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`
`Page 3
`
`
`
`“Pramework for Interactive Video-on-Demand Service”,
`Singru, A et al, Comynuers and Connnunications 1995,
`Conference Proceedings of the 1993 [KEE Fourteenth
`Annual International Phoenix Conference on Scottsdale, AZ.
`Mar. 28, 1995, pp. 634-642.
`Control No. 96/007,055, Order Granting/Denying Request
`for Hx Parte Reexamination, U.S. Patent and Trademark
`Office, mailed Jun, 23, 2004.
`Control No. 90/007,056, Order Granting/Denying Request
`for Ex Parte Reexamination, U.S. Patent and Trademark
`Office, mailed Jun, 24, 2004,
`P, Grillo et al. “Host Resources MIB”, Network Working
`Group, RIC 1514, Sep, 1093.
`8, Kalle et al, “Network Services Monitoring MIB", Net-
`work Working Group REC 1565, Jan. 1204.
`KR. MeCloghrie et al, “Management Information Base lor
`Network Management ofPCP/IP-hased Internets”, Network
`Working Group, RFC 2156, May 1990.
`J. Case et al, “A Simple Network Management Proteco!
`SNMP)", Network Working Group RFC Pi57, May 1996.
`Peter H. Lewis, “Peermg out a ‘Real Time’ Window", New
`Fork times, Feb, 8, 1995, pp, D1, D7.
`Javid Lawrence, “Real-Time Audio, Hi-Pi, iAintt”, Heb
`Developer, wol 1, No. 7, Get. 1995,
`Harry A. Jessell, “HZ sees money in the Net”, Broadcasting
`& Cable, ful, 33, 1095, p. 31.
`trett Atwood, “Global ‘Desktop B’casting’ Catches On”,
`Billboard, Jan. 16, 1995.
`Brett Apvood, “KPICG First 24-Hour Online Radio", Biff
`board, Sep. 2, 1905,
`Donna Petragzella, “ABC Radie enters WWW", Broadcast~
`ing & Cable, Aue. 21, 1995, p. 38,
`“PAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 1: Deseription of DAVIC
`Functionalities”, Digital Audio-Vistial Couneil GDAVIC),
`Rev. 3.]. The faceofthis document liststhe folowing date:
`Jim, 22, 1995,
`“DAVIC 10 SpecificationPart 02: System reference models
`and scenarios”, PDigital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC)
`Rev. 3. The face ofthis document lists the following dates:
`dim. 20, £095 and Aug. 20, 1905,
`“PAVIC EO Specification Part 3: Server Architecture and
`APIs", Digital Andio-Visual Council (DAVIC), Rev. 3.0,
`The face of this document lists the Tollowing dates: Jun, 7,
`905 and Ang. 29, 1095,
`“DAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 04: Delivery system archi-
`tectures and APIs", Digital Audio-Visual Connell (DAVIC),
`Rev. 3.1. The face of this documentlists the Tollowing dates:
`fun. 8, 1995 and Aug. 29, 1995.
`“DAVIC 1.6 Specification Part 5: STU Arehifechture and
`APT’, Digital Andio-~-Visual Conner (DAVIC), Rev. 3.1. The
`face of this documents Hsts the foHowing date: im. 26,
`1995,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`“DAMVIC 1.0 Specification Part 6: High Layer Protocol”,
`iMgital Audio~-Visnial Conner (DAVIC) Kev. 2.1. The lee
`ofthis document Hsts the following dates: Jun. 8, 1905 and
`Aug, 29, 1993,
`“DAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 7: Mri-Layer Protocols”,
`Thgital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) Rev, 3.0. The face
`ofthis document! lists the following dates: Jun. 8. 1005, Jim.
`19, F985, Jim. 26, 1095, and Ang. 29, 1995,
`“DAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 8: Lower Layer Protocols
`and Physical
`Interfaces”, Digital Audio-Visual Council
`{DAVIC), Rev. 3.1, 1995, Noother date is fisted on the face
`ofthis document.
`
`
`
`“DAVIC 1.6 Specification Part 9: information Kepresenta-
`Hon”, DigitalAudio-Visual Counc (DAVE), Rev. 3.2. The
`faee OF this document lists the following date: Ini, 6, 1995.
`“DAVIC
`1.0
`Specification
`Part
`10:
`Security”,
`Digtal Audio-Visual Comune (DAVIC), Rev. 3.0 The lace
`ofthis document lists the following dates: din. 8, £995 and
`Aug, 29, 1995,
`“DAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 11: Usage Information Pro-
`oeols”, Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC, Rev. 3.1,
`1995. Noother dateis listed on the lace of the document,
`“DAVIC 1.0 Specification Part 12: Relerence Points, inter-
`faces
`and Dynamics”, Digdal Andio-Visual Council
`(DAVIC), Rev. 3.1, 1995. No other date is listed on the Face
`of the document.
`U.S. Appl, No. 9G/007,445, Gled Mar. 4, 2005, Request lor
`Exparte Reexamination of U8. Pat. No. 5,778,187.
`JS. Appt. No. 90/007,446, Hied Mar. 4, 2005, Request Tor
`Exparte Reexamination of U.S. Pat. No, 6,434,622.
`U.S. Appl. No. 96/007,447, fled Mar. 4, 2005, Request lor
`Exparte Reexamination of U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,008,
`“Structured Video", GCE’s Proposal for DAVIC, Graphics
`Communications Laboratories, Dec. 1904.
`“Multimedia Retrieval Services: Teletel Architecture as an
`example and a basis for future evolutions’, Joint Proposal
`for the Furst DAVIC CPP, The Dignal Andio—-Visual Council,
`DAVIC Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, Dee, 4-7, 1994.
`CableLabs® Response to DAVIC'’s CFP, Nav. 23, 2994.
`Fong, Dr. Chung—Hin, et al., “Karaoke~-On--Demand Service
`& System fo DAVICT, Dec. 4, £904,
`Robinson, David et al, “Network Management Video
`Server System MIB", The Digital Andio-Visual Council
`(DAVIC), Dee. 8, 1994.
`Thotupson, Johe et al., “Response British Telecommunica-
`fons Pie ta: DAVICS'’s First Call
`for Proposais’, BT
`Response to DAVICS/100, Issue 2.0, Oct. 14, 1994,
`LS. Appl No. 10/180,590, fled Jam. 26, 2002, Monteiro et
`al.
`US. Appl. No. 90/007,055, filed May 28 2604, Ex Parte
`Reexamination of Monteiro et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,005.
`AS. Appi, No. 90/007,056, fled May 28, 2004, Ex Parte
`Reexamination of Monteiro et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,622,
`Netradio Corp.
`to offer customized broadcasts with ads,
`atip.iploballactiva.com/en/arely/printresiiits.asp, last vis-
`Hed Ger. 16, 2003.
`News to the desktop: Vendors deliver personalized news to
`users vie the Net, bitp://global Factiva.com/en/arclyprint...
`results.asp, last visited Gct. 10, 2003.
`Netcast Pairs Audio with Advertising, hitp.//giobal Tuctiva.
`com/fen/arelprint
`resuits.asp, last vised Oct. 1G, 2003.
`Xing Takes on Progressive Networks ia internet Audio,
`Video Transmission with Streanmworks, Tres Radio First,
`http: /elobal Tactiva conven/arch/print_results.asp, last vis-
`Hed Ger, 1G, 2003.
`Real Audio Server, Administrator's Guide, Release 2.0. Pro-
`gressive Networks, Ine,
`RealAudio Signs Deal with Netscape-Apr. 12, 1995.
`Progressive Nepworks ships RealAudio---fui, 25, 1995.
`Microsoft, Spry and Sprvelass to inchide RealAudie-——Apr.
`32, 1905,
`Apple Bundies Real Audio Player-—Agg. 7, 1905,
`
`24—Hour ABC News on the Net-— Aug. 13, 1993,
`Zi-Davis Adds RealAndio to ZI} Net--Aug, 16, 1995.
`Progressive Network's Real Audio has exclusive with
`Microsoft's Internet Explorer Aug. 7, E905,
`
`
`
`86
`86
`
`

`

`US 3,778,187 C1
`Page 4
`
`S. Deering, “IP Multicast and the MBone: Enabling, Live,
`Progressive Network's Announces “Live RealAudio” Sys-
`Multiparty, Multimedia Communication on the Internet,’
`fem—Aug. 30, 1095.
`Serox Palo Alto Research Center (Dec. 1995).
`ABCRadioNet first to fully integrate live RealAudio---Sep,
`HH. Eriksson, “MBONE: The Multicast Backbone,” Commu-
`7, 1995,
`fications of the ACM, vol. 37, No. 8 pp. 54-60 GAug, 1994),
`RITIK pioneers the use of LIVE Real Andio technology, Sep,
`Vi Jacobson, “The MBone--[ateractive Multimedia on the
`14, 1995,
`internet,’ University of California at Berkeley Seminar
`Proyressive Networks Announces RealAudio Persenal
`(Feb. 17, 1995).
`Server-—-Oet, 9, 7098,
`K. Jonas & BR, Wetekam, “Multicast Protocols for Multime-
`Progressive Networks Receives Second Round of External
`dia Applications,” 3rd International Workshop on Protocols
`Financing 35,7 Million Led by Accel partners---Oct. 30,
`jor Multimedia Systems (PROMS’96), Madrid, Spain (Oct.
`7995,
`$5-18, 1996).
`CheckPoimt Software Breaks the Sound Barrier with Inie-
`J. Pasquali et al, “The multimedia mralticast channel,” Inter-
`grated Support for RealAudio-——Dec. 5, 1995,
`networking: Research and Experience, Wiley Publishers,
`Progressive Networks Introduces Version 2.0 of the Rea-
`vol, 5, No. 4. pp. 157-162 (Dec. 7904),
`iAudio System-—Oct. 30, 1995,
`
`for
`H. Sehulzrinne et ab. “RTP: A Transport Protoce!
`
`Atlantic Records, CTnow, Electra Records, In Touch Group
`Real-Time Applications,” Network Working Group,
`Ine. MCA Records, Muvak amd Wamer Bros. Records
`Andio-Video Transport Working Group, Request for Com-
`among irst users of Progressive Networks’ Real Audio
`ments (Proposed Standard) E889, internet Engineering Task
`version 2.0-—Dee, 4, )005,
`Force Gan. 1806),
`Progressive Networks to broadeast the Live and In Con-
`H. Schularinne, “When can we unplug the redio and tele-
`eort-dan, 4, 1996.
`phone?,” Network and Operating System Support for Digital
`Microsolt and Progresstve Networks demonstrate first
`Andio and Video, Sth International Workshop, NOSSDAV
`OLE-enabled Infermet browser to mecorporate RealAudio---
`‘95. Durham, New Hampshire, USA, Proceedings, Session
`Dec, 7, 2995,
`V: Audio and Video Systems, pp. P7427? CApr, 19-21,
`7995),
`Progressive Networks Announces RealAudio Server Prod-
`nets Tor Macintosh—Jan. 10, 1996.
`Robinson and Hopper, “A MIfor Veleo Server System.
`Management,” Proceedings of the 2°" International Work-
`Trusted Information Systems Enhances Industry Leading
`shop on Community Networkin integrated Multipmedia
`Gaunlet Inemet Firewall—Jan. 23, £996.
`
`Services in the Home (Cat. No. TH8607; pp. 1G9-1145)
`Border Network Technologies Provides Secure Support for
`
`TERE. Princeton, N.1., Jum, 20-22, 1995,
`Real Audio——Jimi, 24, 1906.
`Stevens, R., “(CPAP Hhasirated, Vol. 3: The Proteceis,”
`Progressive Nenworks Announces
`SNMP, pp. 369, 360-361, 385-386,
`Archiechture-—Fan, 31, 1996,
`RealAudio, Administrator's Guide, Release T.G1.
`RealAiho'™ Server Software io be Dundied with newest
`
`A MIB For Video Server System Manapement(“DAVIC
`Line of Apple Internet Servers--PFeb, 27, 1996.
`MIB"),
`Broce Jacobsen named President and Chief Operating,
`RealAudio Server Administrator's Guide Release 1.01 and
`Officer of Progressive Networks--Feb, 27, 1996.
`press
`release establishing availability as of Apr.
`710,
`GTA Announces RealAudio Support Tor the GIEX Internet
`Po05("Real 1.GP7.
`Firewall System-——-Mar. 1, 1996.
`RealAudio Server Administrator’s Guide Release 2.0 and
`Morning, Star’s SecureConnect Technology Provides Inter-
`press releases annonneing Real 2.0 on Oct. 30, 1995(“Real
`net Users of Real Audio with Sound Security-—-Mar 4, 1996.
`20),
`Progressive Networks and Microsoft Announce Streaming
`TCPThustrated, val. 1--The Protocols.
`Media Agreement---Mar. 12, 1996.
`Office Action dated Jul. 15, 1987 for the ‘O72 Application.
`Progressive Networks Announces RealAudio Firewall
`Tavalidvty Claim Chart for 0.8. Pat. Nos. 5,778,787; 3,983,
`Proxy Kat—Apr 2, 1096.
`005, and 6,434,622.
`Progressive Networks Launches RealAudio 2.0 Intranet
`Appendix A: US. Pat, No. 3,778,187, filed Tul.
`Monteiro et al.
`Offerings with Corporate Licensing Propram and Intranet
`Server Pricing--Apr. 2, 1996.
`Appendix B: ULS. Pat. No. 3,983,005, fled Now. 1009,
`Monteiro et af.
`Progressive Network Ships Finel Version of RealAudio
`System 2.0 with Open Architecture Fnhancements and Abil-
`ity to Deliver Synchronized Multimedia Capabilities, Apr. 2,
`1996,
`
`Open RealAndio
`
`£298,
`
`Appendix C: U.S. Pat. No, 6,434,622, fled Aug. 2002,
`Monteiro etal,
`Appendix D: Network Management Video Server System
`MIB, Response to Call for Proposals, Dee. 8, 1004, David
`Robinson and Donald Hooper (“Robinson IP}, prepared for
`DAVIC (THgial Audio-Visual Council).
`Appendix [: Karaoke-On-Demand Service & System to
`DAVIC, Dee. 4, 1994, Dr. Chune--Bin Fone et al (“Pong”),
`prepared for DAVIC.
`Appendix F: Structured Video, Dec, 1994, Graphics Com-
`mumcations Laboratory SGC"), prepared Tor DAVIC.
`Appendix G: RealAudio Server Administrator's Guide
`Release LOL and press releases establishing availability as
`of Apr. 70, 1095 (Real EOP}.
`
`
`
`Progressive Networks Launches Timecast: The RealAudio
`Guide-—Apr 29, 1996.
`Real Ando Wins Internet World magazine Outstanding Soh-
`ware Product of the Year Aware Apr. 30, 1996.
`S. Casner & S. Deering, “First HETInternet Audiocast,”
`ACMSIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, vol.
`22, No. 3 (ful, 7992).
`S, Casner, “Getting on the MBone, Videoconferencing Over
`the Internet,” University ofSoutherCaliTornia, Information
`Sciences Institme, NLUUG Spring Conference (Apr. 13,
`1995),
`
`87
`87
`
`

`

`US 3,778,187 C1
`Page 5
`
`Appendix Fh: Response From [British Telecommunications
`PLC ia: DAVIC's First Call For Proposal, Oct, 14, 1994,
`John Thompsonet al. (“Thompson”), prepared for DAVIC.
`Appendix 1 TCPRAP Ilnstrated vol, 1, (1994 19th Printing
`2061} (°PCPYEP™),
`Appendix .: Multimedia Retrieval Services: Tefetel Archi-
`tecture as an example and a basis for future evolutions,
`Prance Telecom (“Franee™}, prepared for DAVIC’s meeting
`in Tokyo, Dec. 4-7, 1904.
`
`Appendix K: Response io DAVIC's CEP (Cal for Propos-
`als”}, Nev, 23, 1904. CableLabs (“Cablelabs").
`Appendix L: PPO-1449.
`Appendix M: Office Action dated Ful. 15, 1997.
`Appendix N; RFC 1155 (Structure of Management Infor-
`tation Base (1996)3 and RFC 1147 (Simple Network Man-
`agement Protocal (1990).
`
`* ohed by examiner
`
`88
`88
`
`

`

`US 3,778,187 Cl
`
`1
`EX PARTE
`REEXAMINATION CERTIFICATE
`ISSUED UNDER35 U.S.C. 307
`
`SBN MADTO
`
`
`
`2
`AS A RESULT OF REEX.AMINATHION, IT HAS BEEN
`
`BE TERMENEE ake
`
`The patentability of claims 1-55 is confirmed.
`
`89
`89
`
`

`

`ay EX PARTE REEXAMINATION CERTIFICATE (6782nd)
`United States Patent
`US 5,778,187 C2
`ao) Number:
`Apr. 21, 2009
`Monteiro et al.
`(45) Certificate Issued:
`
`USGOS7781 87C2
`
`(54) MULTICASTING METHOD AND APPARATUS
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Antonie M. Montelre, New York, NY
`(US), dames F Butterworth, New York,
`NY GIS)
`
`(73) Assignee: Two-Way Media LiAC, Minturn, CO
`(US}
`
`Reexamination Request:
`No. @0/007,673, Aug. 17, 2005
`
`Reexamination Certilicate for:
`Patent No.:
`5,778,187
`issued:
`dul. 7, 1998
`Appl. No.:
`08/644,072
`Filed:
`May 9, 1996
`
`Reexamination Certificate C1 5,778,187 issued Jun. 27,
`2066
`
`Certificate of Correction issued May6, 2003.
`
`(31)
`
`Int Ch
`GG6P ISA16
`HOGAN FATE
`
`(2066.07)
`(2006,01)
`
`($2) US.Ch ow. F821, 370/35 1, 3487071,
`373/77 G2
`
`(58) Field of Classifieation Searel 000000... TOW231,
`37W331: 725/100
`See application fle for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References CHed
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5.877.905 A * 10/1907 Bighametah oo...
`SPISTR? OA
`TiJ9O8 Montene ef al.
`GTHBR PUBLICATIONS
`
`STEIOS 24
`
`Second College Hdition, ‘The American Heritage Dictionary,
`pp. §, 73, 78, 378, 871, 1034, 1635 & 1343.
`A Merrkum- Webster, “Webster's Nisth New Collegiate Dic-
`tionary” Copyright 1991, pp. 767 & 1064.
`
`U.S. Appl. No. 9Q4KI7,773, filed Oct. 24, 2005, Request for
`Exparte Reexamination of U8. Patent No. 5,983,005,
`U.S. Appl No. 90/007,774, filed Oct. 24, 2005, Request for
`hxparte Reexamination of US. Patent No. 6,434,622.
`Appendix Al: Complaint from Pending Lingetion Invelving
`US. Patent No. 3,778, 187,
`Appendix A. LS. Patent No. 5,778,187.
`Appendix &: Affidavit of Dr. Jules A. Bellisio, founding
`mernber of DAVIC (Digital Audio-Visual Counc).
`Appendix C: Appendices Referenced in Affidavit af Dr.
`Jities A. Beilisio.
`Appendix C1; Statutes of The Digital Audio-Visual Coun-
`cil.
`Appendix C2: DAVIC's First Call For Proposals (First Call
`for Proposals).
`Appendix C3: List of DAVIC Members and Participants.
`Appendix C4: Report ofthe Management Committee Meet-
`ing at
`the Fifth DAVIC (1994 Tokyo DAVIC Meeting}
`@'Report}.
`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary ExaminerCharles R. Craver
`
`(87)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A sealable architecture is disclosed for deliveryofreal-time
`information over a communications network. Embedded
`into the architecture is a control mechanism thet provides for
`the management and administration of users who are to
`receive the real-time information.
`in the preferred
`embodiment, the information being delivered is high-quality
`audio. Fowever, # could also be video, graphics, text or any
`other type of information that can be transmitted over a digi-
`tal network. Preferably, there are multiple channels ofinfor-
`mation available simultaneously to be delivered to users,
`each channel consisting of an independent stream of iafor-
`mahon. A user chooses fo tume in of tune oul a particular
`channel, but does net choose the time at which the channel!
`distributes its information. Advantageously, interactive (two-
`way) information can be incorporuted into the svstem., mul-
`tiple streams of mfornation can be integrated for deliveryto
`a user, and certain portions of the information being deliv-
`ered can be tallored to the individual user.
`
`FAT
`wo
`
`MANET
`[ad
`
`TA‘CONTEEEaE
`
`
`
`90
`90
`
`

`

`US 3,778,187 C2
`Page 2
`
`
`
`
`
`Appendix CS; BAVIC’s Third Cull for Proposals,
`Appendix C6: IPSJ Situnotes The Report of DAVE. Dec.
`1994 Meeting in Tokyo.
`Appendix D: Mulhimedia Retrieval Services: ‘Teletel Archi-
`tecture as an example and a basis for Tature evolutions,
`France Telecom(“Franee™}, prepared for the Tokyo DAVIC
`meeting, Dec. 4-7, 1904.
`Appendix E: Network Management Video Server Sysfem
`MIB, Response to Call for Proposals, Dec. 8, 1994, David
`Robinson and Donald Hooper (Robinson 11°), prepared for
`the 1994 Tokyo DAVIC meeting.
`Appendix Fi: Karaoke-On-~Demand Service & Systemto
`DAVIC, Dec. 4, 1994, Dr. Chung—Bin Pong et al. ("Fong"),
`prepared for the 1994 Tokyo DAVIC meeting.
`Appendix Gr Structured Video, Dec, 1904, Graphics Com-
`mamcations Luboratory (GCL0") prepared Tor
`the 1994
`Tokyo BAVICmeeting.
`
`GTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`
`
`Appendix H: Response From British Telecommunications
`PLO to: DAVIC's First Call Por Proposal, Oct. 14, 1004,
`John Thompsonet al. (Thompson), prepared for the 1904
`‘Tokyo DAV IC meeting.
`Appendix 1: TCP/IP iustrated vol. 1, (994 19” Printing
`20655 STCPAP").
`Appendix J: Response ta Davie's CFP (Call for Prepos-
`als}, Nov. 23, 1994, CableLubs (Cablelabs"), prepared Tor
`the 1994 Tokyo DAVIC meeting,
`Appendix KR: PTO) 449,
`Appendix L: Olfice Action dated Tah 75, 7997,
`Appendix M: RPC 1135 (Structure of Management Infor-
`mution Base (1990)) and RFC 1157 (Simple Network Man-
`agement Proioeol (1990).
`Appendix N: List of Relevant Standards.
`
`Appendix O:A MiB For Video Server em Management,
`
`2 1993) “DAVIC
`David Robinson and Doa Hooper, (7
`MIB",
`* cited by examiner
`
`91
`91
`
`

`

`US 3,778,187 C2
`
`1
`EX PARTE
`REEXAMINATION CERTIFICATE
`ISSUED UNDER35 U.S.C. 307
`
`NO AMENDMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO
`THE PATENT
`
`2
`AS A RESULT OF REEXAMINATION, IT HAS BEEN
`DETERMINGD THAT.
`
`The patentability of claims 1-51 is confirmed.
`
`*
`
`#
`
`Rk ok
`
`92
`92
`
`

`

`
`Broadcast, Satellite & Internet
`EIGHTH EDITION
`
`Michael C. Keith
`
` AMSTERDAM * BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON
`
`
`
`de
`
`:
`a
`ELSEVIER
`
`NEW YORK * OXFORD * PARIS # SAN DIEGO
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`93
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`94
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Prejace
`Foreword to the Eighth Edition
`What's New to This Edition of
`The Radio Station
`Also by
`
`ix
`xii
`
`aut
`
`xpti
`
`LPFAA (Low-Power FA}
`Radio and Government
`Regulations
`Jobs and Equality in Radio
`
`CHAPTER HIGHUGHTS
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`1 State of the
`Fifth Estate
`
`
`
`2 Station Management
`
`29
`
`30
`32
`
`35
`
`AO
`
`AS
`
`47
`AD
`
`52
`56
`37
`3?
`
`60
`40
`60
`
`50
`
`6]
`
`62
`64
`65
`66
`67
`
`68
`79
`
`95
`
`In the Air - Everywhere
`A Household Liility
`A Toll on Radio
`Birth of the Networks
`Conflict in the Air
`Radio Prospers during the
`Depression
`Radio during World War I!
`Television Appears
`A New Direction
`Radio Rocks and Roars
`FM's Ascent
`AM Stereo
`Noncommercial/Public Radio
`Proliferation and Frag-Out
`Profits in the Air
`Economics and Survival
`Consolidations, Downsizings,
`anc Clusters
`Buying and Selling
`Digital and HD Radio Revolution
`Satellite and Cable Radio
`Internet Radio
`Mobile Music Services
`
`Nature of the Business
`The Manager as Chief
`Collaborator
`What Makes a Manager?
`The Manager's Duties and
`Responsibilities
`Managing the Cluster
`Organizational Structure
`Operations Manager
`Program Director
`Sales Manager
`Chief Engineer
`Human Resources
`Whom Do Managers Hire?
`The Manager and the
`Profit Motive
`The Manager and the Community
`The Manager and the Government
`The Public File
`The Manager and Unions
`The Manager and Industry
`Associations
`Buying or Building a Radio Station
`
`18
`21
`
`23
`24
`26
`28
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`Cantents
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`72 4 Sales
`125
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING oe .
`Commerciaization: A Retrospective
`25
`Selling Airtime
`127
`75 Becoming an Account Executive
`128
`The Sales Manager
`3]
`75 Radio Sales Tools
`133
`74,
`Points of the Pitch
`37
`77
`Bo
`a
`73
`evelol Sales
`.
`apots
`pec
`79
`80 Objectives of the Buy
`42
`}
`Prospecting and List Building
`143
`32
`Planning the Sales Day
`AA
`go
`Selling with and without
`83
`Numbers
`;
`84
`pcvertsing Agencies
`a5
`Rep
`-ompanies
`go Web Site, Podcast, and
`87
`HD Selling
`gy Nontraditional Revenue
`gg
`Trade-Outs
`88
`CHAPTER HIGHIIGHTS
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`88
`89
`90 APPENDIX: A Station Owner
`al
`Conveys His Sales Philosophy
`to His Manager
`
`
`
`
`3 Programming
`-
`aa
`Program Formats
`Adult Contemporary
`Contemporory Hit Radia |
`Country
`soft Aduli/Easy Listening/
`Smooth Jazz
`Rock and AHernative
`News and Talk
`All Sports
`EM Talk
`Classic/Oldies/Nostalgia
`Urban Contemporary
`Classical
`Religious/Christian
`Black/African American
`Hispanic
`Ethnic
`Full Service
`Niche andHD"
`ich
`Public Race
`Radio Theater
`The Programmer
`The PD's Duties and
`Responsibilities
`Programming a Cluster
`Operation
`Satellite Radio Programming
`Department
`Elements of Programming
`Station Web Sites, Podcasts,
`and Blogs
`The PD and the Audience
`The PD and fhe Music
`The PD and the FCC
`The PD and Upper
`Management
`CHAPTER HIGHUGHTS
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`APPENDIX: A Station Qwner Airchecks
`His Programming
`
`per
`
`fF
`
`Formats
`
`me
`
`Don't
`
`-
`
`146
`: i,
`
`30
`50
`153
`54
`156
`
`158
`
`93
`
`159
`96 5 News
`
`mr
`me
`—
`97 News from the Start
`159
`98 News and Tocay’s Radio
`160
`The Newsroom
`62
`: 02
`The AlltNews Station
`63
`the Electronic Newsroom
`164
`04
`105
`The News Director
`46
`10 What Makes a Newsperson?
`167
`Preparing the News Story
`169
`M Organizing the Newscast
`71
`12 Wire and Internet Services
`172
`Raclio Network N
`172
`127
`Socio
`Uenvorn
`News
`Radic Spertscasts
`73
`Radio News and the FCC
`75
`24 News Ethics
`76
`
`
`
`96
`96
`
`

`

`News in Music Radic
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`WhoIs Listening?
`The Ratings and Survey Services
`Qualitative and Quantitative Data
`Portable People Meter
`In-House Research Techniques
`Research Delicils
`How Agencies Buy Radio
`Careers in Research
`The Future of Research in Radio
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`APPENDIX 6A: Radio Advertising
`Bureau’s (RAB) Radio Research
`Glossary
`
`APPENDIX 6B: Tripp Eldredge,
`President Direct Marketing
`Results fdmr)
`
` Traffic Reports
`
`
`
`
`
`lenenettre
`
`
`
`The Air Supply
`The Traffic Manager
`The Traffic Manager’s
`Credentiais
`Directing Traffic
`Traffic in Clusters
`Billing
`The FCC and Tralic
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`APPENDIX: A Traffic Manager's
`Account
`
`9 Production
`
`A Spot Retrospective
`Formatted Spots
`The Production Room
`The Studios
`Audio Console
`Cue Mode
`Computers
`Digital (Mini} Disc Machines
`Compact Dises
`Compressors, Equalizers,
`and Audio Processing
`Patch Panels and ISDNs
`Microphones
`Digital Editing
`Copywriting
`Announcing Tips
`Voice-Tracking
`The Sound Library
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`10 Engineering
`
`Pioneer Engineers
`Radio Technology
`AM/FM
`
`97
`97
`
`250
`
`25 |
`
`231
`
`252
`253
`254
`255
`236
`
`257
`259
`260
`
`261
`262
`263
`264
`
`265
`267
`269
`269
`
`27)
`
`273
`
`275
`
`275
`2/76
`
`276
`
`209
`
`214
`
`216
`
`219
`
`22]
`222
`227
`228
`
`240
`233
`
`234
`
`235
`
`235
`
`
`Past and Purpose
`Promotions ~ Practical
`and Bizarre
`The Promotion Director’s/
`Manager's Job
`Who Promotion Directors Hire
`Types of Promotions
`Sales Promotion
`Research and Planning
`Budgeting Promotions
`Promotions and the FOC
`Broadcast Promotion and
`Marketing Executives
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`

`

`1 1 Consultants and
`276
`Signed Propagation
`Syndicators
`277
`Skywave interference
`280 Radio Aid
`Setelite andInfemel Radio
`380 Consultant Services
`es . 2 “io
`Digital Audio Broadeasting [HD Radio} 281
`Consultan see
`lant Qualificati
`.
`Consultants: Pros and Cons
`Smart Receivers
`:
`Program Supoliers
`.
`.
`Becorning an Engineer
`Syndicator Services
`oy .
`.
`The Engineer's Duties
`.
`Hardware Requirements and Quality
`:
`Station Log
`§ 73.1820 Station Log
`§ 73.1835 Special Technical Records
`§ 73.1840 Retention of Logs
`The Emergency Alert System
`Automation
`Posting Licenses and Permits
`§ 73,1230 Posting of Station
`ond Operator Licenses
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`
`
`
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`APPENDIX: Federal Cormmunications
`Commission
`
`TETRSE RCE
`
`CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
`SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
`
`285
`285
`287
`288
`298
`290
`290
`9909 APPENDIX 11A: Station Critique
`293 APPENDIX 11B: Network Radio/
`295
`Syndication
`og
`/
`p95 APPENDIX 11C: Syndication
`296 APPENDIX 11D: Syndication
`
`299 Afterword
`Glossary
`Index
`
`300
`
`
`
`Contents
`Vill
`
`
`Station Classifications Oteewe
`
`303
`303
`306
`
`309
`310
`312
`313
`318
`
`319
`290
`
`32)
`
`304
`326
`327
`
`328
`33]
`337
`
`
`
`98
`98
`
`

`

`
`
`rereeinimenni,
`
`Preface
`
`What was said in the preface of the last
`edition remains true in this newest incar-
`nation. To the understandable chagrin of
`all but a few radio executives, the industry
`now includes other forms of the medium
`besides
`terrestrial or broadcast outlets.
`Added under the rubric “radio” for radio
`media} are satellite and web stations ~ thus
`the subtitle of this book. Says Larry Rosin,
`President, Edison Media Research, “Regard-
`less of the platlorm, consumerssee all these
`[audio] options as merely being newforms
`of ‘radio.” This author agrees. In point of
`fact, there are now many different types of
`radio stations, not just AM and FM.
`The industry has literally metamorpho-
`sized since the start of the new millen-
`nium, and to be sure it barely resembles the
`- description in the book’s first edition in the
`1980s, Why? Succinctly stated, the rollout
`of new audio technologies and the elimina-
`tion of station ownership caps. For good or
`bad, these have altered the very nature of
`the industry. For example, in the case of the
`near obliteration of ownership caps, today
`one radio company can own hundreds, even
`thousands, ofstations, whereas it could own
`only a handful
`(a few dozen) Httle more
`than a decade ago.
`Indeed, since the lirst publication of
`this book,
`the radio industry has wit-
`nessed seismic change. In addition to the
`significant regulatory revamping ofthe last
`‘decade, radio has undergone unprecedented
`technical overhauling. The advent ofhigh-
`definition radio HD Radio ~ promises to
`revolutionize broadcast signal transmission
`‘and reception, or at least, that is the hope
`‘of station owners and operators. Meanwhile,
`
`_
`
`
`
`critics argue that HD is already a bust. Of
`course, with such transformations come
`challenges and concerns, and these will
`doubtlessly occupy the thoughts of broad-
`casters well into the foresceable future.
`When this book was initially published in
`the mid-]980s, radio was enjoying unprece-
`dented prosperity. The prices being paid for
`radio properties were soaring, and station
`revenues were at exceptional levels. Life was
`good for almost everyone in the industry,
`or so it seemed. Many AMstation owners
`were not in on the opulent banquet, and
`a growing number were pulling the plug
`on, their operations. Yet on the whole, the
`1980s were auspicious years for the magic
`medium.
`The tide shifted as the final decade ofthe
`twentieth century began. The nation had
`slipped into a nasty recession, taking radio
`with it on its downwardslide, but scon the
`medium’s fortunes were on the upswing
`and broadcast properties were again attract-
`ing gargantuan sums. The catalyst of this
`unparalleled resurgence was the Federal
`Communications Commission, which elim-
`inated station ownership caps through the
`groundbreakinglegislation of its Telecom-
`munications Act of 1996.
`The industry has certainly experienced
`many ups and downssince its modest incep-
`tion over 80 years ago, however, and it will
`doubtlessly know the thrill of ascent and
`the angst of decline again. (As this edition
`was being prepared, the economic crisis
`on Wall Street and in the banking and
`housing markets was causing the mdustry
`to brace itself for another likely downturn
`in its fortunes.) Radio was, is, and hopefully
`
`99
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Praface
`
`
`
`will continue to be a wonderfully alive and
`dynamic mediumwith a seemingly incalcn-
`lable life span.It is impossible to imagine a
`world without David Sarnoff’s radio music
`box, but that is not necessary — it is safe to
`assume that radio in some form (broadcast,
`satellite, Internet} will continue to be an
`mtegral part of our lives for a very long
`time ta come.
`The mission ofthis book has not changed.
`This edition, like the previous seven, is the
`result of a desire and effort to provide the
`student of radio with the most complete
`account of the medium possible, from the
`insider’s view,
`if you will. Tt
`is presented
`from the perspective of the radio profes-
`sional, drawing on the insights and observa-
`tions of those who make their daily living
`by working in the industry.
`this particular
`What continues to set
`text apart from others is that hundreds
`of radio people have contributed to this
`effort to disseminate factual and relevant
`information abont the medium in a way
`that captures its reality. These profession-
`als represent the top echelons of network
`and corporate radio, as well as the rural
`daytime-only outlets spread across the
`country.
`| have sought to create a truly practi-
`cal,
`timely,
`illustrative (a picture can be
`worth a thousand words ~stations explain
`and reveal themselves throughvisuals), and
`accessible book on commercial radio station
`operations; a book that reflects through its
`structure and organization the radio station’s
`own organization. ‘Therefore,
`the depart-
`ments and personnel that comprise a radio
`station are out principal focus. 1 begin by
`examining the role of station managernent
`and then move into programming, sales,
`news, engineering, production, and traflic,
`as well as other key areas that serve as the
`yital ingredients of any radio outlet.
`Because mystrategy was to draw on the
`experience of countless broadcast and allied
`professionals, my debt of gratitudeis signifi-
`cant. It is to these individuals who contrib-
`uted most directly to its making that I also
`dedicate this book.
`Therefore,
`| would like to express my
`sincere appreciation to the manyindividn-
`als and organizations that assisted me in.
`so many important ways. Foremost among
`
`them are Jay Williams, Jr, and Lee Abrams.
`It also goes without saying (but 1] say it
`again) that the help of the following indi-
`viduals was invaluable: Valerie Geller, Ed
`Shane, Ralph Guild, David Reese, Jeson
`Insalaco, Bil Siemering, Lynn Christian,
`Erwin Krasnow, Dick Oppenheimer, Chris
`Sterling, Donna Halper, Ed Cohen, Jeff
`Smulyan, Ty Ford, Dave Neugesser, Tom
`Taylor, Luke Russert, John Gehron, George
`Capalbo, Mark Ramsey, Darryl Pomicter,
`Larry Shannon, John David, Michael A.
`Krasner, Gregg Cassidy, Matt Grasso, Tripp
`Eldridge, Andrew Curran, Tom Severino,
`Brian Buckley, Robin Martin, Larry Miller,
`Juan Carlos Hidalgo, Robert Dunlop,
`Bruce DuMont,
`Paul Fiddick, Doug
`Ferber, Norm Feuer, Ward Quaal, Frank
`Bell, Allen Myers, Gary Berkowitz, Jim.
`Robertson, Robin Martin, Tom Severino,
`Andrew Curren, Rob Dunlop, Dave
`Scott, Ken Mills, Ted Bolton, Gary Begin,
`DougErickson, Rebecca Schnall, Thomas
`Gibson, Rob Vining, Stephen Winzenburg,
`et al.the list is endless. My hat is off to
`every individual and organization cited in
`this book, as well as my first-class editors at
`Focal Press, foremost among them Michele
`Cronin.
`Countless companies and organizations
`contributed to the body of
`this work.
`They include the ABC Radio Networks,
`Air America, Apple Corporation, Arbitron
`Ratings Company, Auditronies Inc, Back-
`bone, The Benchmark Company, Bolton
`Research, BMI, Boston Acoustics, BPME,
`Broadcast Electronics, Broadcasting and
`Cable, Broadcast Programming, Burkhart
`Douglas and Associates, C-SPAN Radio,
`CRS, CIPB, Clear Channel Cormunica-
`tions, Clear Channel Sucks.com, Coleman
`Research, Commun