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`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`

`
`Microsoft®
`Microsoft
`
`
`
`oé'IlOfl
`
`Starbucks V. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`

`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`(I. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-061 5-3
`1. Computers Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538 1999
`004'.03--dc21
`
`99-20168
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MLML
`
`4 3 2 1 0
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspress,microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, Directlnput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, WebTV, WebTV Network, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa(cid:173)
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`

`
`CONTRIBUTORS
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`Senior Contributor
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`David Mason
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris K.inata
`
`Ilana Kingsley
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Illustrators
`
`Rob Nance
`
`Joel Panchot
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`David Holter
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
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`

`
`Introduction
`vii
`
`Dictionary
`of Computer Terms
`1
`
`Appendix A
`ASCII Character Set
`494
`
`Appendix B
`IBM Extended Character Set
`496
`
`Appendix C
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`498
`
`Appendix D
`EBCDIC Character Set
`502
`
`Appendix E
`Numeric Equivalents
`509
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
`
`Appendix F
`Internet Domains
`517
`
`Appendix G
`Common File Extensions
`527
`
`Appendix H
`Year 2000 Problem Reference
`536
`
`vi
`
`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
`
`

`
`Communications Act of 1934
`
`Communications Terminal Protocol
`
`channel (definition 2), communications protocol,
`IEEE, ISDN, ISO/OSI model, LAN, modem, net(cid:173)
`work, synchronous transmission. Compare data
`transmission, telecommunications, teleprocess.
`Communications Act of 1934 n. See FCC.
`communications channel n. See channel (definition 2).
`communications controller n. A device used as an
`intermediary in transferring communications to and
`from the host computer to which it is connected. By
`relieving the host computer of the actual tasks of
`sending, receiving, deciphering, and checking trans(cid:173)
`missions for errors, a communications controller
`helps to make efficient use of the host computer's
`processing time-time that might be better used for
`noncommunications tasks. A communications con(cid:173)
`troller can be either a programmable machine in its
`own right or a nonprogrammable device designed to
`follow certain communications protocols. See also
`front-end processor (definition 2).
`communications link n. The connection between
`computers that enables data transfer.
`communications network n. See network.
`communications parameter n. Any of several set(cid:173)
`tings required in order to enable computers to com(cid:173)
`municate. In asynchronous communications, for
`example, modem speed, number of data bits and stop
`bits, and type of parity are parameters that must be
`set correctly to establish communication between
`two modems.
`communications port n. See COM (definition 1).
`communications program n. A software program
`that enables a computer to connect with another com(cid:173)
`puter and to exchange information. For initiating
`communications, communications programs perform
`such tasks as maintaining communications param(cid:173)
`eters, storing and dialing phone numbers automati(cid:173)
`cally, recording and executing logon procedures, and
`repeatedly dialing busy lines. Once a connection is
`made, communications programs can also be in(cid:173)
`structed to save incoming messages on disk or to find
`and transmit disk files . During communication, these
`types of programs perform the major, and usually
`invisible, tasks of encoding data, coordinating trans(cid:173)
`missions to and from the distant computer, and
`checking incoming data for transmission errors.
`communications protocol n. A set of rules or stan(cid:173)
`dards designed to enable computers to connect with
`
`one another and to exchange information with as
`little error as possible. The protocol generally ac(cid:173)
`cepted for standardizing overall computer communi(cid:173)
`cations is a seven-layer set of hardware and software
`guidelines known as the OSI (Open Systems Inter(cid:173)
`connection) model. A somewhat different standard,
`widely used before the OSI model was developed, is
`IBM's SNA (Systems Network Architecture). The
`word protocol is often used, sometimes confusingly,
`in reference to a multitude of standards affecting dif(cid:173)
`ferent aspects of communication, such as file transfer
`(for example, XMODEM and ZMODEM), handshak(cid:173)
`ing (for exainple, XON/XOFF), and network trans(cid:173)
`missions (for example, CSMA/CD). See also ISO/
`OSI model, SNA.
`communications satellite n. A satellite stationed in
`geosynchronous orbit that acts as a microwave relay
`station, receiving signals sent from a ground-based
`station (earth station), amplifying them, and retrans(cid:173)
`mitting them on a different frequency to another
`ground-based station. Initially used for telephone and
`television signals, communications satellites can also
`be used for high-speed transmission of computer
`data. Two factors affecting the use of satellites with
`computers, however, are propagation delay (the time
`lag caused by the distance traveled by the signal) and
`security concerns. See also downlink, uplink.
`communications server n. A gateway that translates
`packets on a local area network (LAN) into asyn(cid:173)
`chronous signals, such as those used on telephone
`lines or in RS-232-C serial communications, and
`allows all nodes on the LAN access to its modems or
`RS-232-C connections. See also gateway, RS-232-C
`standard.
`communications slot n. On many models of the
`Apple Macintosh, a dedicated expansion slot for net(cid:173)
`work interface cards. Acronym: CS.
`communications software n. The software that con(cid:173)
`trols the modem in response to user commands. Gen(cid:173)
`erally such software includes terminal emulation as
`well as file transfer facilities. See also modem, termi(cid:173)
`nal emulation.
`communications system n. The combination of hard(cid:173)
`ware, software, and data transfer links that make up a
`communications facility.
`Communications Terminal Protocol n. A terminal
`protocol that enables a user at a remote location to
`access a computer as if the remote computer were
`
`98
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`--
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`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091
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`

`
`microspacing
`
`MIME or mime
`
`microspacing n. In printing, the process of adjusting
`character placement by very small increments.
`microtransaction n. A business transaction that in(cid:173)
`volves a very small amount of money, typically under
`about $5. See also millicent technology.
`microwave relay n. A communications link that uses
`point-to-point radio transmissions at frequencies
`higher than approximately 1 gigahertz (1,000
`megahertz).
`middleware n. 1. Software that sits. between two or
`more types of software and translates information
`between them. Midclleware can cover a broad spec(cid:173)
`trum of software and generally sits between an appli(cid:173)
`cation and an operating system, a network operating
`system, or a database management system. Examples
`of middleware include CORBA and other object bro(cid:173)
`ker programs and network control programs. See also
`CORBA. 2. Software that provides a common appli(cid:173)
`cation programming interface (API). Applications
`written using that API will run in the same computer
`systems as the middleware. An example of this type
`of middleware is ODBC, which has a common API
`for many types of databases. See also application
`programming interface, ODBC. 3. Software develop(cid:173)
`ment tools that enable users to create simple pro(cid:173)
`grams by selecting existing services and linking them
`with a scripting language. See also scripting language.
`MIDI \mid'e\ n. Acronym for Musical Instrument
`Digital Interface. A serial interface standard that al(cid:173)
`lows for the connection of music synthesizers, musi(cid:173)
`cal instruments, and computers. The MIDI standard
`is based partly on hardware and partly on a descrip(cid:173)
`tion of the way in which music and sound are en(cid:173)
`coded and communicated between MIDI devices.
`The information transmitted between MIDI devices
`is in a form called a MIDI message, which encodes
`aspects of sound such as pitch and volume as 8-bit
`bytes of digital information. MIDI devices can be
`used for creating, recording, and playing back music.
`Using MIDI, computers, synthesizers, and sequenc(cid:173)
`ers can communicate with each other, either keeping
`time or actually controlling the music created by
`other connected equipment. See also synthesizer.
`midrange computer n. A medium-size computer. The
`term is used interchangeably with minicomputer, ex(cid:173)
`cept midrange computers do not include single-user
`workstations. See also minicomputer.
`
`migration n. The process of making existing applica(cid:173)
`tions and data work on a different computer or oper(cid:173)
`ating system.
`.mil n. In the Internet's Domain Name System, the
`top-level domain that identifies addresses operated
`by U.S. military organizations. The designation .mil
`appears at the end of the address. See also DNS
`(definition 1), domain (definition 3). Compare .com,
`.edu, .gov, .net, .org.
`Military Network n. See MILNET.
`millennium bug n. See Year 2000 Problem.
`milli- prefix. Abbreviated m. Metric prefix meaning
`10-3 (one thousandth).
`millicent technology n. A set of protocols for small(cid:173)
`scale commercial transactions over the Internet, de(cid:173)
`veloped by Digital Equipment Corporation. Millicent
`technology is intended to handle purchases of items
`of information at prices. less than a cent.
`millions of instructions per second n. See MIPS.
`millisecond n. Abbreviated ms or msec. One thou(cid:173)
`sandth of a second.
`millivolt n. Abbreviated m V. One thousandth of a volt.
`MILNET \mil'net\ n. Short for Military Network. A
`wide area network that represents the military side of
`the original ARPANET. MILNET carries nonclassi(cid:173)
`fied U.S. military traffic. See also ARPANET. Com(cid:173)
`pare NSFnet.
`MIMD n. Acronym for multiple instruction, multiple
`data stream processing. A category of computer ar(cid:173)
`chitecture engaged in parallel processing in which
`central processing units independently fetch instruc(cid:173)
`tions and operate on data. See also architecture (defi(cid:173)
`nition 1), central processing unit, instruction, parallel
`processing. Compare SIMD.
`MIME or mime \mim\ n. Acronym for Multipurpose
`Internet Mail Extensions. A protocol widely used on
`the Internet that extends the SMTP (Simple Mail
`Transfer Protocol) to permit data, such as video,
`sound, and binary files, to be transmitted by Internet
`e-mail without having to be translated into ASCII
`format first. This is accomplished by the use of
`MIME types, which describe the contents of a docu(cid:173)
`ment. A MIME-compliant application sending a file,
`such as some e-mail programs, assigns a MIME type
`to the file. The receiving application, which must
`
`291
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`Starbucks, Ex. 1084
`Starbucks v. Ameranth, CBM2015-00091