperity of Germany and the
`high standard of living in that country. In addition, German workers
`typically have considerable time for travel. On average, they receive ten
`' holidays and six weeks of paid vacation.
`Third on the list is Japan. Japan has become a leading economic
`power by exporting automobiles,
`televisions, cameras, computers,
`
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`410
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
`
`Table 11.4 World's leading International Travel Spender Nations, 1993
`
`
`
`radios, and many other products. Japan has become a significant
`member of the world community, and its citizens are leading interna-
`tional travelers. The average Japanese worker now receives more vaca-
`tion time than the average American, and the Japanese government
`actively encourages its citizens to travel abroad.
`It should be noted that the list of leading tourist spenders is made
`up of the most developed nations. None of the so—called underdeveloped
`nations are included. This has been the pattern historically.
`Current trends suggest that travel will continue to increase. Recent
`political changes in eastern European nations have resulted in many
`who were formerly prohibited from traveling by their governments
`now becoming part of the world’s growing number of travelers. In
`addition, these former Eastern—bloc countries are becoming attractive
`destinations for growing numbers of international travelers.
`The world is fast developing a global economy. As nations become
`more and more dependent on one another, travel will increase.
`
`> conditions and Documents Required
`for International Travel
`
`Before international travel can take place, nations must recognize each
`other through formal, diplomatic channels; certain specific agree-
`ments and arrangements must have been made, and the travelers
`themselves must have proper documentation.
`
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`Chapter Eleven > Dimensions of Travel and Tourism
`
`411
`
`Diplomatic Recognition
`
`The first requirement for international tourist travel is diplomatic
`recognition between countries. This recognition can take two forms.
`
`1. De jure recognition. The government of one country recog-
`nizes that the party in power in another country is that country’s legiti-
`mate government.
`
`2. De facto recognition. The government of one country does
`not acknowledge the legitimacy of the party governing another country
`but acknowledges, at least, that the party does govern.
`
`When discussions between two nations result in diplomatic recog-
`nition, government officials from each take up residence in the other
`and additional negotiations begin to establish the procedures and rou-
`tines for travel. Without diplomatic recognition, there is no suitable
`way to negotiate procedures for travel between nations, and travel
`between them is normally prohibited.
`The procedures for travel are negotiated by diplomatic officials
`known as consuls or ambassadors. They serve as the official links
`between nations. Diplomats work out detailed procedures for travel
`between nations and for assistance and protection to travelers. Diplo-
`mats also negotiate agreements that facilitate travel, such as landing
`rights for aircraft.
`International travelers must have appropriate documentation. The
`basic document needed for visits to most nations is the passport. Pass-
`
`ports are issued by the government of a nation to its citizens. A pass-
`port provides specific data about the individual to whom it is issued,
`including name, date of birth, residence, occupation, and citizenship.
`It also has a photograph of the passport holder.
`In addition to the passport, many nations require a visa. A visa is
`either an endorsement on the passport or a separate document show-
`ing that the passport holder has received permission from the govern-
`ment of the country he intends to visit to enter that country. Visas are
`usually obtained by applying to a consulate of the country to be visited
`well in advance of the intended dates of travel.
`
`Passports and visas are stamped by immigration authorities as vis-
`itors enter a country. These official stamps show the date and port or
`border of entry and indicate the permissible length of stay for the pass-
`port holder. Permission to stay in a country is normally granted for
`only a limited period of time.
`United States citizens need only a passport to visit most western
`European countries; one does not need to obtain a visa. Passports are
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`Part Six > Travel and Tourism Perspectives
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`not required for U.S. citizens to visit Canada, Mexico, or most
`Caribbean nations. Valid identification and proof of citizenship are
`required, however. For some countries, a driver’s license is sufficient;
`for others, further proof is needed—a birth certificate, for example. A
`visa is required to visit most eastern European, Middle Eastern, Asian,
`and African countries. In many South American countries, visas are
`required for some travelers and not for others. There, visas are nor-
`mally required for business travelers and for those staying three
`months or more.
`
`Additional travel requirements exist for many parts of the world.
`Typical of these are vaccination certificates proving immunity to cer-
`tain infectious diseases that travelers are likely to encounter in the
`country being visited. Cholera vaccinations are commonly required in
`many African nations, including Angola, Chad, Ghana, and Liberia.
`Cholera vaccinations are also required in many parts of the Middle
`East, the Pacific region, and South America. Yellow fever vaccinations
`are required in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and
`malaria vaccinations are required in several nations during those
`times of the year when the risk of contracting the disease is great.
`Proof of financial ability—a return ticket or a stated amount of
`cash—and other documentation are also frequently required. For
`example, to enter Ecuador, a tourist must have a ticket to leave and
`proof of sufficient funds. A passport is required, and a visa is necessary
`for a stay of three months or more. An American traveling to El Sal-
`vador must have both passport and visa along with a photograph and a
`notarized letter from the traveler’s employer. Presumably, these strict
`travel requirements result from past difficulties.
`Governments frequently prohibit citizens from visiting nations at
`war, those where the safety of visitors may be at risk, or those that have
`not been officially recognized. For many years, U.S. citizens were pro-
`hibited from visiting China because that nation did not have diplo-
`matic relations with the United States.
`Some countries restrict the amount of money their citizens can
`take from the country. Citizens of Indonesia, Israel, and Malaysia have
`been restricted in this way, for example. Some countries, including
`India and Burma, have