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`ary
`
`ELEVENTH
`EDITION
`
`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
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`1
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`A GENUINE NIERRIAM-WEBSTER
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`Copyright © 2008 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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`Merriam~Webst.er’s collegiate dictionary. —— Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978—~0—87779—807—1
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978'-0—87779~808~8
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD—ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978~0—87779—809—5
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`ISBN 978~0~87779~810—1
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`ISBN 978»-0—87779~8l3-2
`(International)
`ISBN 978~0~S7779~814-9
`1. English language—-Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam-
`Webster, Inc.
`P}:.—1628.M36
`423~—dc21
`
`2003
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`2003003674
`CIP
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`Merriam-vWebstcr’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
`2003
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`CO} I -l"=LGl/\TE is a registered trademark of Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
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`Made in the United States of America
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`Ei i
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`2
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`316
`
`dark 9 data structure
`
`‘dark \'cléirk\ ltd/' [ME dark, fr. OE rleurc; akin to OHG mrclzrmmzn to
`hide] (llef. 12c)
`1 a : devoid or partially devoid of light : not receiv-
`ing, reflecting, transmitting, or radiating light (a ~ room) b : trans-
`mitting only a portion of light (~ glasses)
`2 a : wholly or partially
`black (~ clothing)
`1) ofa Color: of lo\v or very low lightness c : be-
`ing lcss light in color than other substances of he same kind (~ rum)
`3 a : arising from or showing evil traits or t_1csi1'es : EVIL (the ~ pow-
`ors that lead to war)
`b : DISMAL. GLOOMY (had it ~ view of the fu-
`ture) c : lacking knowledge or culture : UNENLIGHTENED (:1 ~ peri-
`od in history)
`d 2 relating to grim or depressing circumstances (~
`humor) 4 a : not clear to the understanding b : not known or ex-
`plored because of remoteness (the ~e.s'z reaches of the continent) 5
`: not fair in complexion : SW.l\1'L'1'1~lY 6 : SECRET (kept his plans ~) 7
`: possessing depth and richness (51 ~ voice) 8 : closed to the public
`(the theater is ~ in the summer)
`syn see OHSCURE ~ dark-ish
`\‘diir-kish\ adj —— dark-iv adv - dark-ness 21
`2dark 11 (13c)
`1 a : a place or time of little or no light : NIGHT. NIGHT-
`FALL b : absence of light : DARKNESS 2 : a dark or deep color —— in
`the dark 1 : in secrecy (most of his dealings were done in the dark)
`2 : in ignorance (kept the public in the dark about the agreement)
`Sdark wf (14c) obs : to grow dark ~ vt : to make dark
`dark adaptation n (1900) : the process including dilation of the pupil,
`increase in sensitivity of the retinal rods, and regeneration of rhodopsin
`by which the eye adapts to conditions of reduced illumination -—-
`dark—adapt~ed \.ci&irl<-a-'dap-tod\ adj
`dark age it (1640)
`1 : a time during which a civilizatioii undergoes 11
`decline: as 3 pl, cr11Il)d‘ul : the Europe:-in historical period from about
`so. 476 to about 1000; broadly : MIDDLE AGES b often pl, often cap
`D&/i
`:
`the Greek historical period of three to four centuries from
`about 1100 BC. 2 El often 1:]. often cap Dd:/1 : the primitive period in
`the development of something (in the rlrtrlc ages of medicine) b often
`pl, often can Drf»./l
`: a state of stagnation or decline
`dark continent n (1829)
`1 often cap D&C: the continent of Africa 2
`: something unknown or unexplored
`dark-en \'d&ir-kon\ vb dark-ened; dark-en-irig \'
`" -ka-nin\ vi (1410)
`1 : to grow dark : become obscured (the skies were ~iIzg) 2 : to be-
`come gloomy (his mood ~31!) ~ v2
`1 : to make dark 2 : to make
`less clear : OBSCURF, (the financial crisis ~21! the future of the compa-
`ny)
`3 : TAINT, TARNISH (rwed his reputation)
`4 : to cast a gloom
`over 5 : to make of darker color ~ dark-eI1-er\-kc-ner\n
`dark energy it (1998) : a hypothetical forrn of energy that produces a
`force that opposes gravity and is thought to be the cause of the acceler-
`ating expansion of the universe
`dark—-eyed iunco n (1974) : a common No. American junco (Jzmco
`h_vemaIi.v)
`dark field .-1 (1865) 2 the dark area that serves as the background for ob-
`jects viewed in an ultramicroscope
`dark—field microscope n (1926) : UL'l‘RAM1CROSCOPF.
`dark horse fl (1831)
`1 a :
`:1 usu. little known contender (as a race-
`horse) that makes an unexpectedly good showing b : an entrant in a
`contest that is judged unlikely to succeed 2 : a political candidate un-
`expectedly nominated usu. as a compromise between factions
`dark lantern 11 (1640) : a lantern that can be closed to conceal the light
`dar-kle \‘(liir-k¢1l\ vi dar-kled; dar-kling \-k(a-)lii]\ [back-formation fr.
`(Ir/riding] (1800)
`1 El
`: to become clouded or gloomy b : to grow dark
`2 : to become concealed in the dark
`‘dark-ling \'diir~klin\ adv [ME tlerlrelyng, fr. dark dark + -lyng -ling]
`(l5c) 2 in the dark
`Qdark-ling aw (1718)
`1 : DARK 2 : done or taking place in the dark
`darkling beetle n (1816) 2 any of a family (Tenebrionidue) of firm:
`bodied mostly dark-colored vegetable-feeding nocturnal beetles which
`often have vestigial and funetionlcss wings and whose larvae are usu.
`hard cylindrical worms (as a inealworm) —- called also tcnebrionitl
`dark matter 71 (1982) : nonluminous matter not yet directly detected by
`astronomers that is hypothesized to exist to account for various ob-
`served gravitational effects
`dark reaction it (1927) : any of a series of chemical reactions in photo-
`synthesis not requiring the presence of light and involving the reduc-
`tion of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrate; esp : CALVIN CYCLE
`dark-room \'diirk—.ri'im. -,rum\ It (1841) : a room with no light or with a
`safelight for developing light-sensitive photographic materials
`dark-some \'darl<-sam\ adj (ca. 1530) : gloomily soinbcr : DARK
`darky or dark-le \'diir-ké\ rt, [11 clarkies (1775) um offensive : a black
`person
`1dar-lin \'diir—lii)\ 31 [ME d€I'Ifll_l,’,
`fr. OE rlEm'Iin;,', fr. (léore dear] (bef.
`12c)
`1 a dearly loved person 2 : F2\VORI'l'E (a director who is the ~
`of the critics)
`zdarllng adj (15c)
`1
`: dearly loved : FAVOILITF.
`2 2 very pleasing
`: CHARMING —— dar-ling-ly \—lin-lé\ adv —— dar-ling-ness n
`darm-stadt~i-um \,dfilrm-‘Sta-té-9in\ I1 ENL. fr. Darnistadt, Germany]
`(2003) : a short-livcd radioactive element produced artificially —— see
`ELEMENT table
`‘darn \‘diiru\ vb [pcrli. fr. F dial. darner] vl (ca. 1600)
`1 : to mend with
`interlacing stitches 2 : to l:l1'll)ft)l(lE1'l')y filling in with long running or
`interlacing stitches ~ vi : to do tlarning — darn-er I1
`3darn \'diirn
`also durn \'darn\ adj or adv [euphemism]
`(1781)
`2darn it (1720) : a place that has been darned (a sweater full of ~s>
`: DAMNED
`“darn also durn vb (1781) : DAMN ~ darned \‘diirn(d)\ also durned
`_ \‘dorn(d)\ adj or adv
`-‘darn also clurn n (1840) : DAMN
`clar-nel \’dé'tr-n"l\ n [ME] (14c) : any of several usu. weedy ryegrasses
`(genus Lolium)
`1 : along needle with a large eye for use in
`darning needle 11 (1742)
`darning 2 : DRAGONFLY, DAMSELFLY
`DARPA llbbl‘ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
`‘dart \'cli'n't\ 11 [ME. fr. AF, of Gmc origin; akin to OHG turf dart, OE
`darotlz] (140)
`1 a arclmic : a light spear
`b (1) : a small missile usu.
`with a pointed shaft at one end and feathers at the other
`(7.) pl but siizg
`in comlr : a game in which darts are thrown at a target 2 a : some-
`thing projected with sudden speed; esp : a sharp glance
`I: : something
`causing sudden pain or distress (~.r of sarcasm)
`3 : something with a
`slender pointed shaft or outline; specif: a stitched tapering fold in a
`garment 4 : a quick movement (made ‘.1 ~ for the door)
`
`1 : to throw with a sudden movement 2 : to thruster
`zdart vt (1573)
`move with sudden speed
`3 : to shoot with a dart containing at usu.
`street
`tranqL>1ili7.ing drug ~ vi : to move suddenly or rapidly (Ned across the
`dart-board \'déirt—.bord\ n (1901) : a usu. circular board (as of coin-
`pressed bristles) used as a target in the game of darts
`dart-er \‘diir-t:.>r\ n (1796)
`1 : ANHINGA 2 : any of numerous small
`No. American freshwater bony fishes (Esp. gcuerzimmnacrypta, Etl1eo~
`stoma_. andPerc1'na of the family Percidae)
`Dar-win-i-an \diir-'wi-né-:m\ azli (1860)
`1 : of or relating to Charles
`Darwin, his theories esp. of evolution, or his followers 2 : of, relating
`to, or being a competitive environment or situation in which only the
`fittest persons or organizations prosper — Darwinian n
`Dar-win-ism \‘diir-wa-,ni-zoin\ n (1864)
`1 : a. theory of the origin and
`perpetuation of new species of animals and plants that offspring of a
`given organism vary, that natural selection favors the survival of some
`of these variations over others, that new species have arisen and may
`continue to arise by these processes, and that widely divergent groups
`of plants and animals have arisen from the same ancestors —— compare
`E\7OL.[lTION 4, NEO-DAR\VINlSM 2 : a theory that inhcrcnt dynamic
`forces allow only the fittest persons or organizations to prosper in a
`competitive environment or situation (economic ~) — compare SO-
`CI.»\L Dixmvnxnsm - Dar-win-ist \-we-nist\ n or adj
`Dar-win‘s finches \.diir-w:mz-\ n pl [Charles Darwin] (1947) : finches
`of a subfamily (Geospizinae) having great variation in bill shape and
`confined mostly to the Galapagos Islands
`Dar-win tu|iD \,déir—wan—\ n (1889) : a tall late-flowering tulip with the
`flowers single and of one color
`‘dash \‘tlash\ vb
`(I(l.S‘.l'/tell, prob. fr. MF dnclzier to impel forward] vt
`(14c)
`1
`: to break by striking or knocking 2 : to knock, hurl, or
`thrust violently 3 : SPLASH, S1’/\'l'I‘ER 4 a : RUIN, mzsrnov (the news
`~21! his lmpcs) b : DEPRESS, SADDEN c : to make ashamed 5 : to
`affect by mixing in something different (his delight was --«ed with bit-
`terness)
`6 : to complete, execute, or finish off hastily —— used with
`clown or off (~ed down a drink) (~ off a letter) 7 [euphemism]
`: ‘DAMN 4 ~ vi
`1 : to move with sudden speed 2 : s.\tAS1-{
`“dash 72 (ltlc)
`1 a archaic : BLO\‘V b (1) : a sudden burst or splash (2)
`: the sound produced by such a burst 2 a : a stroke of a pen I:
`: a
`punctuation mark -— that is used esp.
`to indicate a break in the
`thought or structure of a sentence 3 : a small usu. distinctive addition
`(a ~ of salt) (a ~ of humor) 4 : flashy display 5 : animation in
`style and action 6 a : a sudden onset, rush, or attempt b : a short
`fast race 7 : a long click or buzz forming a letter or part of 21 letter (as
`in Morse Code) 8 : DASHBOARD 2
`dash-board \'clash-.bord\ n (1842)
`1 : a screen on the front of a usu.
`horse-drawn vehicle to intercept water, mud. or snow 2 : a panel ex-
`tending across the iuterior of a vehicle (as an automobile) below the
`windshield and usu. containing instruments and controls
`dashed \'dasht\ adj (ca. 1889) : made up of a series of dashes
`da-sheen \da-‘shén, do-\ n [origin unknown] (ca. 1899) : TARO
`dash-er \'da~sher\ M (1790)
`1 : a dashing person 2 : one that dashes
`3 : a device having blades for agitating a liquid or semisolid
`dashi \'dii-(.)shé\ n Up, broth] (1955) : afish broth made from dried bo-
`uito
`da-Shi-ki
`\do-‘she-kc, dii-, da-\ also dai-shi-ki
`\di-\ :1 [modif. of Yoruba diui.)'i/cf] (ca. 1968) : a
`usu. brightly colored loose-fitting pullover gar-
`ment
`dash~ing ad)‘ (ca. 1697)
`1
`: marked by vigorous
`action : SPIRITED (a ~ young hotse)
`2
`: marked by smartncss esp. in dress and manners
`—— dash-in -ly \—in~1e\ adv
`dash-pot \' ash-.piit\ n (1861) : a device for cush-
`ioning or damping a movement (as of a mechani-
`cal part) to avoid shock
`das-sie \'da-sé\ n [Afrikl (1814) : nvrmx
`das-tard \‘das-tertl\ n [ME] use)
`1
`: COWARD
`2 : a person who acts treacherously or under-
`handedly
`das-tard-Iv \—lé\ adj (1542)
`1
`: COWAIUJLY 2
`: characterized by underhandedness or treachery
`(a ~ attack) (a ~ villain)
`syn see COWARULY
`—— das-tard-ii-ness :1
`dat abbr dativc
`DAT abbr
`1 differential aptitude test 2 digital audiotape
`do-ta \‘dz"\~ta, 'da- also ‘da'-\ 11 pl but sing orpl in cum-tr, often uttrib [L, p]_
`of datum] (1646)
`1 2 factual information (as measurements or statis-
`tics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation (the w is
`plentiful and easily available ——H. A. Gleason. Jr.) (comprehensive ~
`on economic growth have been published —-N. H. Jacoby) 2 : infor-
`mation output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful
`and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be
`meaningful
`3 : information in numerical form that can be digitally
`transmitted or processed
`usage Data leads a life of its own quite independent of datum, of
`which it was originally the plural. It occurs in two constructions: as a
`plural noun (likc rzrzrningr), taking a plural verb and plural modifiers
`(as rlzese, many, a few) but not cardinal numbers, and serving as a ref-
`erent for plural pronouns; and as an abstract mass noun (like informa-
`tion), taking a singular verb and singular modifiers (as tlzilr, mucli, lit-
`tle), and being referred to by a singular pronoun. Both constructions
`are standard. The plural construction is more common in print, per-.
`haps because the house style of some publishers mandates it.
`data bank It (1966) : DATABASE
`da-ta-base \'da-to-.bz‘is, 'da- also 'dii~\ 11 (ca. 1962) : a usu. largo collec-
`tion of data organized esp. for rapid search and retrieval (as by a com-
`puter) —— database vt
`data mining 12 (1988) : the practice of searching through large amounts
`of computerized data to find useful patterns or trends
`data processing n (1954) : the converting of raw data to machine:
`readable form and its subsequent processing (as storing, updating, rear.
`ranging, or printing out) by a computer —— data processor 71
`data structure It (1963) : any of various methods or formats (as an ar-
`ray, file, or recort) for organizing data in a computer
`
`_
`d"=‘5l"kl
`
`‘date \=c15.-.
`1 : the o
`2 Dalm wit
`date 1:
`[11
`Rome), 1
`Gk didar.
`~ of his
`(the r\/ (
`somethin
`esp : a so
`tic charm
`: an enga
`3 —— to dai
`date vb d
`antique)
`with char
`plainly th
`ehionolo;
`days) 3
`dal-able
`dat-ed ail)
`MODED,
`I
`ed-ness
`date-less
`: too anci
`date-line
`printed pi
`2 11511 dali
`date~—rap£
`date rape
`QUAl'l\"I‘Al
`date rape
`ly (as in a
`1 tial_date r:
`da-live \'d
`to. or bein
`2 jec_t of a Vi
`dative n (1
`daiive box
`1929) : CO
`da-tum \'d
`\-a\ : some
`ence 21)!
`suring us
`da-tu-ra \d
`nate dcsce
`widely dist
`shade faini
`stramoniui
`hallucinog.
`dau abbr dz
`‘daub \'dob
`with soft an
`3 a : to a}
`crudely ~
`crudely ——-
`zdaub n (15:
`daubing 3
`daube \'d5l
`and spices
`‘daugh-ter \
`to/ttcr dang
`human par-
`scenclant
`1
`:1 ~ of Gre
`radioactive
`2daughter :1:
`daughter
`1
`or [1'10lCCI.llt
`cell) (rv DZ
`daugh-ter~i
`\-tar-ziu-\ (I
`dau-no-my-
`Apulian) + ~
`dau-no-ru-1:
`inyz.-ill, a su
`mbid0— -—-fl
`C27H29N0ic
`ment of lcui
`daunl \'Clc'Jnl
`tame, freq. (
`: cow, sun:
`daunt-ing \'A
`~ task) -
`daunt-iess 1
`daunt-less
`dau-phln \'d
`pliyn, fr. OF
`(l5c) : the el
`dau-phine \(
`hin
`AV ulzbr Dis
`da-ven also 1
`recite the pr:
`dav-an-port
`(1853)
`1 :a
`often conver
`Da-vid \‘da~v
`who became
`in biblical il(
`adj
`da-vii \'d5—vo
`dim. of dtzvit
`
`3