`Designed for
`
` THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER REFERENCE
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`' Three new appendixes, file extensions,
`and Internet domains
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`- Searchable text on CD-ROM
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`° Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
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`- Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
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`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
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`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
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`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615-3
`
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538.
`1999
`
`004'.03 ~-d021
`
`99—20168
`CIP
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`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
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` symbolic address
`
`
`SynchronoUs gm
`
`
`computer, the matching of timin
`
`g between 00m
`nents of the computer so that all
`are coordinated-
`instance, operations performed b
`
`y the operating ;_
`tem are generally synchronized
`
`With the signals 0
`the machine’s internal clock. Se
`.
`e also clock (defi.
`.. chro
`tion 1), operating system. 4. In
`
`application or data.-
`I' cmonous operation
`base files, version comparisons of copies of the fil
`.4
`f a clock or t1r
`. ntrol o
`.
`
`to ensure they contain the same data. 5. In multime—
`synchronous operatior
`dia, precise real-time processing. Audio and video
`-bus operation, data tran
`are transmitted over a network in synchronization sq
`: pulses either embeddec
`that they can be played back together without de-
`vided simultaneously c
`layed responses. See also real-time.
`Synchronous Optical l\
`synchronous protocol
`oped to standardize sy
`between computers, u:
`stream transmission 0.
`Examples include the
`chronous (BISYNC) 1
`High—level Data Link
`nous Data Link Conn
`BISYNC, HDLC, SD
`
`synchronization signal n. See sync signal.
`synchronize vb. To cause to occur at the same time.
`Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language ,1.
`See SMIL.
`
`
`
`synchronous adj. Occurring at the same time. In com-
`puter transmissions, a reference to activity governed
`by a clock or by synchronized timing.
`
`synchronous burst static RAM n. A type of static
`RAM that is synchronized with the system clock.
`Synchronous burst static RAM is used in a computer’s
`L2 cache, where frequently accessed information is
`stored for fast retrieval by the CPU. Synchronous
`burst static RAM is faster than asynchronous static
`RAM but is limited to a maximum bus speed of 66
`MHz. Computers running at faster speeds can use
`another form of cache memory known as pipeline
`burst static RAM. Also called sync SRAM. See also
`L2 cache, static RAM. Compare asynchronous static
`_
`RAM, dynamic RAM, pipeline burst static RAM.
`
`synchronous communications n. Computer-to-
`computer communications in which transmissions
`are synchronized by timing between the sending and
`receiving machines.
`
`Synchronous Data Link Control n. See SDLC.
`
`Synchronous Digital Hierarchy n. An ITU recom-
`mendation implemented in Europe and similar in
`most respects to the SONET standard used in North
`America and Japan. See also SONET.
`synchronous DRAM \sen‘kra-nas D’ram\ n. See
`SDRAM.
`
`synchronous graphics RAM n. A form of dynamic
`RAM optimized for the high—speed, high-volume
`data transfers required by 3D graphics, video, and
`other memory-intensive applications. Used primarily
`on video accelerator cards, synchronous graphics
`
`synchronous transmi:
`information is transn
`separated by equal t1
`chronous transmissn
`
`synchronous UART
`receiver/transmitter
`nous serial transmis:
`ceiver share a timin:
`
`sync signal \senk 518
`signal. The part of 2
`denotes the end of (
`
`signal) and the end
`Sync signal).
`
`sync SRAM \senkE
`static RAM.
`
`SYN flood \sin’ floi
`host computer on i
`by sending the hos
`nization) packets 1
`responding to the
`by the host. A SY
`vice attack. See a
`pare Ping of Deat
`
`synonym n. 1. A \
`other word. Whet
`example, the verl
`
`symbolic address n. A memory address that can be
`referred to in a program by name rather than by
`number.
`
`symbolic coding n. The expression of an algorithm in
`words, decimal numbers, and symbols rather than in
`binary numbers, so that a person can read and under—
`stand it. Symbolic coding is used in high-level pro-
`gramming languages. See also algorithm, high-level
`language.
`
`symbolic language n. A computer language that uses
`symbols such as keywords, variables, and operators
`to form instructions. All computer languages except
`machine language are symbolic.
`
`symbolic link 11. A disk directory entry that takes the
`place of a directory entry for a file but is actually a
`reference to a file in a different directory. Also called
`alias, shortcut, soft link, symlink.
`
`symbolic logic n. A representation of the laws of rea-
`soning, so named because symbols rather than natural—
`language expressions are used to state propositions
`and relationships. See also logic.
`
`symbol set n. Any collection of symbols legitimized
`by a data-coding system, such as extended ASCH, or
`a programming language.
`
`symbol table n. A list of all identifiers encountered
`when a program is compiled (or assembled), their
`locations in the program, and their attributes, such as
`variable, routine, and so on. See also compile, identi-
`fier, linker, module (definition 1), object code.
`symlink \sim’lénk\ It. See symbolic link.
`symmetric digital subscriber line n. See SDSL.
`
`symmetric multiprocessing n. See SMP.
`
`symmetric multiprocessing server n. See SMP server.
`
`SYN n. Short for synchronous idle character. A char-
`acter used in synchronous (timed) communications
`that enables the sending and receiving devices to
`maintain the same timing. Also called sync character.
`sync character n. See SYN.
`
`syncDRAM \senk’dram\ 11. See SDRAM.
`
`synchronization n. 1. In networking, a communica-
`tions transmission in which multibyte packets of data
`are sent and received at a fixed rate. See also packet
`(definition 1). 2. In networking, the matching of tim—
`ing between computerson the network. All of the
`computers are generally assigned identical times to
`facilitate and coordinate communications. 3. In a
`
`430
`
`i
`
`[1
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`JUS graphics RAM
`
`synchronous idle character
`
`
`
`between compo-
`ire coordinated. For
`v the operating sys-
`ith the signals of
`also clock (defini-
`uplication or data-
`:‘copies of the files
`ata. 5. In multime-
`Audio and video
`synchronization so
`ther without de-
`1e.
`
`.c signal.
`at the same time.
`
`ation Language n.
`
`a same time. In com.
`0 activity governed
`ning.
`,
`
`‘. A type of static
`he system clock.
`used in a computer’s
`:sed information is
`
`’U. Synchronous
`;ynchronous static
`rn bus speed of 66
`:r speeds can use
`nown as pipeline
`nc SRAM. See also
`
`asynchronous static
`rurst static RAM.
`
`Computer—to-
`ich transmissions
`een the sending and
`
`n. See SDLC:
`
`RAM makes use of burst operations and includes
`features such as block writes that increase efficiency
`in retrieving and writing graphics data to the screen.
`Acronym: SGRAM. See also block, mask.
`synchronous idle character n. See SYN.
`
`synchronous operation It. 1. Any procedure under the
`control of a clock or timing mechanism. Compare
`asynchronous operation. 2. In communications and
`bus operation, data transfer accompanied by clock
`pulses either embedded in the data stream or pro-
`vided simultaneously on a separate line.
`
`Synchronous Optical Network 11. See SONET.
`
`synchronous protocol n. A set of guidelines devel-
`oped to standardize synchronous communications
`between computers, usually based on either bit
`stream transmission or recognized character codes.
`Examples include the character-oriented binary syn-
`chronous (BISYNC) protocol and the bit-oriented
`High—level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Synchro—
`nous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocols. See also
`BISYNC, HDLC, SDLC.
`
`synchronous transmission n. Data transfer in which
`information is transmitted in blocks (frames) of bits
`separated by equal time intervals. Compare asyn-
`chronous transmission.
`
`synchronous UART n. A universal asynchronous
`receiver/transmitter (UART) that supports synchro-
`nous serial transmission, where the sender and re-
`ceiver share a timing signal. See also UART.
`
`sync signal \senk sig‘nol\ n. Short for synchronization
`signal. The part of a raster-display video signal that
`denotes the end of each scan line (the horizontal sync
`signal) and the end of the last scan line (the vertical
`sync signal).
`
`SYnc SRAM \sénk S’ram\ n. See synchronous burst
`static RAM.
`
`n. An ITU recom-
`pe and similar in
`1dard used 1n North
`NET.
`
`rs D’ram\ n. See
`
`SYN flood \sin’ flod‘\n. A method of overwhelming a
`host com
`puter on a network, especially the Internet,
`by Sending the host a high volume of SYN (synchro-
`.111
`zation) packets requesting a connection, but never
`resPonding to the acknowledgement packets returned
`by the host. A SYN flood is a form of denial of ser—
`\ form of dynamic? '
`Vlce attack. See also denial of service attack. Com-
`pare 1’ing of Death.
`:ed, high'vowme ‘
`.
`s
`system administrator n. The person responsible for
`aphics, Video, and.
`ynonym "- 1. A word that is an equivalent of an-
`administering use of a multiuser computer system,
`
`
`ions. Used Prlm '
`A.
`other Word. Wh
`communications system, or both. A system adminis-
`exa
`en used in reference to data input, for
`hronous graphics
`mple, the verbs type and keyboard are synonyms.
`trator performs such duties as assigning user accounts
`
`system administrator
`
`2. In hashing, one of two distinct keys that
`Produce
`the same hash address. See alsO hashZ.
`syntax n. The grammar of a language; the rules gov-
`erning the structure and content of statements. see
`also logic, programming language, syntax error.
`Compare semantics (definition 1).
`syntax checker n. A program for identifying errors in
`syntax for a programming language. See also syntax,
`syntax error.
`
`syntax error n. An error resulting from a statement
`that violates one or more of the grammatical rules of
`a language and is thus not “legal.” See also logic,
`_ semantics (definition 1), syntax.
`
`synthesis n. The combining of separate elements to
`form a coherent whole, or the result of such a com-
`bining (for example, combining digital pulses to rep-
`licate a sound, or combining digitized words to
`synthesize human speech). See also speech synthesis.
`synthesizer n. A computer peripheral, chip, or stand-
`alone system that generates sound from digital instruc-
`tions rather than through manipulation of physical
`equipment or recorded sound. See also MIDI.
`.sys n. A file extension for system configuration files.
`sysadmin n. The usual logon name or e-mail address
`for the system administrator of a UNIX-based sys-
`tem. See also system administrator.
`
`sysgen \sis’jen\ n. See system generation.
`
`sysop \sis’op\ n. Short for system operator. The over-
`seer of a BBS or a small multiuser computer system.
`Sys Req key n. Short for System Request key. A key
`on some IBM and compatible keyboards that is in-
`tended to provide the same function as the Sys Req
`key on an IBM mainframe computer terminal: to reset
`the keyboard or to change from one session to another.
`
`system n. Any collection of component elements that
`work together to perform a task. Examples are a
`hardware system consisting of a microprocessor, its
`allied chips and circuitry, input and output devices,
`and peripheral devices; an operating system consist-
`ing of a set of programs and data files; or a database
`management system used to process specific kinds of
`information.
`
`'
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