0001
`
`IBG 1021
`CBM of U.S. Pat. No. 7,533,056
`
`
`
`IBG 1021
`CBM of U.S. Pat. No. 7,533,056
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK™
`GRAPHICAL UsER INTERFACE
`
`FuNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
`
`CJ I
`~
`
`Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`
`A
`'YT
`Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
`Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York
`Don Mills, Ontario • Wokingham, England 11 Amsterdam
`Bonn 11 Sydney 11 Singapore 111 Tokyo • Madrid 111 San Juan
`
`0002
`
`
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
`reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans(cid:173)
`mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
`mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of Sun Microsys(cid:173)
`tems, Inc. Printed in the United States of America.
`Published simultaneously in Canada.
`
`The OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface was
`developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users
`and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering
`efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the
`concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the
`computer industry. Sun holds a nonexclusive license
`from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface,
`which license also covers Sun's licensees.
`
`UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
`OPEN LOOK is a trademark of AT&T.
`Sun-4 is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Patent pending.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`OPEN LOOK graphical user interface functional
`specification/Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`p. em.
`ISBN 0-201-52365-5
`1. User interfaces (Computer systems) 2. Windows (Computer
`programs) 3. OPEN LOOK (Computer program) I. Sun Microsystems.
`OA76.9.U830641989
`005.4'3-dc20
`89-38189
`CIP
`
`Copyright© 1989 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`
`Sponsoring Editor: Carole McClendon
`Cover Design: Hannus Design Associates
`Text Design: Joyce C. Weston
`Set in 11-point Helvetica Light by lnprint, Inc.
`
`ABCDEFG H IJ-M U-89
`First printing, November 1989
`
`0003
`
`
`
`CoNTENTS
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`About This Book
`
`1 Design Philosophy
`Basic Design Principles
`Visual Style
`Fonts
`Color
`International Considerations
`
`2 Overview
`The Workspace
`Pointers
`Using the Mouse Buttons
`Workspace Menu
`File Manager
`Base Windows
`Window Menu
`Control Areas and Controls
`Controls
`Scrolling
`Menus
`Using Menus
`Pop-up Windows
`Help
`
`xvii
`
`xix
`
`3
`3
`5
`5
`5
`6
`
`7
`8
`9
`9
`11
`12
`12
`14
`14
`16
`17
`19
`20
`21
`22
`
`iii
`
`0004
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Selecting and Operating on Windows and Icons
`The Window Background
`Using the Window Menu
`Selecting Windows and Icons
`Operating on Selected Windows and Icons
`Resizing a Window
`Scaling a Window
`Selecting and Operating on Text and Graphics
`
`3 Workspace, Icons, and Windows
`The Workspace
`The Workspace Grid
`Reserved Areas
`Default Pointer Shapes
`Icons
`Default Icon Elements
`Borderless Icons
`Nonstandard Icons
`Positions
`Base Windows
`Required Elements for Standard Base Windows
`Nonstandard Base Windows
`Optional Elements
`Multiple Base Windows
`Window Background and Foreground
`Base Window Positions at Startup
`State Feedback
`Input Area
`Pop-up Windows
`Kinds of Pop-up Windows
`Pop-up Window Ownership
`Multiple Invocations of a Pop-up Window
`Pop-up Windows That Block Input to the Application
`The PClp-up Window Menu
`Grouping Pop-up Windows
`Pointer Jumping
`Command Windows
`Push pins
`Default Controls
`Locations
`
`iv
`
`23
`24
`24
`25
`26
`26
`27
`30
`
`35
`35
`35
`36
`37
`39
`40
`43
`45
`47
`48
`48
`50
`52
`57
`57
`60
`60
`62
`68
`68
`69
`69
`69
`69
`70
`70
`71
`72
`73
`74
`
`I
`
`I
`
`0005
`
`
`
`State of Parameters
`Titles
`Property Windows
`Required Property Window Buttons
`Optional Property Window Buttons
`Settings Pop-up Menu
`Titles
`Single Category
`Multiple Categories
`More Than One Value for the Same Selection
`Change Bars
`Dismissing Property Windows
`Two Active Selections
`Level 1 Window Properties
`Level 2 Window Properties
`Help
`The Help Window
`Accessing Other On-Line Help Functionality
`Using Help
`Notices
`The Notice Window
`Notice Use and Placement
`
`4 Controls
`Visual Feedback
`Button Controls
`Visual Feedback for Button Controls
`Buttons
`Menu Buttons
`Menu Items
`Abbreviated Button Controls
`Exclusive Settings
`Setting Feedback
`Default Settings
`Indeterminate State
`Inactive State
`Variation on Exclusive Settings
`Nonexclusive Settings
`Setting Feedback
`Default Setting
`Indeterminate State
`Inactive State
`
`Contents
`
`74
`74
`75
`75
`76
`77
`78
`78
`78
`80
`81
`82
`82
`83
`85
`88
`88
`90
`90
`91
`92
`93
`
`95
`96
`96
`98
`100
`101
`102
`102
`105
`106
`106
`107
`108
`108
`109
`11 1
`111
`111
`112
`
`v
`
`0006
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Check Boxes
`Setting ,Feedback
`Default Setting
`Indeterminate State
`Inactive State
`Sliders
`Setting Feedback
`Default Setting
`Indeterminate State
`Inactive State
`Using Sliders
`Gauges
`Text Fields
`Scrolling in Text Fields
`Numeric Text Fields
`Multi-Line Text Fields
`Text Field Example
`Validating Text Fields
`Setting Feedback
`Default Settings
`Indeterminate State
`Inactive State
`Messages
`Summary Table
`
`5 Control Areas
`Positions of Control Areas Around Panes
`Control Areas Within Panes
`Using Window Buttons in a Control Area
`Using Command Buttons in a Control Area
`Using Menu Buttons in a Control Area
`Menu Defaults for Menu Buttons
`Viewing Menu Button Defaults in a Control Area
`Inactive Default Settings
`Viewing Menu Button Menus with Press-Drag-Release
`Viewing Stay-up Menus
`
`6 Menu Elements
`Menu Types
`Menu Groups and Submenus
`Required Menu Elements
`Border and Drop Shadow
`Controls
`Menu Titles
`
`vi
`
`112
`113
`113
`113
`113
`114
`116
`116
`116
`116
`117
`117
`118
`119
`121
`121
`122
`123
`123
`123
`123
`123
`124
`125
`
`127
`127
`129
`131
`133
`134
`134
`134
`138
`138
`139
`
`141
`141
`141
`142
`142
`143
`148
`
`0007
`
`
`
`Menu Defaults
`The Optional Pushpin
`Button Menu Placement
`
`7 Scrolling
`Scroll bars
`Scrollbar Cable
`Scrollbar Cable Proportion Indicator
`Elevator Positions
`Scrollbar Operation
`Splitting Panes
`Removing a Split Pane
`Page-Oriented Scrollbars
`Scrol!bar Menu
`Scrolling Without Scrollbars
`Automatic Scrolling
`Panning
`
`8 Scrolling Lists
`Scrolling List Functionality
`Required Elements of a Level 1 Scrolling List
`The Scrolling List Menu
`Exclusive Scrolling Lists
`Variation of Exclusive Scrolling Lists
`Nonexclusive Scrolling Lists
`Selecting Items for Editing in a Scr9lling List
`Using Items on the Scrolling List Menu
`Change
`Properties
`Insert
`Delete
`End Editing
`Multi-Level Scrolling Lists
`Title Area and Scrolling Buttons
`Levels Menu
`Glyphs and/or Text Items
`Using Multi-Level Scrolling Lists
`
`9 Color and Three-Dimensional Design
`Color Philosophy
`Application and Interface Regions
`Palettes
`Use of Color for a Three-Dimensional Effect
`Individual Color for Controls
`
`Contents
`
`149
`150
`151
`
`155
`155
`158
`159
`160
`160
`163
`169
`173
`174
`175
`175
`175
`
`181
`181
`182
`183
`183
`184
`185
`186
`188
`188
`189
`190
`191
`191
`191
`192
`193
`194
`195
`
`201
`201
`201
`202
`203
`204
`
`vii
`
`0008
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Icons
`Color Guidelines
`Color Plates
`Three-Dimensional Design
`Required Color Groups
`Raised and Recessed Objects
`Three-Dimensional Button Design
`Menu Items
`Exclusive and Nonexclusive Settings
`Check Boxes
`Sliders
`Gauges
`Text Fields
`Scroll bars
`Window Elements
`Scrolling Lists
`
`1 0 Required OPEN LOOK Ul Menus
`Workspace Menu
`Programs
`Utilities
`Customizing the Workspace Menu
`Base Window Menu
`Open or Close
`Full Size or Restore Size
`Properties
`Back
`Refresh
`Quit
`Pop-up Window Menu
`Dismiss (or Cancel)
`Back
`Refresh
`Owner?
`Settings Menu
`Apply
`Reset
`Apply to New Selection
`Set Default
`
`viii
`
`204
`204
`206
`207
`207
`208
`209
`211
`212
`212
`213
`214
`215
`215
`216
`217
`
`221
`221
`222
`222
`226
`226
`227
`227
`228
`228
`228
`228
`228
`229
`230
`230
`230
`231
`231
`231
`232
`232
`
`0009
`
`
`
`Scrollbar Menu
`Here to Top/Here to Left
`Top to Here/Left to Here
`Previous
`Scrolling List Menu
`Locate Choice
`Edit List
`Change
`Properties
`Insert
`Delete
`End Editing
`Text Field Edit Menu
`Undo
`Cut
`Copy
`Paste
`Delete
`
`11 Workspace Properties
`Introduction
`When Workspace Properties Take Effect
`Control Area
`The Color Category
`The Color Palette Menu
`The Workspace Palette Menu
`The Windows Palette Menu
`The Selection Palette Menu
`The Input Area Palette Menu
`The Icons Category
`The Location Setting
`The Border Setting
`The Align to Grid Setting
`The Grid Origin Setting
`The Grid Spacing Setting
`The Keyboard Core Functions Category
`The Keyboard Miscellaneous Functions Category
`The Menus Category
`The Drag-Right Distance Setting
`The SELECT Mouse Press Setting
`The MENU Mouse Click Setting
`
`Contents
`
`232
`233
`234
`234
`234
`236
`236
`236
`236
`236
`237
`237
`237
`239
`239
`239
`239
`239
`
`241
`241
`241
`242
`245
`247
`247
`248
`248
`249
`250
`250
`251
`251
`251
`251
`252
`253
`254
`254
`254
`255
`
`ix
`
`0010
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`The Miscellaneous Category
`The Beep Setting
`The Scale at Startup Slider
`The Set Input Area Setting
`The Scrollbar Placement Setting
`The SELECT Always Brings Window Forward Setting
`The Virtual Edges Setting
`The Mouse Modifiers Category
`The Mouse Settings Category
`The Scrollbar Pointer Jumping Setting
`The Pop-up Pointer Jumping Setting
`The Mouse Acceleration Slider
`The Multi-Click Timeout Slider
`The Programs Submenu Category
`The Workspace Menu Category
`
`12 File Manager
`Introduction
`File Manager Functionality
`The File Manager Base Window
`Elements of the Control Area
`Elements of the Path Pane
`Elements of the Folder Pane
`The File Manager Properties Window
`Display Options
`Sort By
`Binding
`Default Bindings
`Using the File Manager
`Changing Folders
`Opening Files
`Copying and Moving Files
`File Manager Icons on the Workspace
`Interactions Between the File Manager and Applications
`Loading a File by Direct Manipulation
`
`13 Process Manager
`Introduction
`Process Manager Functionality
`
`X
`
`255
`256
`257
`257
`257
`257
`258
`258
`259
`260
`260
`260
`260
`261
`262
`
`263
`263
`264
`265
`266
`269
`270
`273
`274
`274
`274
`275
`275
`276
`279
`280
`286
`288
`288
`
`291
`291
`291
`
`0011
`
`
`
`14 Keyboard and Mouse Specifications,
`Device Independence
`Level i Keyboard Functions
`Mouse Modifiers
`Core Functions
`Pop-up Window Accelerators
`Text Field Navigation
`Level 2 Functions
`Mouseless Operations
`Core Functions
`Text Caret Movement
`Text Editing Functions
`Text Selection Functions
`Scrolling Accelerators
`Input Area Navigation
`Soft Function Keys
`Virtual Keyboards
`Using the Virtual Keyboard Window
`Multiple Language Support
`Keyboard Mapping
`Sample Keyboard Maps
`Mouse Specifications
`Damping Factor
`Multi-Click Selecting
`Mouse Button Actions
`
`15 Using Menus
`Choosing from Menus
`Press-Drag-Release
`Click-Move-Click
`Using Menu Buttons
`Viewing Button Menus With Press-Drag-Release
`Viewing Button Menus with Click-Move-Click
`Using Pop-up Menus
`Viewing and Choosing from Pop-up Menus with Press-Drag-Release
`A Level 2 Option for Executing the Menu Default
`Viewing and Choosing from Pop-up Stay-up Menus
`Pinning a Menu
`Changing Menu Defaults
`
`Contents
`
`293
`293
`294
`295
`295
`296
`297
`297
`298
`298
`299
`300
`301
`301
`302
`303
`305
`306
`307
`308
`310
`311
`311
`312
`312
`
`315
`315
`315
`316
`317
`317
`320
`323
`323
`325
`326
`326
`329
`
`xi
`
`0012
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Menu Placement
`Submenu Placement
`
`16 Selecting and Operating on Windows, Icons, and Panes
`Opening Icons and Closing Windows
`Selecting Windows and Icons
`Selecting a Window
`Selecting an Icon
`Selecting Multiple Wlndows and Icons with ADJUST
`Selecting Multiple Windows with a Bounding Box
`Displaying the Window Controls Pop-up
`Double-Click Selecting
`Moving Windows and Icons
`Constrained Moving of Windows and Icons
`Moving Windows and Icons Off the Screen
`Resizing a Window
`Selecting Panes
`Resizing Split Panes
`Multiple Split Panes
`Removing a Split Pane
`Selecting Embedded Objects
`
`17 Selecting and Operating on Text and Graphics
`Introduction
`Selecting Text
`Wipe-Through Text Selection
`Selecting Text with SELECT/ADJUST
`Adjusting a Text Selection
`Selecting Graphic Objects
`Multi-Click Selecting
`Copying Text
`Copying Text with the Clipboard
`Copying Text by Dragging
`Quick Duplicate
`Copying Graphic Objects
`Moving Text
`Moving Text Using the Clipboard
`Moving Text by Dragging
`Quick Move
`Moving Graphic Objects
`
`xii
`
`336
`336
`
`341
`341
`342
`344
`344
`345
`347
`349
`350
`350
`352
`352
`353
`357
`358
`361
`364
`367
`
`369
`369
`371
`371
`373
`374
`375
`376
`377
`377
`378
`381
`382
`383
`383
`385
`385
`386
`
`0013
`
`
`
`18 Using Property Windows
`Applying Properties to a Single Selection
`Additional Selections
`New Selections That Do Not Use the Property Window
`New Selections That Use the Property Window
`
`A
`
`B
`
`c
`
`Certification
`Level1
`Level2
`Level3
`
`Details of Design Elements
`Pointers
`Workspace Pattern
`Menu Drop Shadow Pattern
`Icons
`Window Elements
`Scroll bars
`Controls
`Menus
`Scrolling Lists
`Help Windows
`Notices
`
`OPEN LOOK Ul Help Text
`Workspace
`Using the Mouse
`Starting Applications
`Using Menus
`Selecting and Moving Windows and Icons
`Window Basics
`Window Menu Buttons
`Resize Corners
`Scroll bars
`Menu Background
`Using Press-Drag-Release
`Using Click-Move-Click
`Using the Pushpin
`Changing the Default Setting
`
`Contents
`
`387
`387
`391
`39i
`395
`
`401
`402
`404
`406
`
`407
`408
`412
`413
`413
`416
`436
`444
`467
`475
`481
`486
`
`489
`489
`490
`490
`490
`491
`492
`492
`493
`493
`495
`495
`496
`496
`496
`
`xiii
`
`0014
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Pop-Up Windows
`Pushpin
`Help Window
`Property Windows Settings
`Icon
`Active Caret
`Inactive Caret
`Workspace Menu
`Programs
`Utilities
`Refresh
`Clipboard
`Window Controls
`Properties
`Exit
`Window Menu
`Open
`Close
`Full Size
`Restore Size
`Properties
`Back
`Refresh
`Quit
`Pop-Up Window Menu
`Dismiss
`Cancel
`Back
`Refresh
`Owner?
`Scrollbar Menu
`Here to Top
`Here to Left
`Top to Here
`Left to Here
`Previous
`Split View
`Join Views
`
`D
`
`International Considerations for the OPEN LOOK User Interface
`Programmatic Interface
`Character Sets and Fonts
`Text Strings
`Text Directions
`
`xiv
`
`497
`497
`497
`498
`500
`500
`500
`501
`501
`501
`501
`502
`502
`502
`502
`503
`503
`503
`503
`504
`504
`508
`508
`509
`509
`509
`510
`510
`511
`511
`511
`511
`511
`511
`512
`512
`512
`512
`
`513
`513
`514
`514
`514
`
`0015
`
`
`
`Formats
`Layout
`Physical Devices
`OPEN LOOK Ul Elements
`Font Size
`Direction of Text Flow
`Localization
`Glossary
`Index
`
`Contents
`
`515
`516
`516
`516
`516
`517
`518
`519
`541
`
`XV.
`
`0016
`
`
`
`AcKNOWLEDGMENTS
`
`The OPEN LOOK Ul was developed by Sun Microsystems in partnership with
`AT&T. It is based on the pioneering work done on graphical user interfaces at
`Xerox PARC in the 1970s.
`The "simple, consistent, and efficient" paradigm and many of the visual and
`functional designs for the OPEN LOOK Ul are based on the work of Norm Cox
`and Alan Mandler, members of the OPEN LOOK Ul design team headed by
`Tony Hoeber at Sun.
`Janice Winsor wrote and illustrated the OPEN LOOK Graphical User
`Interface Functional Specification. Norm Cox provided the three-dimensional
`design illustrations in Chapter 9 and wrote and illustrated the information in
`Appendix B.
`Many people at Sun, AT&T, Xerox, and elsewhere contributed over a
`two-year period to the design, review, implementation, testing, and refinement
`of the OPEN LOOK Ul. Special thanks to Leif Samuelsson for extensive
`prototyping work and design contributions, to Bev Harrison for administrative
`support, and to all those who took part in the open industry review process for
`their suggestions and contributions to the final design.
`Sun would particularly like to acknowledge the following people for their
`contributions:
`From AT&T, Don Alecci, Bruce Barnett, Jim Cunningham, Betty Dall, Lee
`Davenport, George Derby, Jim Farber, Scott Hansen, Ross Hilbert, Steve
`Humphrey, John M. Jones, Ruth Klein, Sivan Mahadevan, Don McGovern,
`Marcel Meth, Carol Nelson, Marcia Paisner, Bill Sherman, Sarah Siegel,
`Valerie Mitchell-Stevens, Rich Smolucha, Don Ursem, and Mike Zanchelli.
`
`xvii
`
`0017
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`From Sun, Lin Brown, Peter Choy, Ralph Derrickson, Pam Deziel, Tony
`Hoeber, Bill Joy, Jon Kannegaard, Rick Levenson, Karen Lusardi, Greg
`Mclaughlin, Richard Probst, Scott Ritchie, Jeff Rulifson, Leif Samuelsson,
`Evelyn Spire, lan Wallis, Janice Winsor, Dianna Yee, and Geri Younggren.
`From Xerox, Dave Curbow, David Goldberg, Janie Phillips, and Paulien Strijland.
`From Addison-Wesley, Carole McClendon, Joanne Clapp, Steve Stansel,
`Diane Freed, and Rachel Guichard.
`From lnprint, Ed Rose.
`
`,I
`\'
`:I
`II
`'I I,
`li
`II
`II
`il ii
`II
`,.
`!.[·.
`
`ll
`I
`t
`I I
`
`xviii
`
`0018
`
`
`
`AsouT THIS BooK
`
`What is the OPEN LOOK User Interface?
`The OPEN LOOK™ User Interface (UI) uses windows and menus with
`common graphic symbols instead of typed system commands to provide an
`intuitive environment.
`With the OPEN LOOK Ul, users are presented with a consistent screen layout
`that can be used across various platforms and operating systems. This
`common look and feel benefits end users, application programmers, and
`software vendors.
`The OPEN LOOK Ul is not a piece of software. Rather, it is a specification for
`a user interface that builds on the foundation of graphical user interface
`design pioneered by the Xerox Corporation.
`While it is possible for the application developer to implement the OPEN
`LOOK Ul "from scratch," the usual implementation approach is to use a toolkit
`that has been written for a specific windowing platform. The toolkit provides a
`set of routines that implement the various interface elements as specified in
`this book. The application developer, in turn, uses the routines provided by
`the toolkit to create and position the interface elements as needed.
`
`Audience
`The primary audience for this book is the potential developer of a toolkit that
`implements the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`Another major audience is the application developer who is interested in either
`porting an existing application to or developing a new application for the OPEN
`LOOK Ul. A related book, the OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Application
`Style Guidelines, is addressed more specifically to the application developer.
`
`xix
`
`0019
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`By providing guidelines for using the elements of the OPEN LOOK Ul, this book
`promotes consistency across applications.
`A third audience for this book is the nontechnical reader who is interested in
`the general design of the interface. Although the primary focus of this book is
`the detailed functional description necessary for toolkit and application
`development, it is important to remember that this functionality must make
`sense from the perspective of the user. To maintain this focus and emphasize
`its importance, the functional elements are described from the point of view of
`how you, as a user, communicate with the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`Trademark Licensing
`The name "OPEN LOOK" is a trademark of AT&T. The right to use the OPEN
`LOOK trademark is subject to a certification procedure. To encourage
`consistent OPEN LOOK Ul implementation across a wide variety of hardware
`platforms and operating systems, AT&T offers OPEN LOOK trademark licensing
`for three levels of certification:
`
`o Level 1 is a complete user interface, containing all the essential features.
`This is the minimum features set required for a toolkit to be certified as level
`1 compliant. The requirements for Level 1 certification are documented in
`The OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Trademark Guide, which is avail(cid:173)
`able from AT&T.
`o Level 2 is a superset of Level 1. It is anticipated that this level will be the
`most common level of compliance. The complete set of Level 2 features
`must be provided for an implementation to be certified as Level 2 compliant.
`
`o Level 3 is a superset of Level 2. This level is provided for more specialized
`features and to provide a mechanism for extending the functionality of the
`OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`See Appendix A, "Certification," for a detailed list of elements required for
`each level of certification.
`This book presents the technical specifications for the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`XX
`
`0020
`
`
`
`About This Book
`
`How This Book is Organized
`
`Part I, Introduction
`
`This part of the book addresses the nontechnical audience and contains two
`chapters that provide an introduction and an overview to the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`Chapter 1, Design Philosophy: The philosophy behind OPEN LOOK Ul design
`decisions.
`
`Chapter 2, Overview: A brief overview of the OPEN LOOK Ul, describing the
`basic elements and how they work.
`
`Part II, Design Elements
`
`This part of the book begins the technical specification and describes the
`basic elements of the user interface and how they function.
`
`Chapter 3, Workspace, Icons, and Windows: The elements of the workspace,
`windows, and icons; the types of windows in an OPEN LOOK Ul implementa(cid:173)
`tion; and the required and optional elements of those windows.
`
`Chapter 4, Controls: Detailed information about each of the controls and how
`to use them.
`
`Chapter 5, Control Areas: Detailed information about control area layouts.
`
`Chapter 6, Menu Elements: The elements of menus.
`
`Chapter 7, Scrolling: Scrollbars and ways of scrolling without using scrollbars.
`
`Chapter 8, Scrolling Lists: Basic, editable, and multi-level scrolling lists.
`
`Chapter 9, Color and Three-Dimensional Design: Guidelines and specifica(cid:173)
`tions for an OPEN LOOK Ul implementation on a color display and for a
`three-dimensional implementation.
`
`xxi
`
`0021
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Part III, Required OPEN LOOK UI Functionality
`
`This part of the book describes the required menus and workspace
`properties, the File Manager, the Process Manager, and mouse and keyboard
`functionality.
`
`Chapter 10, Required OPEN LOOK Ul Menus: The menus that an
`OPEN LOOK Ul implementation must provide: Workspace, Window, Pop-up
`Window, Property Window Settings, Scroll bar, and Edit for text fields.
`
`Chapter 11, Workspace Properties: The default global settings provided in the
`Workspace Properties window.
`
`Chapter 12, File Manager: The required elements of the OPEN LOOK file
`management application.
`
`Chapter 13, Process Manager: The required elements of the OPEN LOOK
`process management application.
`
`Chapter 14, Keyboard and Mouse Specifications: How mouse buttons are
`used and keyboard operations.
`
`Part IV, Using the OPEN LOOK UI
`
`This part of the book describes how you use the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`Chapter 15, Using Menus: How you view and choose from menus.
`
`Chapter 16, Selecting and Operating on Windows, Icons, and Panes: How you
`select and operate on single and multiple windows, icons, and panes.
`
`Chapter 17, Selecting and Operating on Text and Graphics: How you select
`and operate on text and graphics.
`
`Chapter 18, Using Property Windows: How to apply settings with property
`windows.
`
`Appendices
`
`This book has four appendices, as described in the following paragraphs.
`
`Appendix A, Certification: Three levels of certification for the OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`xxii
`
`0022
`
`
`
`About This Book
`
`Appendix B, Details of Design Elements: Bitmap renditions for pointers,
`carets, icons, workspace and menu drop shadow patterns in pixels. Engi(cid:173)
`neering drawings for the visual elements of an OPEN LOOK Ul implementation
`specified in points and inches. Tolerances are provided to allow for variation
`in pixel and display size.
`
`Appendix C, OPEN LOOK Ul Help Text: Help text for the basic required OPEN
`LOOK Ul elements.
`
`Appendix D, International Considerations for the OPEN LOOK User Interface:
`Issues to consider when designing an international implementation of the
`OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`Glossary: An alphabetical list of terms used in this book with definitions.
`
`Conventions Used in This Book
`The following conventions are used in this book:
`o Terms introduced for the first time are in italic type and are defined in the
`Glossary.
`o Mouse buttons are referred to by function, not by location on the mouse. For
`example, "click SELECT" is used, not "click LEFT."
`o The names of mouse buttons are capitalized. For example, "press SELECT."
`o Keyboard keys have an initial capital letter. For example, "to validate a text
`field, press the Tab key."
`o To perform certain functions, you hold down one key while you press a sec(cid:173)
`ond key or mouse button. This combination of keystrokes is shown in the
`following way: "Press Ctri/MENU."
`o Keyboard functions are also referred to by function, not by the location or
`name of a specific key on the keyboard. For example, SELECTCHAR is used
`to define the function of selecting a single character by pressing both a
`modifier key and the SELECT mouse button at the same time.
`o The term "OPEN LOOK Ui implementation" refers to toolkits and applications
`that have been developed to meet this functional specification.
`
`xxiii
`
`0023
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Device Independence
`One of the most innovative aspects of the OPEN LOOK Ul is that it is the first
`graphical user interface designed to run on a wide variety of machines. As an
`open industry standard, the OPEN LOOK Ul must accommodate displays of
`different sizes and resolutions; monochrome, grayscale, and color; and
`different keyboards and pointing devices.
`Consequently, the OPEN LOOK Ul is specified in terms of units that are
`independent of any particular device. The unit used in this specification is the
`point-the basic unit of typographical measurement-equal to approximately
`l/72 of an inch (0.352 millimeters). Refer to Appendix B for detailed specifica(cid:173)
`tions of each element.
`When units refer to the screen display itself, the unit used in this specifica(cid:173)
`tion is the pixel, an abbreviation for picture element.
`
`International Considerations
`The OPEN LOOK Ul does not provide specifications for international
`markets. Instead, Appendix D provides a discussion of issues that should be
`considered in the process of designing a toolkit that can be used in a
`multinational market.
`This book describes the user interface as localized for an American English
`audience, and therefore reflects that bias in the following ways:
`
`D The orientation of text is from left to right and top to bottom.
`D Capitalization styles are recommended basE;Jd on English usage.
`o Customary American spelling is used.
`D A sans serif variable width font is specified for the required elements of the
`user interface.
`D Some icons and glyphs may be inappropriate for other languages and
`locations.
`
`Style Guidelines
`The examples in this book show some of the ways elements can be used
`and combined. The OPEN LOOK Ul offers the application developer a great
`deal of flexibility in deciding how the controls are displayed and grouped
`together. The examples in this book are for purposes of illustration only and
`
`xxiv
`
`0024
`
`
`
`About This Book
`
`are not intended to be guidelines for an OPEN LOOK Ul implementation or to
`contain exact specifications of design elements. Always refer to the detailed
`specifications in Appendix B for exact details about design elements. The
`examples used in this book do not represent existing application implementa(cid:173)
`tions.
`When appropriate, this specification includes some guideline information.
`For example, guidelines for implementing color and designing icons are
`included. When guidelines are included, they are specifically identified, so
`you can easily distinguish between required elements of an OPEN LOOK Ul
`implementation and suggested information.
`See the OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Application Style Guidelines
`for more information about guidelines on developing applications for the
`OPEN LOOK Ul.
`
`XXV
`
`0025
`
`
`
`EJ
`
`p A R T
`
`I
`
`".
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`'l.
`
`CJ I
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`:«-»-.. »>:·:-.-.;-.x-:w..:-X«-. ... .««·»>>:·:.:·»:v:-x·:-:-:.:·>:.:v.-.:w:«?:.:·»»» 0
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`D
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`1.,
`
`I~ I 1•1
`
`0026
`
`
`
`1
`
`DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
`
`This chapter provides an overview of the design philosophy for the OPEN
`LOOK User Interface.
`
`The intention of the design is to balance the three goals of simplicity,
`consistency, and efficiency.
`
`o When you perform a new task and have no previous model from which to
`draw experience, the task must be simple to perform. This makes the inter(cid:173)
`. face easy to learn and master.
`o When you perform a new task but have done something similar in the past,
`the task must be consistent with past experience. In this way, you can trans(cid:173)
`fer learning from old tasks to new.
`o When you perform a familiar task, the interface must be efficient. Once you
`have mastered a task, you will want to perform it with minimal effort-the
`fewest keystrokes and the shortest movements of the mouse pointer.
`
`I
`
`! .
`
`I
`I
`i
`!
`
`3
`
`0027
`
`
`
`OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification
`
`Table 1-1 shows the goals of the OPEN LOOK Ul project and the approach
`taken to meet them.
`
`Table 1-1 OPEN LOOK Ul design goals
`Goal
`Approach
`
`Easy to learn
`
`Easy to learn new
`applications for
`experienced user
`
`Efficient for experts
`
`Distinctive user interface
`
`Base the interface on a
`small number of simple
`concepts.
`
`Provide a consistent
`interface. For example,
`both the window
`manager and
`applications work the
`same way.
`
`Minimize keystrokes and
`mouse travel.
`
`Design a visually
`uncluttered and
`consistent look.
`
`Easy migration for other
`interface users
`
`Harmonize with other
`user interfaces.
`
`Benefit
`
`The system is easy to
`learn initially, and users
`can get work done right
`away.
`
`The user can leverage
`knowledge and learn
`new applications.
`
`Increased productivity.
`
`The OPEN LOOK Ul
`becomes a signature
`that people recognize.
`
`Users can move easily
`among the major user
`interfaces with minimal
`retraining.
`
`The OPEN LOOK Ul takes advantage of current bitmap workstation design
`and operates efficiently in a multi-tasking operating system environment. You
`can begin an operation in one window and continue working in another
`without needing to learn the concept of "background processing."
`The device independence of the OPEN LOOK Ul means that applications
`developed using the interface will adapt well to new technology as it is
`developed.
`
`4
`
`0028
`
`
`
`Design Philosophy
`
`The OPEN LOOK Ul design builds on familiar concepts pioneered by Xerox
`Corporation. Because of the attention paid to functional consistency among
`user interface designs, you can easily switch between systems without
`needing to refocus attention on how the interface works.
`
`The visual design of OPEN LOOK Ul elements is restrained. The design of
`each element is clean and simple. It provides a consistent environment that
`acts as the background against which the application's information is
`featured. When the interface is uncluttered, the application becomes the
`·
`center of focus and attention.
`The OPEN LOOK Ul is based on a standard set of elements. Each element(cid:173)
`for example, a font, a button, a symbol, or a menu-is designed with a focus
`on how it fits into the whole. Borders are used to define different areas of the
`screen, such as a window, a menu, or a pane. Controls are arranged in
`groups within these borders.
`There are two visual designs for the OPEN LOOK Ul:
`
`o A black-and-white design for use on monochrome displays.
`o A three-dimensional design for use on grayscale and color displays.
`
`Fonts
`A sans serif, variable width font is used for the common elements of the
`OPEN LOOK Ul. Consistent use of the same font in all the elements of the
`interface contributes to the design concept of the interface as a backdrop
`against which the application is featured. Of course, an application can use
`whatever fonts the developer chooses in the part of the window that is
`reserved for the display of application information.
`
`Color
`An OPEN LOOK Ul implementation can be used on monochrome or color
`displays. A color implementation can use either black-and-white or three(cid:173)
`dimensional design elements. When a color implementation uses black(cid:173)
`and-white design elements, the borders are usually black, and color is added
`
`5
`
`0029
`
`
`
`OP
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