`Exhibit 1038
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`WIDE AREA HIGH
`SPEED NETWORKS
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`Dr. Sidnic Feit
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`Copyright © 1999 by Macmillan Technical Publishing
`FIRST EDITION
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
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`Without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion
`of brief quotations in a review.
`International Standard Book Number: 167870-1144
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-62123
`0302010099
`7654321
`
`Interpretation of the printing code: The rightmost double-digit number
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`Composed in Gdllidrd and MCPdigrirdi by Macmillan Computer Publishing
`Printed in the United States ofAmerica
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`This book is designed to provide information about wide area networks.
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`30 sites requires 435 lines and 870 access devices.
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`Point—tovpoint leased line technology is well understood and very reliable. Leased digital
`line speeds range from 9.6 kilobits per second (Kbps) to millions of bits per second
`(Mbps). An organization can count on steady, uninterrupted bandwidth and low,
`predictable delay between two sites when it installs a leased line.
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`Data Networks
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`i
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`In the early years of computer networking, organizations that needed robust wide area
`data transmission facilities had only one choice: They had to connect sites using costly
`point-to-point digital leased lines.
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`However, leased lines have a number of disadvantages. They are costly to set up. Monthly
`charges are proportional to distance and are substantial. The cost of a fully meshed net-
`work (like the one shown in Figure 1.1) is very steep if the sites are far from one another.
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`Furthermore, a network like the one in Figure 1.1 is complicated to maintain. The 5-node
`network in the figure contains 10 lines and 20 CSU/DSU access devices. An organization
`that wants to connect N nodes with a fully meshed network of leased lines needs to
`support
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`(Nsz )/2 lines
`NZ—N access devices
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`For example, meshing 20 sites requires 190 lines and 380 access devices, and meshing
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`120 Wide Area High Speed Networks
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`ITU-T Public Data Network Architecture
`A more cost-effective option called a
`19805 by the ITU-T, the ruling stan
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`.‘Ammguuu‘r.A
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`succinctly, a rervz'cc provider.
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`The data network architecture introduc
`architecture of a telephone network; In
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`0 Customers (also called subscribers) can set up switched circuits on demand or contract
`for permanent circuits.
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` CHAPTER II-l Data Networks
`12‘]
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`- There is a standard interface between an organization’s private telephone network
`(implemented by a PBX) and a public telephone network.
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`1.,
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`Similarly, for the ITU—T data network architecture
`0 There is a standard interface between an access device, such as a computer, router,
`bridge, or switch, and the network.
`- Customers can set up switched circuits on demand or contract for permanent circuits.
`0 Public data networks all over the world can be linked into a global data network. This is
`possible because the ITU—T defined a standard data network-to—network interface.
`0 An organization’s private data network (implemented by appropriate data network
`switches) can be connected to a public data network via a standard interface.
`Some key features that make data networks very different from conventional telephone
`networks are
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`0 The cost of a public data network circuit does not depend on the dis
`across the data networks.
`0 A subscriber device can establish hundreds of concurrent circuits via one port on the
`at connects the port to the data network.
`device and one communications line th
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`tance traversed
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`Figure 1.2 is a conceptual illustration of the way an organization plugs systems into a
`public data network and sets up circuits between systems. For example, in Figure 1.2,
`there are three circuits between System A and other systems attached to the data network.
`The three circuits share the single line that connects System A to the network.
`hows a close-up view of a line that connects a system to a data network. The '
`Figure 1.3 5
`device. The line is called an access line. The black lines
`customer’s system is called an mm:
`represent circuits that share the access line.
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`Virtual Circuit:
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`d a virtual circuit because, unlike a telephone call, a fixed
`A data network circuit is calle
`Instead, traffic for many cir—
`bandvm'dth is not reserved for the exclusive use of the circuit.
`ansrnis-
`cuits shares links within the network. This is a reasonable design to use for data tr
`sions, which are intermittent and bursty.
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`1::.-.=
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`122 Wide Area High Speed Networks
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`Figure 17.2" 7
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`Systems accessing a public data network.
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`Figure 1.33.
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`Circuits sharing an access line.
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`Access Line
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`Customer
`Access
`Device
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`Circuits;
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`Provider
`Network
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`Internal Structure
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`Internally, a public data network is made up of a mesh of switches and high-bandwidth
`lines, as shown in Figure 1.4. A high~bandwidth line is a lot cheaper than many separate
`low-bandwidth lines that add up to the same total capacity. Bulk bandwidth is a bargain.
`Public data network customers enjoy cost savings because they 5195173 the bandwidth in the
`high-capacity lines within the provider’s network.
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`E
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`A service provider places switches that interface to customer sites at strategically located
`sites called point: ofpr'eteme (POP:).IA subscriber accesses a service provider’s network by
`connecting to the nearest POP. In most cases, this is a leased line connection.
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