`Kanevsky
`
`US006300947B1
`(16) Patent N6.=
`US 6,300,947 B1
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Oct. 9, 2001
`
`(54) DISPLAY SCREEN AND WINDOW SIZE
`RELATED WEB PAGE ADAPTATION
`SYSTEM
`
`Primary Examiner—Raymond J. Bayerl
`Assistant Examiner—Sy D. Luu
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—F. Chau & Associates, LLP
`
`(75) Inventor: Dimitri Kanevsky, Ossining, NY (US)
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`(73) Assignee: International Business Machines
`Corporation, Armonk, NY (US)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl- NO? 09/ 110,499
`(22) Filed;
`Jul, 6, 1998
`
`7
`(51) Int. Cl. ...................................................... .. G06F 3/00
`
`A Web page adaptation system and method provides orga
`niZation of viewing material associated With Web sites for
`visual displays and WindoWs on Which these home pages are
`being vieWed. A different viewing-access strategy is pro
`vided for such visual devices varying, for example, from
`standard PC monitors, laptop screens and palmtops to Web
`phone and digital camera displays and from large WindoWs
`to small WindoWs. A neW Web site design incorporates
`features that permit automatic display of the content of home
`pages in the most friendly manner for a user Viewing this
`
`(56)
`
`345/342, 346, 356; 707/501, 523, 513
`References Cited
`Us‘ PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`*
`
`5,726,688 * 3/1998 Siefert et al. ...................... .. 345/352
`5,727,174 * 3/1998 Aparicio, IV et a1~
`345/348
`5’765’176
`6/1998 Bloomberg """"" "
`707/514
`5,835,712 * 2/2000 DuFresne .... ..
`709/203
`5,983,227 * 11/1999 Nazem et a1‘
`707/10
`6,023,714 * 2/2000 Hill et al. ........ ..
`707/513
`6,100,888 * 8/2000 Gourdol et a1. ................... .. 345/348
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`"""""" " 345/333; 345/3353? content from a screen or WindoW of a certain siZe. For
`example, if a siZe of a display screen or WindoW alloWs,
`links are displayed With some text or pictures to Which they
`are linked. Conversely, if a siZe of a screen or WindoW does
`not alloW display of all textual and icon information on a
`Whole screen or Window, the home page is mapped into
`hierarchically linked neW smaller pages that fully ?t the
`current display or WindoW. The unique display strategy of
`the invention is provided by a Web page adaptation scheme
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`5/1997 (W0) .
`9717662
`* cited by examiner
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`28 Claims, 16 Drawing Sheets
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1051, Page
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`US 6,300,947 B1
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`1
`DISPLAY SCREEN AND WINDOW SIZE
`RELATED WEB PAGE ADAPTATION
`SYSTEM
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates to systems and methods for
`organizing vieWing materials and, more particularly, to
`systems and methods for organizing vieWing materials asso
`ciated With Web sites on visual display screens and WindoWs
`on and Within Which the vieWing materials, e.g., home or
`Web pages, are being vieWed.
`Currently home or Web pages, Which are typically acces
`sible over a Wide area netWork (e.g., Internet), are designed
`Without taking into account the variety of displays or Win
`doWs on and Within Which they may be observed. Usually,
`only the most typical siZe of personal computer (PC) moni
`tors are taken into account by Web page designers. If such a
`Web site is accessed from devices With small screens (e.g.,
`palmtops, Web phones), only small parts of the Web pages
`can be vieWed by users and, in order to access other parts of
`the Web pages, users must move the respective home pages
`(left-right, doWn-up) across their displays. The only other
`options available to users of small screens is to convert the
`Web site completely to a teXtual conteXt. This is not an
`acceptable solution for most Web site users. Conversely, if a
`user happens to have a relatively large display screen, the
`user can see a Whole Web page Which may include several
`links. HoWever, the user may need to activate several links,
`hierarchically, before he arrives at the link containing the
`needed information. The user of the larger display screen
`Would be more satis?ed if he could vieW the content of many
`links simultaneously, since the siZe of his display screen can
`accommodate such vieWing. Similar problems occur if a
`user is vieWing Web pages in some WindoW, or shell, Whose
`siZe is only a fraction of a Whole screen.
`It is to be appreciated that the term “Window” used herein
`is intended to refer to a graphical shell Which is typically the
`outer layer of an applications program Which provides the
`graphical user interface. Since the shell typically includes its
`oWn graphical symbols and format, the use of the shell
`results in only a fraction of the display screen being avail
`able to display Web page data. Also, “Window” may refer to
`the Well-knoWn graphical partitions employed by various
`softWare programs running under Microsoft WindoWs oper
`ating systems, Which also result in only part of the display
`screen being available to display Web page data.
`A Netscape broWser provides options for users to strip
`some speci?c bars and buttons from a menu, e.g., Jim
`Minatel, Easy World Wide Web with Netscape, Que
`Corporation, 1996. HoWever, this frees only small amounts
`of a display screen or WindoW and does not resolve the
`problem facing a user of not being able to display many
`objects associated With a Web page.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention provides organiZation of vieWing
`material associated With Web sites for visual displays and
`WindoWs on and Within Which these Web pages are being
`vieWed. A different vieWing-access strategy is provided for
`such visual devices varying, for eXample, from standard PC
`monitors, laptop screens and palmtops to Webphone and
`digital camera displays, to any device, With a display,
`capable of Web broWsing, and from large WindoWs to small
`WindoWs. HoWever, it is to be appreciated that the teachings
`of the present invention are not limited to implementation
`With the above-mentioned types of displays and one of
`
`10
`
`15
`
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`
`35
`
`45
`
`55
`
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`
`2
`ordinary skill in the art Will contemplate usage With other
`forms of displays. A neW Web site design incorporates
`features that permit automatic display of the content of Web
`pages in the most friendly manner for a user vieWing this
`content from a screen or WindoW of a certain siZe. For
`eXample, if a siZe of a display screen or WindoW alloWs,
`links are displayed With some teXt or pictures to Which they
`are linked. Conversely, if a siZe of a screen or WindoW does
`not alloW display of all textual and icon information on a
`Whole screen or WindoW, the Web page is mapped into
`hierarchically linked neW smaller pages that fully ?t the
`current display or WindoW. The unique display strategy of
`the invention is provided by a Web page adaptation scheme
`that is implemented on a Web site server, and also preferably
`partly incorporated on a client’s computer such as in a Web
`broWser (e.g., as a java appelet). This adaptation strategy
`employs variables that provide siZe of screen and/or WindoW
`information associated With the visual display from Which a
`call to a Web site Was initiated.
`Advantageously, any type of display device and associ
`ated screen can be provided by a user: e.g., Webphone or
`palmtop. Also, any siZe WindoW may be displayed on such
`screen. The display adaptor of the present invention ef?
`ciently provides for special marks to be incorporated into
`scripts (e. g., URL) Which describe format and link hierarchy.
`For example, let a ?rst page (in some standard format) have
`icons I1, I2 I3, and I4 and links L1, L2, L3 and L4. Assume
`that icons I1 and I2 have a common topic that can be
`represented by the icon I12 and icons I3 and I4 have another
`common topic that can be represented by icon I34. Similarly,
`assume links L1, L2 and L3 are related to some topic that
`can be represented by a link L123. Then, according to the
`invention, if the Web site is vieWed on a display that is much
`smaller than a standard display, the vieWer sees, e.g., icons
`I12 and I34 and links L123 and L4, i.e., four items instead
`of eight items. In order to access I1 or I2, the user must select
`icon I12 (e.g., by clicking on the icon using a conventional
`computer mouse) and the icons I1 and I2 are displayed.
`Similarly, the user can vieW other hierarchically ordered
`links. Conversely, if the user vieWs the Web site on a screen
`that is larger than a standard display screen, not only are
`icons I1, I2, I3, I4 and links L1, L2, L3, L4 displayed, but
`some other icons and links that are hierarchically related to
`those items are displayed.
`The present invention also preferably provides a semantic
`interpreter module that automatically decides hoW to fold or
`eXpand the content of Web pages depending on a siZe of a
`screen or WindoW Without using preliminary marks left by
`Web designers. This semantic module can be formed as a
`Finite State Automata (FSA) system Whose states and arcs
`correspond to different Web page appearances (e.g., links,
`titles, siZes of Words, semantic interpretation Words in links
`and titles, relative position of main items on pages). It is to
`be understood that FSA is a concept associated With a ?nite
`system Whose states correspond to some situations and
`Whose arcs correspond to some transition rules. An FSA
`system is among the simplest computing machines. FSA is
`Well knoWn in the art With eXtensive literature associated
`thereWith, e.g., Gerald GaZdar & Chris Mellish, “Natural
`Language Processing in POP-11,” Addison-Wesley Publish
`ing Co., NeW York 1989. As described therein, simple
`semantic notions may be represented in a formal language
`and instructions are provided on What should be done When
`certain semantic data is obtained. The most natural applica
`tion for FSA are situations Where, ?rst, semantic notions
`should be associated With some input data and, second, rules
`should be produced on What actions should folloW given
`
` 18
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`semantic notions. As a consequence of this fact, an inter
`preter module, eg a semantic interpreter module can be
`represented as FSA. As an example, interpretation of a
`symbol “HR” may be considered as a decorative element.
`This interpretation could be done using FSA methodology in
`Which states correspond to some Words of URL script and to
`a siZe of a display that is available, etc. Rules (that are
`represented by arcs) Would require actions, eg “underline”
`in some special Way some Words if HR Was presented and
`there is enough space. But alWays underline Words in some
`Way if they represent links, since links are typically recog
`niZed as underlined Words. More complex sequences of
`states and rules could be associated With interpreting of
`icons. Icons Would be states, arcs Would correspond to
`sequences of rules on extracting a content (other states) from
`pictures in icons or titles (other states) in icons if they are
`available, etc. It is also to be appreciated that other tech
`niques may be used to form the semantic interpreter module.
`For example, formal methods associated With expert knoWl
`edge system methodology may be used.
`Further, the present invention provides means for count
`ing hoW often each link on a page is visited. Links can be
`ordered via these counts and, as a result, on small screens or
`WindoWs, links With higher scores are displayed ?rst. Still
`further, the present invention provides a statistical approach,
`as Will be explained, to formatting Web pages via decision
`trees With questions about Web page appearance, i.e., seman
`tic interpretation. This decision tree can be trained on a set
`of examples pertaining to hoW Web pages Were designed.
`Decision trees are a special Way to represent questions, as
`Will be explained. Nodes represent a set of questions that are
`asked at this node and links to other nodes depend on
`ansWers to those questions. The other nodes that are con
`nected to the ?rst node in the decision trees represent another
`set of questions and so on. For example, at the ?rst node A
`of a Web related decision tree one can ask: Is this an icon?
`35
`This node leads to tWo different nodes. For YES ansWer, A
`is connected to B1 and for NO ansWerAis connected to B2.
`The node B1 may contain a question: Is there a title in this
`icon? A node B2 can contain questions that clarify hoW an
`object in question is represented (Is this a link?, Is this a
`picture?, etc.) In statistical trees questions (splits) are found
`statistically (as explained in the text). In a binary tree, each
`(parent) node is connected With tWo (son) nodes, each of
`Which is a parent node for next tWo (son) nodes on loWer
`level. Nodes in binary trees correspond splits of sets in tWo
`subsets (that are interpreted as questions). For example, a set
`can be pictures. A ?rst subset consists of pictures that
`contain living objects (people, animals) and the second
`subset could consist of objects that do not represent living
`objects (eg houses, cars etc.). This split represents some
`question about picture content. Statistical methods for pro
`ducing such splits are described herein.
`In one aspect of the present invention, computer-based
`apparatus for automatically adapting a vieWable information
`signal received from a Wide area netWork server for display
`on a display screen associated With a user computer system
`comprises: means for transmitting a user request signal from
`the user computer system to the netWork server, the user
`request signal including information relating to at least one
`display screen-related attribute associated With the user’s
`display screen and information speci?c to the user’s request;
`means for generating the vieWable information signal in
`response to the information speci?c to the user’s request;
`and means for adapting the vieWable information signal in
`response to the at least one display screen-related attribute to
`conform the information associated thereWith to the user’s
`display screen When viewed.
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`These and other objects, features and advantages of the
`present invention Will become apparent from the folloWing
`detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof,
`Which is to be read in connection With the accompanying
`draWings in Which the same reference numerals are used
`throughout the various ?gures to designate same or similar
`components.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating components of a display
`screen and WindoW siZe related Web page adaptation system
`according to the invention;
`FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary con?gura
`tion of a client machine and server computer for implement
`ing features of the invention;
`FIG. 3 is a diagram of a Web page adaptor server
`according to the invention;
`FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a client Web page adaptor
`module according to the invention;
`FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary display
`mode message according to the invention;
`FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of interpre
`tation of URL instructions and matching With a display or
`WindoW siZe;
`FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of an original
`and folded Web page according to the invention;
`FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an automatic Web page
`adaptation module according to the invention;
`FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an operator module
`according to the invention;
`FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of prioriti
`Zation dependent Web page representation according to the
`invention;
`FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of depth Web
`page representation according to the invention;
`FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of data
`separation according to the invention;
`FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptation
`of a Web page via semantic criteria according to the inven
`tion;
`FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of transfor
`mations of icons according to the invention;
`FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of an
`application of the invention to a display or WindoW of
`non-conventional shape; and
`FIG. 16 is a How chart illustrating a statistical approach to
`formatting Web page data according to the invention.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENTS
`
`Referring initially to FIG. 1, a diagram illustrating com
`ponents of a display screen and WindoW siZe related Web
`page adaptation system according to the invention is shoWn.
`The basic components of the display screen and WindoW siZe
`related Web page adaptation system are shoWn in relation to
`other components of the World Wide Web
`in FIG.
`1. While the invention is illustrated and described in the
`context of the WWW, the invention may be implemented on
`other similar netWorks and/or related netWorks that comprise
`the Internet (e. g., ftp). Block 100 represents a client machine
`(computer) that runs a Web broWser program 101 and a client
`Web page adaptor module 112, as Will be explained, and
`includes a display device 113. The client machine 100 is
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`operatively coupled to a server 104. The server 104 is
`operatively coupled to Web sites 105, 106 and a Web page
`adaptor server 107. The Web page adaptor server 107 is
`operatively coupled to servers 114.
`It is to be appreciated that the client machine 100 may
`take many forms given the various existing types of devices
`having displays capable of vieWing Web site related data,
`e.g., personal computer (PC), multiscreen PC, laptop
`computer, Webphone. HoWever, the present invention is not
`limited to only these machines and may be implemented
`With other diverse client machines adapted to have commu
`nication and broWsing ability, e.g., palmtops, calculator, Web
`TV, remote control devices, clocks, digital cameras, vehicle
`based computers, industrial facility-based computers. Of
`course, the above list is not exhaustive. Also, each display
`type may also be capable of displaying various siZed Win
`doWs (shells). Examples of such WindoWs are shoWn on
`some of the display types (113a—113e), and denoted as
`WindoWs 115, in FIG. 1.
`FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary con?guration of a client
`machine 100 including a CPU 10 operatively coupled to
`RAM 14, ROM 16, mass storage device 18, input device 20
`and output device 22 via bus 12. It is to be appreciated that
`the components of the present invention, to be described in
`detail herein in accordance With the related ?gures, are
`implemented as softWare modules stored in ROM 16 and/or
`mass storage device 22 and, as required, loaded into RAM
`14, over bus 12, and executed (run) by the central processing
`unit 10. The CPU 10 running the softWare modules may be
`responsive to user input provided by input device 20, e.g.,
`keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchscreen. Further, the CPU 10
`running the softWare modules may output results therefrom
`to output device 22, e.g., display, printer, speaker. Also, a
`modem device 24 is operatively coupled to the bus 12 Which
`provides the communication interface betWeen the client
`computer and the netWork of servers. Accordingly, While
`FIGS. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 could be considered block diagrams
`of apparatus for carrying out the invention, such ?gures may
`also be considered ?oW diagrams. In this regard, it should be
`appreciated that since the invention is carried out utiliZing
`one or more suitably programmed general purpose digital
`computers, e.g., as shoWn in FIG. 2, the functional elements
`depicted in the ?gures are exemplary of functional elements
`Which Would be established Within the computer by such
`programming. Thus, said ?gures may be considered to
`illustrate a suitable and preferred processor architecture for
`practicing the invention Which may be achieved by pro
`gramming of a general purpose processor, e.g., CPU 10. Of
`course, special purpose processors con?gured in the manner
`depicted in said ?gures may be employed.
`In addition, as shoWn in FIG. 1, it is to be understood that
`the Web page adaptor server 107 and servers 104 and 114
`may have similar architectures as shoWn in FIG. 2 and, as a
`result, the functional elements shoWn in the ?gures relating
`thereto may be softWare modules executed on one or more
`general or special purpose processors, as explained above.
`As mentioned, and a key impetus for the present
`invention, the display 113 for a client machine 100 may
`include different siZed, shaped and con?gured monitors
`(displays), as shoWn in a feW examples illustrated Within
`block 113, e.g., a standard PC monitor (113a), a multiscreen
`PC system (113b), a laptop display (113c), a Webphone
`(113d), and a Watch display (1136). Of course, the types of
`displays shoWn in block 113 are exemplary and not intended
`to be an exhaustive illustration of the types of displays Which
`may be used in accordance With the invention. Also, each
`display may include various siZed WindoWs (shells) for
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`displaying icons and information. Examples of such Win
`doWs are shoWn on some of the display types shoWn in FIG.
`1 (113a—113a) and denoted as WindoWs 115.
`Given the above-described interconnectivity of a pre
`ferred display screen and WindoW siZe related Web page
`adaptation system of the invention, the operation thereof
`Will noW be explained. The client 100 sends (via modem 24)
`a request message 102, conforming to the URL (uniform
`resource locator) standard, at some port using standard
`TCP-IP Internet connection 108 to a server machine 104.
`The port protocol betWeen the client machine 100 and the
`server 104 is preferably HTTP (hypertext transport
`protocol). As is knoWn, the URL serves as the address that
`de?nes the route to a ?le on a server computer on the World
`Wide Web or any other Internet facility. The request message
`102 conforming to the URL standard, thus, provides the
`client With access to Web pages Which, themselves, have
`URLs embedded therein to provide hypertext links to other
`pages.
`Simultaneously With the request message 102, a client
`sends a display mode message 103. This display mode
`message 103 includes several characteristics or parameters
`of the client display 113. One parameter is a display siZe that
`is represented as a height and Width (e.g., 360 by 400 pixels).
`Other characteristics can include, for example: a character
`format and siZe; memory related information such as, for
`example, a memory address; WindoW siZe, etc.
`The memory address information is speci?c to the oper
`ating system running on the client’s machine 100, i.e.,
`WindoWs 95, OS2, etc. For instance, WindoWs 95 uses a
`linear addressing model that provides access up to 4 GBytes
`of RAM. The 4 GBytes of potential addresses is divided into
`4 kByte sections, each of Which is called a page. Apage table
`is used to map virtual addresses to physical memory loca
`tions. The ?rst megabyte of memory is used for MS-DOS
`virtual machine operations. The addresses betWeen 4
`MBytes and 2 GBytes are used by 32-bit programs as their
`base operation. Each running 32-bit application gets its oWn
`local map of these tWo gigabytes of addresses. When a
`program calls an address, it is translated internally by the
`WindoWs 95 virtual memory manager into the physical
`memory address that contains the information that the
`program Wants to access. Previous versions of DOS and
`WindoWs divided memory into conventional, expanded and
`extended memory speci?cations. The memory related infor
`mation alloWs to calculate hoW much memory is available to
`display stored information. This information is needed for
`organiZation of data for display, for fast access to data, etc.
`When addresses of different kinds of data are given, a
`storage for some data allocation can be found as the differ
`ence of these addresses.
`The display mode message can be represented as a mode
`number that uniquely de?nes display parameters. For
`instance, it is contemplated by the invention that tables may
`be created Which contain display characteristics or param
`eters associated With a given display terminal and each table
`can be identi?ed by a unique mode number. Eventually, if
`the adaptor server 107 contained tables (stored in its mass
`storage 18) of most common display parameters associated
`With display screens, then the user’s machine 100 need only
`transmit the mode number and, in response, the adaptor
`server 107 could locate the appropriate table and use the
`information accordingly.
`Still further, additional requirements speci?ed by a user of
`the client machine 100 can preferably be included in the
`display mode message 103. These additional requirements
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`may relate to sizes and shapes of icons, fonts, priorities,
`depth, etc., as will be explained. An example of a display
`mode message 103 with user requirements is shown in FIG.
`5. A display mode message 103 can be stored in a special
`file. In Windows95/NT machines, a display mode message
`can be stored in registry. Another place where a display
`mode messages may reside is within “cookies.” As is
`known, cookies are messages that supply a web browser
`with information about user preferences.
`The request message [02 defines a connection (route) [09
`by a server 104 to a web site 106 and web pages from the
`web site 106 are sent back to the server 104 via connection
`110. Phantom lines drawn through the server 104 in FIG. I
`serve to illustrate the path direction functions that the server
`104 performs. Other conventional functions may be per-
`formed by the server 104. Nonetheless, in the server 104, the
`display mode message 103 and the content of the web pages
`received over connection 110 are sent to web page adaptor
`server 107 via a connection 110a. While server 104 shows
`that the display mode message is routed to the web site and
`then to the adaptor server 107 with the web page data from
`the web site, it is to be understood that this is not necessarily
`required and thus the display mode message could be sent
`directly to the adaptor server 107 from the server 104.
`Advantageously,
`the web page adaptor server 107 trans—
`forms web pages received from web site 106, via server 104,
`to adapt
`the content of the web pages to the size of the
`display 113 and also to satisfy the user’s requirements as
`specified in the display mode message 103. Some examples
`of operations that the web page adaptor server 107 performs
`are the following: stripping objects from a web page if the
`display size of display 113 is small or adding content of links
`to a web page if the display size of display 113 is large. A
`detailed description of the web page adaptation operation of
`the web page adaptor server 107 will be given below in the
`context of FIGS. 3, 8 and 9. The web page adaptor server
`107 can also provide transformations of web pages obtained
`from other server machines, denoted as servers 114 in