PATENT OWNER
`
`EXHIBIT 2015
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`

`

`THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER REFERENCE
`
`
`
`- Three new appendixes, file extensions,
`and lnternet domains
`
`- Searchable text on CD-ROM
`- Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`lnternet, and more!
`' Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
`
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`

`

`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond. Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dara
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-"!356-0615-3
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538
`1999
`004‘.03-~dc21
`
`99-20168CTP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`3456789 MLML 43210
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions. contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-?329. Visit our Web site at mspmssmigrosofcgom.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh. QuickTime. and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer.
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop. Active Directory. ActiveMovie. Active Platform. Activex.
`Authenticode. BackOffice. Directlnput. DirectX. Microsoft. Microsoft Press. MS-DOS. MSN. NeLMeeting.
`NetShow. Visual Basic. Visual C++. Visual l++, WebTV. Web'I'V Network. Win32. WinBEs. Windows.
`Windows NT. and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States andior other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone. Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies. organizations, products. people. and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa—
`tion with any real company. organization. product. person. or event is intended or should be inferred.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Balm
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
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`needed: and produces reports or printouts on de-
`
`burn in Hit. 1. To keep a new system or device running
`continuously so that any weak elements or compo—
`nents will fail early and can be found and corrected
`before the system becomes an integral part of the
`user‘s work routine. Such a test is often performed at
`the factory before a device is shipped, 2. To make a
`permanent change i" the phosphor coating 0" [he
`inside of a monitor screen by leaving the monitor on
`and keeping a bright. unchanging image on the
`screen for extended periods. Such an image will re-
`main visihle after the monitor is turned off. Burning
`in was a danger \vith older PC monitors; it is no
`longer a concern With most new PC monitors. .-il.m
`_
`_
`.
`called ghosting.
`burst‘ a. Transfer of a block of data all at one time
`without a break. Certain microprocessors and certain
`buses have features that support various types of
`burst transfers. 5” “l5" burst speed [definition I 3'
`hurst‘ vi). To break fanl‘old continuoUs—feed paper
`apait at its perforations. resulting in a stack of scpa—
`rate sheets.
`hurster n. A device used to burst. or break apart at the
`perforations. fanfold continuous—feed paper.
`burst extended-data-out RAM it. See BEDO RAM.
`burst mode it. A method of data transfer in which
`information is collected and sent as a unit in one
`high—speed transmission. In burst mode. an input.t
`output device takes control of a multiplexer channel
`for the time required to send its data. In effect, the
`multiplexer. which normally merges input from sev—
`eral sources into a single high—speed data stream.
`becomes a channel dedicated to the needs of one de—
`vice until the entire transmission has been settl. Burst
`mode is used both in coimnnnications and between
`devices in a computer system. See also burst.
`burst rate J'l. See burst speed tdefinition ll.
`hurst speed "I 1- The [3519“ speed at WhlL'h 3 device
`931“ operate “"lll‘f'Ul interruption. For example. "31""
`oils communications devices ias on networkst can
`send data in bursts. and the speed of such equipment
`is sometimes measured as the burst speed tthe speed
`of data transfer while the burst is being executedi.
`Also coiled burst rate, 2. The number of characters
`per second that a printer can print on one line with—
`out a carriage return or linefeed. Burst speed mea-
`sures the actual speed of printing. without
`consideration of the time taken to advance paper or
`to move the print head back to the left margin. Al-
`
`business information system
`
`most always. the speed claimed by the manufacturer
`is the burst speed. By contrast. throughput is the
`number of characters per second when one or more
`entire pages of text are being printed and is a more
`practical measurement of printer speed in real—life
`situations.
`bursty adj. Transmitting data in spurts. or bursts.
`rather than in a continuous stream.
`bus n. A set of hardware lines lconductorsl used for
`data transfer among the components of a computer
`system. A bus is essentially a shared highway that
`connects different parts of the system—including the
`processor. disk—drive controller. memory. and input!
`output ports—and enables them to transfer informa-
`“on. The bus consists of specialized groups 01- lines
`that carry different types of information. One group
`of lines carries data; :111th carries memory ad-
`dresses I'locationsi where data items are to be found;
`yet another carries control signals. Buses are charac—
`tcriaed by the number of hits they can trtutsfer at a
`single time. equivalent to the number of wires within
`the has. A computer with a 32—bit address bus and a
`16—bit data bus. for example, can transfer 16 bits of
`data at a time from arty of '2’: memory locations.
`Most PCs contain one or more expansion slots into
`which additional boards can be plugged to connect
`them to the bus.
`bus enumerator‘ H. A device driver that identifies de-
`vices located on a specific bus and assigns a unique
`identification code to each device. The bus enumera—
`tor is responsible for loading information about the
`devices onto the hardware tree, See also bus. device
`driver. hardware tree.
`has extender H. l. .—"t device that expands the capacity
`of a bus. For example. [BM PClAT computers used a
`bus extender to add onto the earlier PC. bus and allot
`the use of ifs—bit expansion boards in addition to 8-
`hit boards. See also has. 2. A special board used by
`engineers to raise an add—on board above the
`computer's cabinet. making it easier m work on the
`circuit board.
`business graphics ll. See presentation graphics.
`business information system it. A combination of
`computers. printers. communications equipment. afl_
`other devices designed to handle data. A completely
`automated business information system receives.
`processes. and stores data; transfers information as
`
`

`

`digital audio/video connector
`
`Digital Micromirror Device
`
`-
`
`digital audiotvideo connector n. An interface on
`some high—end video cards or TV tuner cards that
`allows the simultaneous transmission of digital audio
`and video signals. Also called DAV connector. See
`also interface Idelinition 3:. video adapter.
`digital broadcast satellite it. See direct broadcast
`satellite.
`digital camera :1. A type of camera that stores photo-
`graphed images electronically instead of on traditional
`film. A digital camera uses a CCD t'charge—coupled
`device! element to capture the image througli the lens
`when the operator releases the shutter in the camera:
`circuitry within the camera then stores the image cap—
`tured by the CCD in a storage medium sttch as solid—
`state memory or a hard disk. After the image has been
`captured. it is downloaded by cable to the computer
`using software supplied with the camera. Once stored
`in the computer. the image can be manipulated and
`processed much like the image front a scanner or re-
`lated input device. See also charge—coupled device.
`digital cash it. See e—ntoney.
`digital certificate n.
`l. An assurance that software
`downloaded from the Internet comes from a reputable
`source. A digital certificate provides information about
`the software—inch as the identity of the author and
`the date on which the software was registered with a
`certificate authority [CAL as well as a measure of
`tamper—resistance. 2. A user identity card or “driver's
`license" for cyberspace. Issued by a certificate author—
`ity {CAL a digital certificate is an electronic creden—
`tial that authenticates a user on the internet and
`intranets. Digital certificates ensure the legitimate
`online transfer of confidential information. money. or
`other sensitive materials by means of public encryp-
`tion technology. A digital certificate holder has two
`keys [strings of numbers}: a private key held only by
`the user. for "signing” outgoing messages and de—
`crypting incoming messages". and a public key. for use
`by anyone. for encrypting data to send to a specific
`user, See also certificate authority. encryption. private
`key. public key.
`digital communications n. Exchange of communica-
`tions in which all information is transmitted in binary-
`encoded (digit-alt form.
`digital computer it. A computer in which operations
`are based on two or more discrete states. Binary digi—
`tal computers are based on two states. logical "on" and
`
`"off." represented by two voltage levels. arrange-
`ments of which are used to represent all types of
`informuttom—numbers. letters. graphics symbols.
`and program instructions. Within such a computer.
`the states of various circuit components change con—
`tinuously to move. operate on. and save this infor-
`mation. Compare analog computer.
`Digital Darkroom n. A Macintosh program devel—
`oped by Silicon Beach Software for enhancement of
`hiack—and—while photographs or scanned images.
`digital data service it. See DDS.
`digital data transmission a. The transfer of informa—
`tion encoded as a series of hits rather than as a 1'1qu
`tuating tanalogt signal in a communications channel
`digital display a. A video display capable of rendering.
`only a fixed number of colors or gray shades. Ex-
`amples of digital displays are IBM's h-‘lonochrorne
`Display. Colori‘Graphics Display. and Enhanced Cola
`Display. See also CGA. EGA. MDA. Crunpttrc ant
`log display.
`digital DNA :1. l. Broadly. a reference to the bits r-v
`comprise digital information. 2. in the gaming
`world. a technology called “Cyberlife” that mimics--
`biological DNA in the creation and development i
`trainablc creatures known as Norris. Lilce real D.
`digital DNA is passed from parent to offspring ti
`determines the artificial creature's characteristics
`and adaptability.
`digital flat panel port a. An interface designed to
`allow direct connection between a [lot panel
`tor and a computer without requiring an analog
`digital conversion. :icrrutvm DFP.
`. v-
`digital light processing projector it. See DLP -
`digital line H. A communications line that carries
`formation only in binary—encoded 1digital} form.
`minimize distortion and noise interference. a .- '
`line uses repeaters to regenerate the signal pe '
`cally during transmission. See also repeater. C
`pare analog line.
`digital linear tape it. A magnetic storage media.
`used to back up data. Digital linear tape allows
`faster transfer of data compared with other tape
`nologics. Acronym: DLT.
`Digital Micrornirror Device n. The circuit t --
`ogy behind Texas Instruments' Digital Light
`ing. used in image projectors. A Digital Mic -
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`inclusive 0R
`
`.ctt applications as television and film.
`_ nelh'te weather mapping, machine vision.
`- -based pattern recognition. See also
`merit. video digitizer.
`
`n. A light-sensitive integrated circuit or
`-
`ted circuits used in scanners. digital
`.11 video cameras.
`
`is. A typeSetting device that can transfer
`- y text and artwork from computer tiles
`=- paper or film. Imagesetters print at high
`(commonly above l.000 dpil and are usu—
`t. . 'pt-compatible.
`number n. A number that must be ex-
`
`'
`|
`
`the product of a real number and f. where
`sum of an imaginary number and a real
`.
`_|_ is a complex number. Although imaginary
`- are not directiy encountered in the uni-
`in “l .5441? megabits per second"). some
`..
`. cptantities. especially in electrical engineen
`'
`'e mathematically like the real and imagi—
`n of complex numbers. Compare complex
`real number.
`in. The processes involved in the capture.
`ILdisplay. and printing of graphical images.
`'IVmapnl‘Ofl n. Acronym for Internet Message
`ifiotocol 4. The latest version of IMAP. a
`
`'
`
`“or an e-mail program to gain access to
`and bulletin—board messages stored on a mail
`L'nlilte P0133. a similar protocol. IMAP al-
`user to retrieve messages efficiently from
`him one computer. Campere POP3.
`See Internet Mail Consortium.
`
`Ir. Acronym for in my humble opinion. IMHO.
`I e-mail and in online forums, flags .1 statement
`I: writer wants to present as a personal opinion
`than as a statement of fact. See also IMO.
`
`In Come a. See Turing test.
`Ite access it. See direct access. random access.
`
`Ite operand n. A data value. used in the ex‘
`a of an assembly language instruction. that is
`tied in the instmction itself rather than pointed
`In address in the instruction.
`
`ate printing it. A process in which text and
`g commands are sent directly to the printer
`it being stored as a printing file and without
`2 of an intermediate page-composition proce-
`r a file containing printer setup commands.
`
`[MB :1. Acronym for in my opinion. A shorthand
`phrase used often in e-maii and Internet news and
`discussion groups to indicate an author's admission
`that a statement he or she has just made is a matter of
`judgment rather than fact. See also IMHO.
`
`impact printer in. A printer. such as a wire-pin dot~
`matrix printer or a daisy-wheel printer. that drives an
`inked ribbon mechanically against the paper to form
`marks. See also daisy-wheel printer. dot-matrix
`printer. Compare nonimpact printer.
`
`impedance n. Opposition to the flow of alternating
`current. Impedance has two aspects: resistance. which
`impedes both direct and alternating current and is al-
`ways greater than zero: and reactance. which impedes
`alternating current only. varies with frequency. and can
`be positive or negative. See also resistance.
`
`import vb. To bring information from one system or
`program into another. The system or program receiv-
`ing the data must somehow support the internal for-
`mat or structure of the data. Conventions such as the
`
`TIFF [Tagged Image File Format] and P] CT formats
`(for graphics files} make importing easier. See also
`PICT. TIFF. Compare export.
`
`inactive window it. In an environment capable of dis-
`playing multiple (tn-screen window-s. any window
`other than the one currently being used for work. An
`inactive window can be partially or entirely hidden
`behind another window. and it remains inactive until
`the user selects it. Compare active window.
`
`in—band signaling n. Transmission within the voice
`or data-handling frequencies of a communication
`channel
`
`in-betweening it. See tween.
`
`Inbox n. In many e-mail applications. the default
`mailbox where the program stores incoming mes-
`sages. See also e-mail. mailbox. Compare Outbox.
`
`incident light n. The light that strikes a surface in
`computer graphics. See also illutninance.
`iii-circuit emulator a. See ICE [definition 2:.
`
`INCLUDE directive it. A statement within a source—
`code file that causes another source-code file to be
`
`read in at that spot. either during compilation or dur»
`ing execution. It enables a programmer to break up a
`program into smaller files and enables multiple pro—
`grams to use the same tiles.
`inclusive OK it. See OR.
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`_ dovetoprnent environment
`
`intelligence
`
`__ u Opes of Integrated Circuits
`
`1.1. e integration tSSiJ
`
`-. Scale integration tMSll
`
`-- e integration tLSll
`
`-- e-—scale integration
`I}
`
`.. e—scalc integration
`
`Elements
`
`in the 105
`
`in the 100s
`
`in the 1.000s
`
`in the
`100.0005
`
`1 000.000
`or more
`
`of packing multiple electronic circuit elements on a
`single chip. See also integrated circuit. 3. In mathv
`cmatics. specifically calculus. a procedure performed
`on an equation and related to finding the area under a
`given curve or the volume within a given shape.
`
`integrator a. A circuit whose output represents the
`integral. with respect to time. of the input signal—
`that is. its total aceumulated value overtime. See the
`illustration. Compare differentiator.
`
`to changing stimuli rinputi.
`
`-_-i ted software it. A program that combines sev-
`en] applications. such as word processing. database
`magemcnt. and spreadsheets. in a single package.
`fich software is ”integrated" in two ways: it can
`msfer data from one of its applications to another.
`Hping users coordinate tasks and merge information
`created with the different software tools; and it pro-
`Vides the user with a consistent interface for choos—
`hg commands. managing files. and otherwise
`hteracting with the programs so that the user will not
`hire to master several. often very different. pro—
`grams. The applications in an integrated software
`package are often not. however. designed to offer as
`much capability as single applications. nor does inte-
`grated software necessarily include all the applica-
`tions needed in a particular environment.
`I hegmtion a. 1. In computing. the combining of dif-
`ferent activities. programs. or hardware components
`into a functional unit. See also integral modern. inte-
`grated software. ISBN. .2. In electronics. the process
`
`Md derelopment environment rt. A set of
`._. .ted tools for developing software. The tools
`generally run from one user interface and consist
`I I compiler. an editor. and a debugger. among oth—
`Acronym: IDE.
`
`" -
`.- ‘
`
`4 ted Device Electronics it. See IDE {defini-
`. 1y
`
`.-
`
`ted injection logic n. A type of circuit design
`uses both NPN and PNP transistors and does not
`«.1'
`- other components, such as resistors. Such
`I" nits are moderately fast. consume little power.
`'
`- can be manufactured in very small sites. Acro—
`qn: FL. llL. Also called merged transistor logic.
`Snafu: NPN transistor. PNP transistor.
`
`- : -ted Services Digital Network a. See ISBN.
`-_4
`.ted Services LAN n. Sec isochronous network.
`
`Input
`
`Amplitude
`
`Integrator: An example of the action of an integrator circuit.
`
`integrity n. The completeness and accuracy of data
`stored in a computer. especially after it has been ma-
`nipulated in some way. See also data integrity.
`intellectual propertyr a. Content of the human intel—
`lect deemed to be unique and original and to have
`marketplace value—and thus to warrant protection
`under the law. Intellectual property includes but is
`not limited to ideas: inventions: literary works;
`chemical. business. or computer processes: and com-
`pany or product names and logos. Intellectual prop-
`erty protections fall into four categories: copyright
`[for literary works. art. and music). trademarks (for
`company and product names and logos l. patents {for
`inventions and processes]. and trade secrets {for reci~
`pes. code. and processes). Concern over defining and
`protecting intellectual property in cyberspace has
`brought this area of the law under intense scrutiny.
`
`intelligence rt. 1. The ability of hardware to process
`information. A device without intelligence is said to
`be dumb; for example. a dumb terminal connected to
`a computer can receive input and display output but
`cannot process information independently. 2. The
`ability of a program to monitor its environment and
`initiate appropriate actions to achieve a desired state.
`For example. a program waiting for data to be read
`from disk might switch to another task in the mean-
`time. 3. The ability of a program to simulate human
`thought. See also artificial intelligence. 4. The ability
`of a machine such as a robot to respond appropriately
`
`

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`form
`
`layered interface
`
`Table Ll Myers in the lSOl’OSl' reference model.
`
`ISO/OS! layer
`
`Focus
`
`Application
`(highest level]
`
`Presentation
`
`Session
`
`Transport
`
`Network
`
`Data-link
`
`Program-to—program
`transfer of information
`
`Text formatting and display.
`code conversion
`
`Establishing. maintaining. and
`coordinating communication
`
`Accurate delivery. service
`quality
`
`Transport routes. message
`handling and transfer
`
`Coding. addressing. and
`transmitting information
`
`Physical
`
`Hardware connections
`
`layered interface it. In programming. one or more
`levels of routine; lying between an application and
`the computing hardware and separating activities
`according to the type of task the activities are de‘
`signed to carry out. Ultimately. such an interface
`makes it easier to adapt a program to different types
`of equipment. See the illustration.
`
`Application
`program
`
`Application
`program
`
`'
`
`‘
`
`‘
`
`File system
`
`Memory and I/O device management
`
`l
`
`Processor
`
`and lSDN are methods for providing high-speed last-
`mile data service through twisted-pair copper wires.
`See also DSL. ISDN. twisted-pair wiring. Compare
`local loop.
`Hell it. A circuit or circuit element used to maintain a
`
`particular state. such as on or off. or logical true or
`false. A latch changes state only in response to a par-
`ticular input. See also flip-flop.
`
`He binding :1. See dynamic binding.
`
`huncy it. The time required for a signal to travel
`from one point on a network to another. See also
`ping' (definition 1},
`
`IhTeX' or L"TEX n. A document preparation system
`based on TeX. developed by Leslie Lantport. B y us—
`ing simple. intuitive commands for text elements
`such as headers. LaTeX lets the user focus more on
`
`document content than document appearance. See
`also header (definition 1). TeX.
`
`hTeXi vb. To process a LaTeX file. See also LaTeX'.
`
`knelt vb. To activate an application program {espe-
`cially on the Macintosh) from the operating system's
`riser interface.
`
`launcher n. In Mac 08. a program that organizes fre-
`quently used applications and programs and that allows
`the user to execute them with a single mouse click.
`
`Niel into multiple discrete layers, or levels. through
`which messages pass as they are prepared for trans-
`ission. In a layered architecture. protocols at each
`hiya-r provide specific services or functions and rely
`a protocols in the layers above and below them for
`Cher needed services. See also protocol.
`
`layered interface.
`
`her n. l. The protocol or protocols operating at a par-
`ticular level within a protocol suite. such as 1? within
`d: TCPI'IP suite. Each layer is responsible for provid-
`ng specific services or functions for computers ex-
`changing information over a communications network
`rsuch as the layers in the ISOIOSI reference model)
`and information is passed from one layer to the next.
`Although different suites have varying numbers of
`levels. generally the highest layer deals with software
`metions at the application level. and the lowest
`governs hardware—level connections between different
`computers. See the table. See also ISOIOSI reference
`model. protocol stack. TCPflP. 2. In communications
`and distributed proCessing. a set of rules and standards
`M handles a particular class of events.
`.
`.
`.- architecture n. The division of a network
`
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`ROT13 encryption
`
`vels of the hierarchy. the DNS is
`servers at lower le
`ddress. such as
`able to match a "friendly" Internet a
`microsofteom. with its‘ numerical counterpart. the IP
`address. Root servers thus contain the data needed
`for referrals to name servers at the highest level of
`the hierarchy. There are l3 root servers in the world.
`n the United States. the United Kingdom.
`located i
`Sweden.
`and Japan. Alto coiled root name server.
`DNS server. top-level
`See also DNS tdcl'tnition li.
`domain.
`
`causing constion when the resulting values do not
`add up "correctly." Percentages in a spreadsheet can
`tints total 09 percent or ltll percent because of
`rounding.
`
`A sequential. cyclical allocation of
`round robin n.
`an one process or device.
`resources to more th
`1 n. A communications protocol that
`routable protoco
`ata from one network to another by
`is used to route d
`cvicc address.
`a network address and a d
`means of
`example of a routable protocol.
`TCPHP is an
`router n. An intermediaty device on a communica-
`tions network that espeditcs message delivery. On a
`single network linking many computers through a
`mesh of possible connections. a router receives
`transmitted messages and forwards them to their cu
`rect destinations over the most efficient available
`route.
`On an interconnected set of 1.,»th {local are:
`those based on differing arch
`networksi-—inc1oding
`he some communica
`tectures and protocols—~using t
`tions protocols. a router serves the somewhat differ:
`function of acting as a link between LAN s. enablin
`messages to be sent from one to another. See also
`bridge. gateway.
`Any section of code that can be invoked
`routine :1.
`i within a program. A routine usually has
`tcsecuted
`ated with it and ts executes
`name tidentilier] associ
`ated terms t'which m
`by referencing that name. Rel
`ynonyms. depending on the
`or may not be exact s
`proceu’m'e. and subroutine. .'
`eonlesti arcfttnt'tioo,
`ccdut'e. subroutine
`also function [definition 3}. pro
`in data communications. a tablt
`routing table it. n.
`ovides network hardware tbrtd
`information that pr
`and routers: with the directions needed to forwan
`of data to locations on other networks. Tl
`packets
`information contained in a routing table differs a
`cording to whether it is used by a bridge or a too
`A bridge relies on both the source toriginatingi :
`destination addresses to determine where and ho
`forward a packet. A router relies on the destinati
`address and on information in the table that give
`possible routes—in hops or in number of jumps-
`between itself. intervening routers. and the desti
`tion. Routing tables are updated frequently as n‘
`ation becomes available. 56
`more current inform
`also bridge. hop. internetwork. router.
`ranged horizontally is
`row H. A series of items or
`for example. a conti'
`some type of framework—
`sertes of cells running from left to right in a sp:
`
`0 1
`
`.
`
`n
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`A simple encryption method in
`ROT13 encryption n.
`aeed with the letter of the
`which each letter is repl
`alphabet 13. letters after the original letter. so that A
`is replaced by N. and so forth: N. in turn. is replaced
`by A. and Z is replaced by M. ROTl 3 encryption is
`not used to protect messages against unauthorized
`readers: rather. it is used in newsgroups to encode
`messages that a user may not want to read. such as
`sexual jokes or spoilers. Some newsreaders can auto-
`matically perform RUT I 3 encryption and decryption
`at the touch of a key.
`e signaling system used in tele—
`rotary dialing n. Tlt
`hich each digit is asso-
`phones with rotary dials. in “-
`dialing.
`ciated with a set number of pulses. During
`these pulses. which are audible as series of clicks.
`momentarily turn the current in the telephone wires
`on and off. Also called pulse dialing. Compt'tre touch
`tone dialing.
`rotate Yb. 1. To turn a model or other graphical image
`so that it is viewed at a different angle. 2. To move
`bits in a register to the. left or to the right. The hit that
`moves out of the end position rotates to the newly
`vacated position at the opposite end of the register.
`
`(‘t'mtpnre shift.
`
`rotational delay
`
`
`disk sector to rotate to the rea
`
`coiled rotational latency.
`
`rotational latency it. See rotational delay.
`
`
`Short for read-only terminal. A ter-
`RO terminal a.
`
`e data but cannot send data.
`minal that can receit’
`
`ed as R0 terminals.
`
`Nearly all printers can be classit'i
`
`ROTFL it. See ROFL.
`
`rou
`a1 part of a number.
`nd vi), To shorten the fraction
`
`st remaining trightmosti
`
`usually increasing the la
`
`digit or not. according to whether the deleted portio
`
`r S. For example. 0.3.533 rounded t
`was user or unde
`
`and 0.6666 is 0.67. Con
`
`two decimal places is (5.33.
`metimes
`
`puter programs often round numbers. so
`
`
`H. The time required for a desired
`d!“ rite head. Also
`
`
`
`

`

`l- hanism. controlled by
`.
`-
`'_-.
`"1 feedback circuit. that produces
`in . Also called servomotor.
`
`' antral system in which the
`'- movement. A sen-omecha-
`
`control the position. velocity.
`.
`I'-
`ica] component. Also
`
`_
`
`u chanism.
`
`.
`
`tiring which a program is run-
`"
`programs. a session is the
`program accepts input and
`2. In communications. the
`
`_
`
`. computers maintain a connec-
`. .. n1 layer in the ISOlOSl ref~
`' -; 3 communication between
`--.. See also lSOlOSI refer-
`" Irrev-
`
`.
`
`_ -fih of seven layers in the ISO!
`_.
`The session layer handles the
`__
`_ mead on by the two communi-
`_ & illustration. See also ISOlOSI
`
`-' most
`Focus
`
`stops. setting a counter to O. or setting a breakpoint.
`See also hreakpolt‘tt.
`
`SET protocol n. See Secure Electronics Transactions
`protocol.
`
`settling time n. The time required for a disk drive‘s
`readlwrite head to stabilize over a new location on
`the. disk after being moved.
`
`set-top box it. A device that converts a cable TV sig-
`nal to an input signal to the TV set. Set—top boxes can
`be used to access the World Wide Web.
`
`setup rt. 1. A computer along with all its devices. 2.
`The procedures involved in preparing a software pro-
`gram or application to operate within a computer.
`
`setup program n. 1. A built—in BIOS program for
`reconfiguring system parameters to accommodate a
`new disk drive. See clan BIOS. 2. See installation
`program.
`
`setup string it. See control code.
`
`setup wizard n. In Windows. a utility that asks users
`a structured series of questions and give them options
`to aid the process of installing a new program.
`
`sex changer in. See gender changer.
`
`vidual documents. See also ISO.
`
`seven-segment display n. A light—emitting diode
`tLED) display or liquid crystal display (LCD) that
`can show any of the ll) decimal digits. The seven
`segments are the seven bars that form a numeral 8 as
`in a calculator display.
`
`o-prograrn transfer
`coon
`
`-
`
`.sgm n. The MS—DOSr‘Windows 3.x file extension that
`identifies files encoded in Standard Generalized
`
`'_ Wing and display. code
`.
`ion
`
`,malntaining,.and
`.: communication
`
`‘ delivery. service quality
`r-rt routes. message
`log and transfer
`. addressing. and
`it'ting information
`ere connections
`
`~
`
`" '
`
`display. a group of related char—
`-
`I-
`-
`set. See also character set.
`
`lb: value of a bit to l. 2. To es-
`onndition. such as setting rah
`
`Markup Language {SGML}. Because MS-DOS and
`Windows 3.x cannot recognize file extensions longer
`than three letters. the .sgml extension is truncated to
`three letters in those environments. See also SGML.
`
`tsgml n. The file extension that identifies files en-
`coded in Standard Generalized Markup Language.
`See also SGML.
`
`SGML rt. Acronym for Standard Generalized Markup
`Language. An information management standard
`adopted by the International Organization for Stan—
`dardization {150) in l986 as a means of providing
`
`platform— and application-independenl documents
`that retain formatting. indexing. and linked informa—
`tion. SGML provides a grammarlike mechanism for
`users to define the structure of their documents and
`
`the tags they will use to denote the structure in indi-
`
`

`

`Switched Multimegabit Data Services it. See SMDS.
`switched network it. A communications network that
`uses switching to establish a connection between
`parties. such as the dial—up telephone system.
`Switched Tl n. A circuit-switched fonn of T1 com-
`munications. See also Tl.
`
`switched virtual circuit a. See SVC.
`Switcher n. A special Macintosh utility that allowed
`more than one program to he resident in memory at
`otte time. Switcher was made obsolete by
`MultiFinder. See utso MultiFittdcr.
`
`switching it. A conununications method that uses [Cm-
`porary rather than permanent connections to establish
`a link or to route information between two parties. In
`the dial‘up telephone network. for example. a caller‘s
`line goes to a switching center. where the actual con-
`nection is made to the called party. In computer net-
`works. message switching and packet switching
`allow any two parties to exchange information. In
`both instances. messages are routed tswitchedt
`through intermediary stations that together serve to
`connect the sender and the receiver.
`
`switching hub H. A central device (switch) that con-
`nects separate communi