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`Copyright
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
`form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. ; cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004’.03--dc21
`200219714
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
`www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw,
`DirectInput, DirectMusic, DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro,
`FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye, IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft,
`Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS, MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook,
`PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual
`FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio, Win32, Win32s,
`Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or trademarks
`of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos,
`people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company,
`organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or
`should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`This Book
`
`Microsoft®
`Computer
`Dictionary
`
`Copyright
`
`Notes
`Bookmarks
`Search
`Contents
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Copyright
`Introduction
`
`N um bers and Sym bols
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`A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A
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`ppx. A. Com m on Character
`Sets
`
`Appx. B. C om m on File
`Extensions
`
`Appx. C . Instant M essaging
`Em oticons and Acronym s
`
`Appx. D . Internet D om ains
`
`Appx. E. N um eric Equivalents
`
`Colophon
`
`http://techbus.safaribooksonline.com/book/communications/0735614954/copyright/copyr...
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`Microsoft® Computer Dictionary > H : Safari Books Online
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`Page 11 of 20
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`can be, and usually is, regarded as a tree. The individual records are not necessarily contained in
`the same file. See alsotree.
`
`Hierarchical Storage Managementn. SeeHSM.
`
`hierarchyn. A type of organization that, like a tree, branches into more specific units, each of
`which is “owned” by the higher-level unit immediately above. Hierarchies are characteristic of
`several aspects of computing because they provide organizational frameworks that can reflect
`logical links, or relationships, between separate records, files, or pieces of equipment. For
`example, hierarchies are used in organizing related files on a disk, related records in a database,
`and related (interconnected) devices on a network. In applications such as spreadsheets,
`hierarchies of a sort are used to establish the order of precedence in which arithmetic operations
`are to be performed by the computer. See alsohierarchical file system.
`
`high availabilityn. The ability of a system or device to be usable when it is needed. When
`expressed as a percentage, high availability is the actual service time divided by the required
`service time. Although high availability does not guarantee that a system will have no
`downtime, a network often is considered highly available if it achieves 99.999 percent network
`uptime. Also called: RAS (reliability/availability/serviceability), fault resilience. See alsofive-
`nines availability, four-nines availability, three-nines availability, two-nines availability.
`Comparefault tolerance.
`
`High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Linen. SeeHDSL.
`
`high byten. The byte containing the most significant bits (bits 8 through 15) in a 2-byte
`grouping representing a 16-bit (bits 0 through 15) value. See the illustration. See
`alsohexadecimal.
`
`High byte.The high byte is binary 01101100 or hexadecimal 6C or decimal 108.
`
`high-capacity CD-ROMn. Seedigital video disc.
`
`High Contrastn. An accessibility display feature in Microsoft Windows that instructs programs
`to use the color scheme specified in the Settings dialog box and to increase legibility whenever
`possible.
`
`High-data-rate Digital Subscriber Linen. SeeHDSL.
`
`High-Definition Televisionn. SeeHDTV.
`
`high-density diskn. 1. A 3.5-inch floppy disk that can hold 1.44 MB. Comparedouble-density
`disk. 2. A 5.25-inch floppy disk that can hold 1.2 MB. Comparedouble-density disk.
`
`high DOS memoryn. Seehigh memory.
`
`high-endadj. A descriptive term for something that uses the latest technology to maximize
`performance. There is usually a direct correlation between high-end technology and higher
`prices.
`
`High-level Data Link Controln. SeeHDLC.
`
`high-level languagen. A computer language that provides a level of abstraction from the
`underlying machine language. Statements in a high-level language generally use keywords
`similar to English and translate into more than one machine-language instruction. In practice,
`every computer language above assembly language is a high-level language. Acronym: HLL.
`Also called: high-order language. Compareassembly language.
`
`highlightvb. To alter the appearance of displayed characters as a means of calling attention to
`them, as by displaying them in reverse video (light on dark rather than dark on light, and vice
`versa) or with greater intensity. Highlighting is used to indicate an item, such as an option on a
`menu or text in a word processor, that is to be acted on in some way.
`
`high memoryn. 1. Memory locations addressed by the largest numbers. 2. In IBM PCs and
`compatibles, the range of addresses between 640 kilobytes and 1 megabyte, used primarily for
`the ROM BIOS and control hardware such as the video adapter and input/output ports.
`Comparelow memory.
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`Microsoft® Computer Dictionary > N : Safari Books Online
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`Page 12 of 17
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`nixpubn. A list of ISPs (Internet service providers) available in the newsgroups comp.bbs.misc
`and alt.bbs. See alsoISP.
`
`NKEn. Acronym for Network Kernel Extension. A modification or extension of the Mac OS X
`networking infrastructure. NKEs may be loaded or unloaded dynamically, without recompiling
`the kernel or without the need to reboot the system. NKEs allow the creation and configuration
`of protocol stacks and modules that may monitor or modify network traffic or add other
`networking features to the kernel.
`
`NLn. Seenewline character.
`
`NLQn. Seenear-letter-quality.
`
`NLSn. Seenatural language support.
`
`NMIn. Seenonmaskable interrupt.
`
`NMOS or N-MOSn. Acronym for N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor. A semiconductor
`technology in which the conduction channel in MOSFETs is formed by the movement of
`electrons rather than holes (electron “vacancies” created as electrons move from atom to atom).
`Because electrons move faster than holes, NMOS is faster than PMOS, although it is more
`difficult and more expensive to fabricate. See alsoMOS, MOSFET, N-type semiconductor.
`CompareCMOS, PMOS.
`
`NNTPn. Acronym for Network News Transfer Protocol. A de facto protocol standard on the
`Internet used to distribute news articles and query news servers.
`
`NOCn. Seenetwork operation center.
`
`noden. 1. A junction of some type. 2. In networking, a device, such as a client computer, a
`server, or a shared printer, that is connected to the network and is capable of communicating
`with other network devices. 3. In tree structures, a location on the tree that can have links to one
`or more nodes below it. Some authors make a distinction between node and element, with an
`element being a given data type and a node comprising one or more elements as well as any
`supporting data structures. See alsoelement (definition 1), graph, pointer (definition 1),
`queue, stack, tree.
`
`noisen. 1. Any interference that affects the operation of a device. 2. Unwanted electrical signals,
`produced either naturally or by the circuitry, that distort or degrade the quality or performance
`of a communications channel. See alsodistortion.
`
`nonbreaking spacen. A character that replaces the standard space character in order to keep
`two words together on one line rather than allowing a line to break between them.
`
`noncompetesn. An agreement between employer and employee that states that the employee
`will not accept work with a competing company for a specified length of time after leaving the
`employer’s company. Noncompete agreements are common in high-tech companies and are
`typically requested to help maintain company secrets and retain valuable employees.
`
`nonconductorn. Seeinsulator.
`
`noncontiguous data structuren. In programming, a data structure whose elements are not
`stored contiguously in memory. Data structures such as graphs and trees, whose elements are
`connected by pointers, are noncontiguous data structures. Comparecontiguous data structure.
`
`nondedicated servern. A computer on a network that can function as both a client and a server;
`typically, a desktop machine on a peer-to-peer network. Comparededicated server.
`
`nondestructive readoutn. A reading operation that does not destroy the data read, either
`because the storage technology is capable of retaining the data or because the reading operation
`is accompanied by a data refresh (update) function. Acronym: NDR, NDRO.
`Comparedestructive read.
`
`nonexecutable statementn. 1. A program statement that cannot be executed because it lies
`outside the flow of execution through the program. For example, a statement immediately
`following a return() statement but before the end of the block in C is nonexecutable. 2. A type
`definition, variable declaration, preprocessor command, comment, or other statement in a
`program that is not translated into executable machine code.
`
`nonimpact printern. Any printer that makes marks on the paper without striking it
`mechanically. The most common types are ink-jet, thermal, and laser printers. See alsoink-jet
`printer, laser printer, thermal printer. Compareimpact printer.
`
`noninterlacedadj. Pertaining to a display method on raster-scan monitors in which the electron
`beam scans each line of the screen once during each refresh cycle. Compareinterlaced.
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