`
`PATENT OWNERPATENT OWNER
`
`
`
`EXHIBIT 201 5EXHIBIT 201 5
`
`

`

`THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER REFERENCE
`
`
`
`- Three new appendixes, file extensions,
`and Internet domains
`
`- Searchable text on CD-ROM
`- Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`Internet, and more!
`- Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh. QuickTime. and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer.
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered u-ademark and Indeo
`is a tradernark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop. Active Directory. ActiveMovie. Active Platform. Activex,
`Authenticode. Back0ffice. Directlnput. Directx. Microsoft. Microsoft Press. MS-DOS. MSN. NeLMeeting,
`Netshow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual .l++, WebTV, Web'I'V Network. Win32. Win32s, Windows.
`Windows NT. and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States andior other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone. Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond. Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any fonrt
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -~ 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7856-0615-3
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.l5.M538
`1999
`004203-~dc2l
`
`99-20168CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`3456'i89 MLML 43210
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A C[P catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further infonnation
`about international editions. contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-3329. Visit our Web site at mspgss.11_1jgrosoft.gom.
`
`The example companies. organizations, products. people. and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
`tion with any real company. organization, product, person. or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
`
`
`
`

`

`business information system
`
`burn in H‘). 1. To keep a new system or device running
`continuously so that any weak elements or compo-
`nents will fail early and can be found and corrected
`before the s_\-stem becomes an integral part of the
`user‘s work routine. Such a test is often performed at
`the factory before a device is shipped. 2. To make a
`pe.rmanent change in the phosphor coating on the
`inside of a monitor screen by leaving the monitor on
`and keeping ct bright. unchanging intagc on the
`screen for extended periods. Such an image will re-
`main visible after the monitor is turned off. Bunting
`in was a danger with older PC monitors; it is no
`longer a concern with most new PC monitors. .-llsu
`.-.-tilled gltosting.
`burst‘ a. Transfer of a hloclt of data all at one time
`without a break. (Tertain microprocessors and certain
`buses have features that support various types of
`burst trattsfers. See also burst speed tdetinition l J.
`burst‘ vb. To break fanfold continuous-feed paper
`:1p:1t‘t at its perforations. resulting in a stack of sepa-
`rate sheets.
`hurster n. A device used to burst. or break apart at the
`perforatiorts. t'anl‘old continuous-feed paper.
`burst extended-data-out RAM it. See BEDO RAM.
`burst mode tr. A method of data transfer in which
`information is collected and sent as a unit in one
`high—speed transmission. In burst mode. an input.“
`output device takes control of a rnultipleser channel
`for the time required to send its data. In effect. the
`multiplexer. which normally merges input from sev-
`eral sourccs into a single liigh—speed data stream.
`becomes a channel dedicated to the needs ol‘ one de-
`v'ice until the entire transmission has been sent. Burst
`mode is used both in communications and between
`devices in a computer systs.-in. See also burst:
`burst rate H. Sec burst speed tdefinition lt.
`burst speed :2. 1. The fastest speed at which a device
`can operate without interruption. For eitample. vari-
`t‘!lI.\ communications devices tas on networl-tst can
`send data in bursts. and the speed of such equipment
`is sometimes measured as the burst speed tthe speed
`of data trattsler while the burst is being executed).
`.1tl.t-rt t-tilled burst rate, 2. The number of characters
`per second that at printer can print on one line with-
`out at carriage return or linefeed. Burst speed mea-
`sures the actual speed of printing. without
`considerrttiuti of the time taken to advance paper or
`to move the print head back to the left n1argin.Al-
`
`most always. the speed claimed by the manufacturer
`is the bttrst speed. By contrast. tltrnt.=gltpttt is the
`number of characters per second when one or more
`entire pages of text are being printed and is a more
`practieai measurerneat of primer speed in real-life
`situations.
`
`bursty ttdj. Transmitting data in spurts. or bursts.
`rather than in a continuous stream.
`bus it. A set of hardware lines {conductors} used for
`data transter among the components of a computer
`system. A bus is essentially a shared highway that
`connects different parts of the system—includitig the
`processor. disl-t-drive controller. memory. and input!
`output ports—and enables them to transfer informa-
`tion. The bus consists of specialized groups of lines
`that carry different types of int'ormation. One group
`of lines carries data: another carries memory ad-
`dresses tlocationst where data items are to he found;
`yet another carries control signals. Buses are charac-
`terized by the number of bits they can trtutsfcr at a
`single time. equivalent to the number of wires within
`the bus. A computer with a 32-bit address bus and a
`lo-hit data bus. for example, can transfer I6 bits of
`data at ‘d time from an_v of 1’: memory locations.
`Most PCs contain one or more expansion slots into
`which additional boards can be plugged to connect
`them to the bus.
`bus enumerator H. A device driver that identifies de-
`vices located on a specific bus and assigns a unique
`identification code to each device. The bus enumera-
`tor is responsible for loading information about the
`devices onto the hardware tree. See also bus. device
`driver. hardware tree.
`bus extender H. 1. A device that expands the capacity
`of a bus. For example. [BM PCIAT computers used 1
`bus extender to add onto the earlier PC‘. bus and allot
`the use of lo-bit expansion boards in addition to 8-
`bit boards. See also bus. 2. A special board used by
`engineers to raise an add—on board above the
`computer's cabinet. ntaldttg it easier to work on the
`circuit board.
`business graphics H. See presentation graphics.
`business information system n. A combination of
`computers. printers. corntuunicatiuns equipment. Ifl_
`other devices designed to handle data. A contpletcly
`automated business inlhrrnation system receives.
`processes. and stores data; transfers information as
`needed: and produces reports or printouts on de-
`
`

`

`digital audio/video connector
`
`Digital Mlcrornirror Device
`
`digital audiolvideo connector n. An interface on
`some high—cnd video cards or TV tuner cards that
`allows the simultaneous transmission of digital audio
`and video signals. Also t‘.‘tJ'll(.’t.l DAV connector. See
`rtlso interface tdefinition 3:. video adapter.
`digital broadcast satellite it. See direct broadcast
`satellite.
`digital camera :1. A type of camera that stores photo-
`graphed images electronically instead of on traditional
`film. A digital camera uses a CCD t'charge—coupled
`device! element to capture the image through the lens
`when the operator releases the shutter in the camera:
`circuitry within the camera then stores the image cap-
`tured by the CCD in it storage rnediurn such as solid-
`state memory or a hard disk. After the image has been
`captured. it is downloaded by cable to the computer
`using software supplied with the camera. Once stored
`in the computer. the image can be manipulated and
`processed much like the image from a scanner or re-
`lated input device. See also charge—couplcd device.
`digital cash it. See e—nioney.
`digital certificate n. 1. An assurance that software
`downloaded from the lnternet comes from L1 reputable
`source. A digital certificate provides information about
`the software——sttch as the identity of the author and
`the date on which the software was registered with a
`certificate authority [CAL as well as it measure of
`tampcr—resistance. 2. A user identity card or “driver's
`license" for cyberspace. Issued by a certificate author-
`ity {CAL a digital certificate is an electronic creden-
`tial that authenticates a user on the Internet and
`intranets. Digital certificates ensure the legitimate
`online transfer of confidential informatiott. money. or
`other sensitive materials by means of public encryp-
`tion technology. A digital certificate holder has two
`keys tstrings of numbers}: a private key held only by
`the user. for "signing“ outgoing messages and de-
`crypting incoming messages‘. and a public key. for use
`by anyone. for encrypting data to send to a specific
`user, See rtlm certificate authority. encryption. private
`key. public key.
`digital communications in. Exchange of communica-
`tions in which all information is transmitted in binary-
`cncodcd tdigitali form.
`digital computer it. A computer in which operations
`are based on two or more discrete Lstates. Binary digi-
`tal computers are based on two states. logical "on" and
`
`"off." represented by two voltage levels. arrange-
`ments of which are used to represent all types of
`information-—numbers. letters. graphics symbols.
`and prograrn instructions. Within such a computer.
`the states of various circuit components change con-
`tinuously to move. operate on. and save this infor-
`mation. (."omp:trc analog computer.
`Digital Darkroom n. A .Vlac'tntoslt program devel-
`oped by Silicon Beach Software for enhancement of
`blacls—and—white photographs or scanned images.
`digital data service ft. See DDS.
`digital data transmission at. The transfer of informa-
`tion encoded as ti series of bits rather than as a fluc-
`tuating Lanalogi signal in a communications channel
`digital display it. A video display capable of rendering
`only a fitted number ol‘ colors or gray shades. Ex-
`amples of digital displays are IBM's l\'lonochrorne
`Display. Colora‘Graplu'cs Display. and Enhanced C0-l-CI’
`Display. St-‘{’ also CG.-'\. EGA. MDA. Compare ana-
`log display.
`digital DNA in. l. Broadly. a reference to the bits :-
`comprise digital information. 2. In the gaming
`world. a technology called “Cyberlife“ that mirtt':s‘.'i--
`biological DNA in the creation and development i_
`trainal:-le creatures known as Norns. Lilce real D.
`digital DNA is passed from parent to otlspring ti
`determines the artificial creature's characteristics
`and adaptability.
`digital flat panel port it. An interface designed to
`allow direct connection between at Hot panel
`tor and a computer without requiring an analog
`digital convcrsiott. .-lcmn_\'m DFP.
`- -
`digital light processing projector it. See DLP -
`digital line it. A communications line that carries
`lorrnation only in birtary—encoded tdigitali form.
`minimize distortion and noise interference. a o- '
`line uses repeaters to regenerate the signal pe '
`cally during. transmission. See also repeater. C
`pare analog line.
`digital linear tape it. A niagnetic storage medizu
`used to back up data. Digital linear tape allows
`faster transfer of data compared with other tap:
`nologics. .=lr-ron_\'m.' DLT.
`Digital Micrornirror Device in. The circuit t --
`ogy behind Texas Instruments‘ Digital Light
`ing. used in image projectors. A Digital Mic -
`
`'
`
`-
`
`

`

`
`
`is. A typesetting device that can transfer
`- _s text and artwork from computer tiles
`=- paper or film. Imagesetters print at high
`(commonly above L000 dpil and are usu-
`-. . "pt-compatible.
`number n. A number that must be ex-
`the product of a real number and f. where
`sum of an imaginary number and a real
`is a complex number. Although imaginary
`- are not directiy encountered in the uni-
`in “l .54-3:" megabits per second"). some
`I
`I tpantities. especially in electrical engineer-
`'
`"e mathematically like the real and imagi-
`u of complex numbers. Compare complex
`real number.
`in. The processes involved in the capture.
`_Ldisplay. and printing of graphical images.
`l\l‘tr1ap-for\ n. Acronym for Internet Message
`Hfiiozocol 4. The latest version of IMAP. a
`
`in applications as television and film.
`_ Iielljte weather mapping, machine vision.
`- -based pattern recognition. See also
`ment. video digitizer.
`
`n. A light-sensitive integrated circuit or
`-
`ted circuits used in scanners. digital
`:11 video cameras.
`
`'
`I
`
`_
`
`inclusive OR
`
`IM() :1. Acronym for in my opinion. A shorthzmd
`phrase used often in e-mail and Internet news and
`discussion groups to indicate an author's admission
`that a statement he or she has just made is a matter of
`judgment rather than fact. See also IMHO.
`
`impact printer in. A printer. such as a wire-pin dot~
`matrix printer or a daisy-wheel printer. that drives an
`inked ribbon mechanically against the paper to form
`marks. See rxlso daisy-wheel printer. dot-matrix
`printer. Compare nonimpact printer.
`
`impedance rt. Opposition to the flow of alternating
`current. Impedance has two aspects: resistance. which
`impedes both direct and alternating current and is al-
`ways grcatcr than zero: and rcactance. which impedes
`alternating current only. varies with frequency. and can
`be positive or negative. See also resistance.
`
`import vb. To bring information from one system or
`program into another. The system or program receiv-
`ing the data must somehow support the internal for-
`mat or structure of the data. Conventions such as the
`
`TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) and P] CT formats
`("for graphics files} make importing easier. See also
`PICT. TIFF. Contporc export.
`
`inactive window it. In an environment capable of dis-
`playing multiple on-screen windows. any window
`other than the one currently being used for work. An
`inactive window can be partially or entirely hidden
`behind another window. and II remains inactive until
`the user selects it. Compare active window.
`
`in—baI1d signaling :1. Transmission within the voice
`or data-handling frequencies of a communication
`channel
`
`in-betweening 11. See tween.
`
`Inbox n. In many e-mail applications. the default
`mailbox where the program stores incoming mes-
`sages. See also e-mail. mailbox. Compare Outbox.
`
`incident light it. The light that strikes a surface in
`computer graphics. See also illutninancc.
`in-circuit emulator :1. See ICE [definition 2:.
`
`INCLUDE directive rt. A statement within a source-
`code file that causes another source-code file to be
`
`read in at that spot. either during compilation or dur-
`ing execution. lt enables a programmer to break up a
`program into smaller files and enables multiple pro-
`grams to use the same tiles.
`inclusive OR it. See OR.
`
`'
`
`_Ifor an e-mail program to gain access to
`and bulletin—board messages stored on a mail
`Unlike POP3. a similar protocol. IMAP al-
`Bser to retrieve messages efficiently from
`him one computer. Compnre POP3.
`See Internet Mail Consortium.
`
`Ir. Acronym for in my humble opinion. IMHO.
`I e-mail and in online forums, flags .1 statement
`It writer wants to present as a personal opinion
`than as a statement of fact. See also IMO.
`
`In Game tr. See Turing test.
`lte access it. See direct access. random access.
`
`Ite operand u. A data value. used in the ex-
`a of an assembly language instruction. that is
`tied in the inslmction itself rather than pointed
`In address in the instruction.
`
`ate printing it. A process in which text and
`g commands are sent directly to the printer
`1! being stored as a printing file and without
`: of an intermediate page-composition proce-
`r a file containing printer setup commands.
`
`

`

`_ davetopment environment
`
`intelligence
`
`__ 1.1 Opes of Integrated Cr'n'nr'r.r
`
`‘v: e integration tSSlJ
`
`-r scale integration t_MSl'J
`
`-= e integration ILSII
`
`-- e—scale integration
`I}
`
`-» e—scale integration
`
`Elements
`
`in the 105
`
`in the I005.
`
`in the 1.000s
`
`in the
`l00.000s
`
`1 .000,0(}[)
`or more
`
`ted development environment n. A set of
`-_u ted tools for developing software. The tools
`generally run from one user interface and consist
`I I compiler. an editor. and it debugger. among oth-
`_ - Acronym: IDE.
`
`« ted Device Electronics it. See IDE {defini-
`" -
`-'
`.- 1).
`
`.-
`
`ted injection logic art. A type of circuit design
`uses both NPN and I‘-‘NP transistors and does not
`an '
`- other components, such as resistors. Such
`In" its are moderately fast. consume little power.
`'
`- can be manufactured in very small sizes. Acro-
`go: FL, IIL. Also called merged transistor logic.
`Ieealso NPN transistor. PNP transistor.
`
`_
`
`- 2 ted Services Digital Network it. See ISBN.
`._4 ted Services LAN rt. Sec isochronous network.
`
`-_-t ted software it. A program that combines sev-
`ynl applications. such as word processing. database
`mnagemcnt. and spreadsheets. in a single package.
`filth software is "integrated" in two ways: it can
`'lInsfer data from one of its applications to another.
`klping users coordinate tasks and merge infomiation
`utated with the different software tools; and it pro-
`vides the user with a consistent interface for choos-
`itg commands. managing files. and otherwise
`izteracting with the programs so that the user will not
`hire to master several. often very different. pro-
`yams. The applications in an integrated software
`package are often not. however. designed to offer as
`much capability as single applications. nor does inte-
`grated software necessarily include all the applica-
`tions needed in a particular environment.
`
`Hegrafion rt. 1. In computing. the combining of dif-
`ferent activities. programs. or hardware components
`into a functional unit. See also integral modem. inte-
`grated software. ISDN. 2. In electronics. the process
`
`of packing multiple electronic circuit elements on a
`single chip. See also integrated circuit. 3. In mathv
`ematics. specifically calculus, a procedure performed
`on an equation and related to finding the area under a
`given curve or the volume within a given shape.
`
`integrator n. A circuit whose output represents the
`integral. with respect to time. of the input signal-
`that is. its total accumulated value over time. See the
`illustration. Compare differentiator.
`
`Input
`
`Amplitude
`
`htregrnror. .-Ln example of the action of an integrator circuit.
`
`integrity ll. The completeness and accuracy of data
`stored in a computer. especially after it has been ma-
`nipulated in some way. See also data integrity.
`intellectual property it. Content of the human intel-
`lect deemed to be unique and original and to have
`marketplace value-—and thus to warrant protection
`under the law. Intellectual property includes but is
`not limited to ideas: inventions: literary works:
`chemical. business. or computer processes: and com-
`pany or product names and logos. Intellectual prop-
`erty protections fall into four categories: copyright
`[for literary works. art. and music). trademarks (for
`company and product names and logos}. patents {for
`inventions and processes]. and trade secrets {for reci-
`pes. code. and processes). Concern over defining and
`protecting intellectual property in cyberspace has
`brought this area of the law under intense scrutiny.
`
`intelligence rt. 1. The ability of hardware to process
`information. A device without intelligence is said to
`be dumb: for example. a dumb terminal connected to
`a computer can receive input and display output but
`cannot process information independcntiy. 2. The
`ability of a program to monitor its environment and
`initiate appropriate actions to achieve a desired state.
`For example. a program waiting for data to be read
`from disk might switch to another task in the mean-
`time. 3. The ability of a program to simulate human
`thought. See also artificial intelligence. 4. The ability
`of a machine such as a robot to respond appropriately
`to changing stimuli rinputl.
`
`

`

`form
`
`layered interface
`
`and ISDN are methods for providing high-speed last-
`mile data service through twisted-pair copper wires.
`See also DSL. ISDN. twisted-pair wiring. Compare
`local loop.
`huh rt. A circuit or circuit element used to maintain a
`
`particular state. such as on or off. or logical true or
`false. A latch changes state only in response to a par-
`ticular input. See also flip-flop.
`
`hie binding :1. See dynamic binding.
`
`htency it. The time required for a signal to travel
`from one point on a network to another. See nlw
`ping‘ (definition 1}.
`
`'!JTl.'x' or L"T..;X n. A document preparation system
`based on Tex. developed by Leslie Lamport. By us-
`ing simple. intuitive commands for text elements
`such as headers. LaTeX lets the user focus more on
`
`document content than document appearance. See
`also header (definition 1). Tex.
`
`l..aTeX3 vb. To process a LaTcX file. See also LaTeX'.
`
`finch vb. To activate an application program {espe-
`cially on the Macintosh) from the operating system's
`user interface.
`
`launcher n. In Mac US. a program that organizes fre-
`quently used applications and programs and that allows
`the user to eitccttte them with a single mouse click.
`
`hger rt. 1. The protocol or protocols operating at a par-
`ticular level within a protocol suitc. such as ll’ within
`ll: TCPIIP suite. Each layer is responsible for provid-
`nxg specific services or functions for computers ex-
`changing information over a communications network
`rsuch as the layers in the ISOIOSI reference model)
`and information is passed from one layer to the next.
`Although different suites have varying numbers of
`ievels. generally the highest layer deals with software
`Iletactions at the application level. and the lowest
`gmiems hardwan:—level connections between different
`computers. See the table. See also ISOIOSI reference
`model. protocol stack. TCPHP. 2. In communications
`lad distributed processing. a set of rules and standards
`ht handles :1 particular class of events.
`.
`.
`.- architecture in. The division of a network
`
`model into multiple discrete layers, or levels. through
`which messages pass as they are prepared for trans-
`fission. In a layered architecture. protocols at each
`hye-r provide specific services or functions and rely
`G protocols in the layers above and below them for
`Cher needed services. See also protocol.
`
`Table Ll Layers in the ISOIOSI reference model.
`
`ISO/OS! layer
`
`Application
`(hi ghest level]
`
`Presentation
`
`Session
`
`Transport
`
`Network
`
`Data-link
`
`Focus
`
`Program-to—program
`transfer of information
`
`Text formatting and display.
`code conversion
`
`Establishing. maintaining. and
`coordinating communication
`
`Accurate delivery. service
`quality
`
`Transport routes. message
`handling and transfer
`
`Coding. addressing. and
`transmitting information
`
`Physical
`
`Hardware connections
`
`layered interface it. in programming. one or more
`levels of routines lying between an application and
`the computing hardware and separating activities
`according to the type of task the activities are de-
`signed to carry out. Ultimately. such an interface
`makes it easier to adapt a program to different types
`of equipment. See the illustration.
`
`Application
`program
`
`Application
`program
`
`File system
`
`Memory and I/O device management
`
`a'
`
`Processor
`
`Layered interface.
`
`

`

`causing confusion when the resulting values do not
`add tip "correctly." Percentages in a spreadsheet can
`thus total ‘)9 percent or ltll percent because of
`rounding.
`
`.
`
`~
`
`n n. A sequential. cyclical allocation of
`round robi
`sts or device.
`ft'.‘SU1.1l‘L‘t3:i TU I'I'Il'.'|I't.'
`ll'1i11'l U116 pl'0L‘f.‘
`routable protocol
`IT.
`'
`is used to route data from one he
`ct ncto.-orlt address and a device
`means of
`able protocol.
`'l'(T[-‘HP is an cxaiiiple of -.1 rout
`router n. An intermcdi;m__.- device on a comrnunica-
`lions network that eitpeditcs message delivery. On at
`single network linking many cornptiters through a
`mesh of possible connections. ti router receives
`transmitted messages and forwards them to their cor
`rect destinations over the most eflicient available
`route. On an interconnected set of L.ANs {local are:
`networksi-—inclt:ding those based on differing arch
`tectures and pr'otocols—~using the some communica
`tions protocols. a router serves the somewhat differ:
`function of acting as it link between LAN s. en-ablin
`messtiges to be sent from one to -ttnother. See also
`bridge. gtitest-'a._v.
`routine :1. Any section of code that can be invol-ted
`tesecuredi within a program. A routine usually has
`name tidentifrerl associated with it and is execute:
`by rcl'erencing that name. Related terms twhich tn
`ynonyms. depending on the
`or rnt1_v not be exact s
`,tmict'tr’tr:'¢-. and mbrtir.-rr'rrs. .'
`contestl are_fmit'n'oir.
`ce.dut'e. subroutittt
`rriso function ldelinition 31, pro
`routing table tr. H. In data commtniications. a tabla
`inforrnation that provides network hardware tbrid
`and routers: with the directions needed to torwar.
`packets of data to locations on other networks. T‘;
`information contained in El routing table differs at
`cording to whether it is used by a bridge or a rots
`A bridge relies on both the source torigiriatingl 2
`destination addresses to determine where and he
`forward a packet. A router relies on the destinati
`address and on information in the table that give
`hops or in number of jumps-
`possible routes~-in
`between itself. intervening routers. and the desti
`tron. Routing tables are updated frequently as or
`ation becomes available. Se
`more current inform
`rrl's-o bridge. hop. internetwork. router.
`ranged horir_ontall_v \\
`row H. A series of items or
`for example. a conti
`some type of franiework—
`series of cells t'urtniiig from left to riglit in a sp:
`
`ROT13 encryption
`
`servers at lower levels of the hicrar'cliy. the DNS is
`able to match it "friendly" Internet address. such as
`niicrosot't.com. with its numerical counterpart. the IP
`address. Root servers thus contain the data needed
`for referrals to name servers at the highest level of
`the hierarchy. There are I3 root servers in the world.
`ft the United States. the United Kingdom.
`located i
`Sweden. antl Japan. .-the r'rrt'leti' root name server.
`See also DNS tdelinition ll. DNS server. top-level
`domain.
`ROT13 encryption n. A simple encryption method in
`which each letter is replaced with the letter of the
`alphabet 13 letters after the original letter. so that A
`is replaced h_\' N. and so forth: N. ].I‘|. turn. is replaced
`by A. and Z is replaced by M. ROTl 3 encryption is
`not used to protect messages against urittuthoritted
`it is used in newsgroups to encode
`readcrs: rather.
`set may not want to read. such as
`tr
`messages that it
`s. Some newsreaders can auto-
`sexual jokes or spoiler
`matically perform RUT I 3 encryption and decryption
`at the touch or a ltey.
`e sigiialing system used in tele-
`rotary dialing rt. Th
`phones with rotary dials. in which each digit is asso-
`ciated with a set number of pulses. During dialing.
`these pulses. which are audible as series of clicks.
`ntornentarily turn the current in the telephone wires
`on and off. .-‘ilso t-rill:-ti pulse dialing. C‘mnprn'e- touch
`tone dialing.
`
`
`
`it model or other graphical image
`rotate ch. 1. To turn
`2.. To move
`so that it is viewed at a different angle.
`left or to the right. The hit that
`bits in it register‘ to the
`tion rotates to the newly
`moves out of the end posi
`rid of the register.
`vacated position at the opposite e
`Ct'>niptrrr" shift.
`3‘ H. The time required for a tiesit'cd
`rotational dtela
`drw rite tread. Also
`disk sector to rotate to the rea
`(‘(i'HE’tf rotational latency.
`rotational latency it. See rotational delay.
`cad-only terminal. A ter-
`R0 terminal H. Short for r
`but cannot send data.
`minal that can receive data
`ed as R0 terminals.
`Nearly all printers can be classiti
`ROTFL it. See ROFL.
`To shorten the fractionttl p
`round vb.
`st remaining trightmosti
`usually increasing the la
`‘I whether the deleted portion
`digit or not. according tr
`ple. tl.3.’~.i3 rounded to
`was over or under 5. For t'.‘.\'t:1l't'l
`and 0.6666 is 0.67. Cont-
`two decimal places is (5.33.
`puter programs often round numbers. sometimes
`
`art of a number.
`
`
`
`

`

`t- hanism. controlled by
`-
`-
`_-
`"'1 fiedback circuit. that produces
`in . Also c.~m'lea' scrvomotor.
`
`'
`
`I:nI:tI:rol system in which the
`' movement. A servomechn-
`
`control the position. velocity.
`_ -
`:-.
`ical component. Also
`
`u t:l'I1u1iSI1t_
`
`_ Hiring which a program is run-
`’
`programs. a session is the
`program accepts input and
`2. In communications. the
`
`_
`
`= computers maintain :1 connec-
`. .. n layer in the ISOIOSI ref-
`' -; 3 communication between
`--. See also ISOIUSI refer-
`‘
`" Irrev-
`
`_ Eh of seven layers in the ISO!
`_.
`The session layer handles the
`__
`_ fined on by the two communi-
`_ & illustration. See also ISOIOSI
`
`" MODEL
`Focus
`
`stops. setting a counter to 0. or setting a hreakpoint.
`See rtlsrl hrcakpolnt.
`
`SET protocol
`protocol.
`
`rt. See Secure Electronics Transactions
`
`settling time n. The time required for it disk drive‘s
`readlwrite head to stabilize over a new location on
`the. disk after being moved.
`
`set-top box it. A device that converts a cable TV sig-
`nal to an input signal to the TV set. Set-top boxes can
`be used to access the World Wide Web.
`
`setup ff. 1. A computer aiong with all its devices. 2.
`The procedures involved in preparing a software pro-
`ram or a
`lication to o
`rate within a corn uter.
`3
`PP
`P9
`P
`
`setup program tr. 1. A huiit—in BIOS program for
`reconfiguring system parameters to accommodate a
`new disk drive. Sec aim BIOS. 2. See installation
`program.
`
`setup string a. See control code.
`
`setup wizard it. In Windows. a utility that asks users
`a structured series of questions and give them options
`to aid the process of installing a new program.
`
`seven-segment display it. A light—e:nttting diode
`(LED) display or liquid crystal display (LCD) that
`can show any of the ID decimal digits. The seven
`segments are the seven bars that form a numeral 8 as
`in a calculator display.
`
`sex changer it. See gender changer.
`
`o-program transfer
`«flan
`
`-
`
`.sgm H‘. The MS—DOSt'Windows 3.x file extension that
`identifies files encoded in Standard Generalized
`
`'_ fdrrnatting and display. code
`-
`ion
`
`,rnaIntaining,.anc!
`.1 communication
`
`‘ delivery. service quality
`--- routes. message
`lng and transfer
`. addressing. and
`irting information
`-; re connections
`
`~
`
`" '
`
`display. a group of related char-
`- - -
`set. See also character set.
`
`lb: value of a bit to l. 2. To es-
`cndition. such as setting tab
`
`Markup Language {SGMI.). Because MS-DOS and
`Windows 3.x cannot recognize file extensions longer
`than three letters. the .sgml extension is truncated to
`three letters in those environments. Sec rtfsn SGML.
`
`.sgml H. The file extension that identifies files en-
`coded in Standard Generalized Markup Language.
`.5'r’c also SGML.
`
`SGML n. Acronym for Standard Generalized Markup
`Language. An information management standard
`adopted by the International Organization for Stan-
`dardization (ISO) in I986
`a means of providing
`
`platform- and application-independent documents
`that retain formatting. indexing. and linked informa-
`tion. SGML provides a grarnmarlil-tr: mechanism for
`users to define the structure of their documents and
`
`the tags they will use to denote the structure in indi-
`vidual documents. See rtiso ISO.
`
`

`

`swapping
`
`symbol font
`
`swapping ii. 1. A technique for enabling an operatiiig
`systein. and therefore a computer. to address—~—
`roughly. have avail:1‘olc—mnre meniory than is physi-
`cally present in the systcin. Stvitppitig in this sense
`tats opposed to \WaPl1ll'lg disks in and out of a drive.
`for example: involves moving blocks of information
`in units known as pages between memory and disk as
`they are needed during the execution of the applica-
`tion. Swapping is supported by operating systcnis
`such as Windows NT. Windows 9x. CISIE. and
`l..I.\lI.'IX. 2. A technique for routing entire processes
`in anti out of main memory. 3. In programming. the
`process of exchanging two \alues——t'or example. cs-
`chttnging values between two variables. See also
`page (definition 2:. swap. swap file. virtual memory.
`swim l"l. A condition in which iiiiziges slowly move
`about the positions they are supposed to occupy
`on screen.
`
`switch ii. 1. A circuit element that