From
`
`CHESTON
`
`PHONE No.
`
`6186282154
`
`Sep.152012 1:33PM P03
`
`I>ECLARATJON OF MARK NICHOLAS CHESTON
`
`I, Mark Nichola" Cheston, muke thc f<.>ilowing Declaration pU""mnt to 28 U.S.C. § 1746:
`
`1.
`
`1 provide this Deolnl"at:ion in con"eetion with Covered Busi",,"" Method Patent
`
`Review proceedings that I ,mdel's(und ore being requested at the United Stutes Patent and
`
`Trademark Ollice lJy Liberty Mutual Insurance Company under 35 U.S.C. § 321. Unle~~
`
`otherwise statod, the facts statod in this Declaration Ill'C based on my personal knowledse.
`
`2.
`
`From May 1986 to .lanuary 1990, I WuS Director of Federa.l Systems at Gcostar
`
`Cotporation. My 1'¢SPOllBibilities jnc.luded~ U111011g other things~ ptepuring lnaterial fe.luting to
`
`mArketing the Gcostal' system.
`
`3.
`
`The document attached at Tub A hereto, entitled "Understllnding Radio
`
`Determinati(l'l Sutellite Service," and dated May 1989, is a h'ue lind Ilccurate col'>' of a booklet
`
`publish()d by Geostar Corporation a'id publicly I1nd widely distributed io potential (l"O~!IU'
`
`systcm users up(m it~ publication in May 1989. III my position at (leostar Corponl(ioll, I had
`
`POl'sollullmowh:dgc of this attached p~lblicatioll amI Wi:lS involved in c011lrlbuting some of the
`
`material included ill Uu.: document.
`
`I declare under penalty of i'''lj ury that the foregoing is true and eorreet.
`
`Executed on September 14,2012
`
`:IIL:1IiL~ £.12
`
`Mlll'k Nichola, Cheston
`
`Page 000001
`
`

`
`Page 000002
`
`
`
`Tab A
`
`Tab A
`
`Page 000002
`
`

`
`Understanding
`
`,
`
`Radio
`Determination
`Satellite
`Service
`
`",
`
`................
`
`MAY 1989
`
`Page 000003
`
`

`
`To promote a better understanding of emerging Radio Determination Satellite Service (ROSS) technology, the Geostar Corpora(cid:173)
`tion of Washington, DC, the U.S. developer of ROSS, is pleased to publish this descriptive primer.
`
`Directed at the potential GEOSTAR* user community, the material is presented from a user's perspective. It addresses such
`questions as: What is ROSS, how did it develop, how does it work, what capabilities have been developed using the technology, and
`what is planned for the future?
`
`As is the case with most evolving and developing technologies, some data presented in this document is subject to change as
`prototype equipment transitions to production models, and as engineering concepts solidify and emerge into operating systems and
`established procedures.
`
`For further information, you are invited to contact the Sales and Marketing Department of the Geostar Corporation, Telephone
`(202) 887-0870 .
`
`*GEOSTAR is a trademark and service mark of the Geostar Corporation.
`
`ROSS
`
`Page 000004
`
`

`
`Table of
`Contents
`
`~~~1i':S,;~~~i5~\~;~ig;.;:.:
`
`..
`
`t
`
`~ •• :'I'
`
`INTRODUCING
`
`29
`
`39
`
`- - - - - - -RDSS-
`
`Page 000005
`
`

`
`Radio Determination Satellite Service
`
`A New Commercial Technology
`Offering Messaging and Accurate
`Positioning for a Wide Range of
`Potential Applications
`
`Page 000006
`
`

`
`Introducing
`
`Radio
`Determination
`Satellite
`Service
`
`WHA T IS RADIO DETERMINA TION SA TELL I TE. SERVICE?
`
`Radio Determination Satellite Service
`(ROSS) is a new commercial communIca(cid:173)
`tions technology. It offers the individual
`user information on location that can be
`supplemented with two-way digital mes(cid:173)
`sage communication. The service em(cid:173)
`ploys compact, portable radio terminals
`for mobile platforms and, eventually will
`offer miniaturized handheld terminals for
`personal use.
`
`Being developed initially for nation(cid:173)
`wide service, ROSS has the potential to
`interoperate with other regional ROSS
`systems to provide nearly full global cov(cid:173)
`erage serving millions of customers. Sup(cid:173)
`plying the user with
`instant
`lor-ation
`information accurate to within 7 meters,
`this service can eliminate time previously
`
`wasted in search of an individual ship-
`ment or vehicle.
`.
`
`With the addition of a messaging ca(cid:173)
`pability, up to 100 characters per trans(cid:173)
`mission (a single message "packet") can
`be readily exchanged among individuals
`in remote areas, a capability formerly be(cid:173)
`yond the reach of available means of com(cid:173)
`munications. Multiple packets also can
`be linked sequentially to accommodate
`lengthy messages.
`
`This flow of information allows a user
`to track his or her own progress, or to
`monitor the location and route 'of a train,
`truck, boat, car or airplane. Perhaps, a
`transport company needs to learn the
`whereabouts of a fleet of vehicles. Using
`
`~~~RDSS
`
`Page 000007
`
`

`
`T
`
`"Worldwide commun(cid:173)
`ications via satellite is
`now a vailable to
`mobile users who
`were previously
`largely excluded from
`the benefits of satellite
`technology. "
`Telecbmmunicai ions Policy
`, 6/87
`
`ROSS technology, a dispatcher can im(cid:173)
`mediately locate and "communicate with
`one or all of the fleet - relaying destination
`changes or other important information to
`the drivers while en rOpte.
`"
`
`Why all the excitement about ROSS?
`Because ROSS is a completely new com(cid:173)
`munications technology, its adaptation to
`the . contemporary communications envi(cid:173)
`ronmsnt will be revolutionary. Just as the
`applications for Alexander Graham "Bell's
`novel new device, the telephone, became
`clear over the years, ROSS has the poten(cid:173)
`tial to make sweeping changes in the way
`we interact with our everyday lives.
`
`STANDARDS
`SETFORRDSS
`
`The Federal Communications Com(cid:173)
`mission and the International Telecom(cid:173)
`munications Union have established
`standards for radio determination satellite
`service. Federal Communica~ions Com(cid:173)
`mission rules define radio determination
`as "the determination of position, or ob(cid:173)
`taining information relating to position, by
`means of the propagation of radio waves."
`
`To some extent, ROSS capabilities
`complement those of four other· generic
`technologies - Mobile Satellite Service,
`meteor burst base radio location systems,
`the Long Range Aid to Navigation (LO(cid:173)
`RAN) system, and radio navigation satel(cid:173)
`lite systems . such as
`the Global
`Positioning System (GPS) and Transit.
`ROSS incorporates many features of
`each of these complementary technolo(cid:173)
`gies. It does not compete with conven(cid:173)
`tional voice or data systems that transmit
`information continuously. Instead, ROSS
`sends short bursts of information with ac(cid:173)
`curate positioning and other services
`added by a central network control faCility.
`
`Definitions
`
`Radio Determination
`The determination of the position, velocity
`and/or other characteristics of an object,
`or the obtaining of information relating
`to these parameters, by means of the
`propagatIOn properties of radio waves
`
`Radio Navigation
`Radio determination used for the purpose
`of navigation, including obstruction warning
`
`Radio Location
`Radio determination used for purposes
`other than those of radio navigation
`
`Extracted lrom RadiO Regulations 01 the International
`Telecommunication Union, Edition 1982
`
`SERVICE FINDING
`WORLDWIDE
`ACCEPTANCE
`
`As a new commercial service with po(cid:173)
`tentially widespread personal, business,
`and government applications in both de~
`veloped and developing countries, the
`ROSS systelTl is rapidly emerging as an
`international phenomenon. ROSS theory
`has undergone rigorQus technlca.l exami(cid:173)
`nation by many of the world's lead.ing
`space and communications profession(cid:173)
`als, culminating in technology licensing
`arrangements with a French-fed Euro(cid:173)
`pean consortium, India, and Australia.
`Brazil, China, and Japan have study pro(cid:173)
`grams underway that are aimed at possi(cid:173)
`ble licensing arrangements.
`
`The technical feasibility and practical(cid:173)
`ity of the ROSS concept has been ably
`demonstrated by the Geostar Corpora(cid:173)
`tion, the originator and current leader in
`
`_2 ~, .. RDSS------------
`
`Page 000008
`
`

`
`developing an RDSS system approved by
`the FCC for use In the United States. Field
`tests have been successfully performed
`under U.S. Government oversight, and in(cid:173)
`itial commercial service in the United
`States has been offered by the Geostar
`Corporation since June 1987.
`
`satellite to the GEOST AR (RDSS) Central
`Control Facility where the transmisSion is
`processed and forwarded to the user's or(cid:173)
`ganizational headqUarters site or home
`office. This introductory capability is the
`initial service focused on the commercial
`trucking industry.
`
`The GEOST AR System is presently
`in an early operational stage, with major
`capability enhancements still ahead. In(cid:173)
`itial GEOSTAR service, (Systems 1 and
`2) provides a one-way flow of data, with
`external positioning information provided
`by LORAN or other navigational system.
`In its simplest form a user terminal broad(cid:173)
`casts to its intended address, normally via
`
`To meet popular demand, additional
`capabilities are being added to develop(cid:173)
`ing GEOSTAR systems. System 2 is be(cid:173)
`ing expanded in 1989 to offer an initial
`two-way message capability (System
`2C), along with GPS (System 2G) and
`Transit (System 2T) positioning capabili(cid:173)
`ties as options to the existing LORAN. Full
`GEOSTAR service (Systems 3 and 4),
`
`What ROSS is All About
`
`-=--__ __ __ RDSS_3
`
`Page 000009
`
`

`
`.~
`l.i
`
`j
`
`r .
`
`: ~.
`
`slated for implementa:tion in the early
`1990s, will provide improved two-way
`flow of data, plus positioning information
`to and from user terminals based on a sig-
`nal time ranging technique (multi-Iatera-
`tion).
`
`The GEOST AR system has three
`components: a control segment, a family
`of relay satellites comprising the space
`segment, and user terminals. The GEo-
`STAR control segment, or Central, con-
`tains redundant earth stations and a set of
`computers for network control. The space
`segment consists of several satellite re-
`lays, one of which must have a transmit as
`well as a receive capability in order to pro-
`vide two-way service. The user segment
`consists of compact, inexpensive radio
`terminals, each with a distinctive identif.i-
`cation code. In general the user will be
`able to compose, store, edit, display,
`transmit, and receive digital messages,
`
`ice that has proven an aid to com-
`mercial·truckers.
`
`• Positioning and one-way mes-
`sage service will be inaugurated
`as early as late 1989 for the Car-
`ibbean area with two-way mes-
`saging to follow in the early 1990s
`and European coverage ex-
`pected in 1992.
`
`• GEOSiAR is a commercial ven-
`ture that can serve its customers
`on an economical, pay-as-you-
`go basis, estimated at $45 per
`month per user, plus an invest-
`ment or leased cost for compat~
`ible terminals.
`
`• Small, cellular radio-sized user
`terminals offer superior mobility
`features and adaptability to nu-
`merous commercial and govern-
`ment applications.
`
`Here are some ofthe ways that RD.SS .
`has engaged the interest of many nations
`of the world and which are indicative of its
`vast potential.
`
`•
`
`, .
`
`.•
`
`'"",
`
`• GEOST AR is currently opera-
`tional in the U.S. with a two-way
`messaging and positioning serv-
`
`The projected capability of
`GEOSTAR System 3, to serve an
`estimated 20-30 million users
`per hour with rapid traffic ex-
`change (3 seconds to 3 minutes),
`appears attractive for meeting a
`wide range of user needs.
`
`- RDSS- - - - - - -
`
`• _4
`
`Page 000010
`
`

`
`From
`
`A .Concept
`To Geostar
`
`HOW DID THE ROSS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP?
`
`Development of the technology for
`Radio Determination Satellite Service
`was prompted by a mid-air collision of
`commercial aircraft in 1978. That colli(cid:173)
`sion, in which more than 100 people per(cid:173)
`ished because warning technology was
`not available, moved Dr. Gerard K.
`O'Neill, then a professor of physics at
`Princeton University, to design and patent
`a space based data communications and
`precise locating system now known as
`GEOSTAR. Based on spread spectrum
`(requiring a wide
`radio
`frequency
`bandwidth) and time difference-of-arrival
`technologies, GEOSTAR has the poten(cid:173)
`tial to provide radio location, radio naviga(cid:173)
`tion, and two-way communications from a
`single item of user equipment.
`
`Dr. O'Neill founded the Geostar Cor(cid:173)
`poration in 1983 to market his invention.
`Headquartered in Washington, D.C. with
`a staff of over 80 personnel, the Geostar
`Corporation operates and manages the
`system from GEOSTAR Central at this lo(cid:173)
`cation.
`
`From its earliest days, the Geostar
`Corporation took steps to provide ROSS
`in the commercial marketplace, known as
`GEOSTAR nationally and by other trade
`names internationally. Technical develop(cid:173)
`ment of ROSS hardware and software is
`conducted under license by several lead(cid:173)
`ing corporations in industry.
`
`Page 000011
`
`

`
`ROSS FREQUENCIES
`ALLOCATED
`
`The mature configuration of ROSS
`known as "System 3", with its capability
`for two-way positioning and data commu(cid:173)
`nications, will operate in the L, S, and C(cid:173)
`bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
`
`that ROSS had been
`fact
`The
`awarded the requisite frequencies on an
`international scale was a significant
`achievement. This process of acquiring
`worldwide frequency allocations, which
`normally takes 10 to 15 years, was ac(cid:173)
`complished in less than four years.
`
`Development of the ROSS technol(cid:173)
`ogy to a commercial operation has been
`rapid. In early 1983, the Corporation filed
`an application for license with the Federal
`Communications Commission to allocate
`a block of the frequency spectrum for
`ROSS usage, and sought authority to con(cid:173)
`struct and launch a satellite system. In
`August 1986, the FCC granted Geostar
`Corporation a license. In 1987 the World
`Administrative Radio Conference
`for
`Mobile Services (Mobile WARC) of the
`International Telecommunications Union
`(ITU) held
`in Geneva, Switzerland,
`granted ROSS a total of 99 MHz for world(cid:173)
`in
`the
`following
`frequency
`wide use
`bands:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`1610-1626.5 MHz (L-Band, user
`uplink),
`
`2483.5-2500 MHz
`user downlink),
`
`(S-Band,
`
`5150-5216 MHz (C-Band, satel(cid:173)
`lite to ground station link), and
`
`(C-Band,
`6525-6541.5 MHz
`ground station to satellite link) .
`
`Geostar Corporation Headquarters in Washington, o.G.
`
`"/ was appalled by the
`circumstances of the
`accident and resolved
`to find a better way to
`locate aircraft, predict
`their paths, and warn
`them of probable
`collisions. The result
`was Geostar."
`Gerald K. O'Neill
`Inventor of GEOST AR
`OMNI Magazine 5/86
`
`Geostar began interim operation of
`commercial service in the continental
`U.S. during May 1987. The initial cus(cid:173)
`tomer base was comprised largely of
`members of the transportation Industry.
`
`International acceptance of ROSS
`technology and licensing agreements has
`been achieved with a number of foreign
`government and private agencies. In June
`1987, a European ROSS consortium
`(LOCST AR) signed a licensing agree(cid:173)
`ment that marked the first step toward re(cid:173)
`alization of a global ROSS network. Other
`countries reaching similar arrangements
`. are Australia, Brazil, China, an<:l India.
`
`_6 -RDSS-------
`
`Page 000012
`
`

`
`ROSS Frequency Allocation
`
`ROSS frequency allocations granted
`by the ITU carry the following conditions in
`the three world regions:
`
`Region 1 - Europe, Africa, Mediterra(cid:173)
`nean, and USSR:
`
`Frequencies were issued gener(cid:173)
`ally on a Secondary allocation
`(non-interfering with Primary
`services) basis with special cau(cid:173)
`tion to protect aeronautical radio
`navigation in Sweden and de(cid:173)
`fense radio location in France.
`Primary allocations were de(cid:173)
`clared in 21 nations of Region 1,
`namely in Africa and the Mediter(cid:173)
`ranean littoral that included Israel
`
`and Italy. Primary allocation re(cid:173)
`quires that other services coordi(cid:173)
`nate with ROSS operators in
`order to avoid harmful interfer(cid:173)
`ence. The exception was the
`USSR, which took "reservation"
`against all ROSS allocations.
`This action means that the Soviet
`Union will not protect any ROSS
`system nor does an ROSS sys(cid:173)
`tem have to protect any Soviet fa(cid:173)
`cility in the relevant L,S, and C
`band segments.
`
`Region 2 - Western Hemisphere:
`
`Primary allocation was granted
`throughout North and South
`
`-------RDSS-7
`
`Page 000013
`
`

`
`ROSS Frequency Allocations As Granted by 1987 Mobile WARe/lTV
`
`Primary Allocation -
`
`First Priority Use
`
`Region 2
`
`All North America 8- South America
`Except Argentina, Venezuela, Cuba
`
`Region 1
`
`Angola
`Burundi
`Ivory Coast
`Ethiopia
`Israel
`Italy
`Jordan
`
`Kenya
`Lebanon
`Liberia
`Libya
`Madagascar
`Mali
`Senegal
`
`Sudan
`Swaziland
`Syria
`Tanzania
`Togo
`Zaire
`Zambia
`
`Region 3
`
`Australia
`Thailand
`
`Iran
`India
`
`Papua New Guinea
`Pakistan
`
`Secondary Allocation - Non-Interfering
`with Primary Users
`
`Region 2
`
`Argentina, Venezuela
`
`Region 1
`
`Europe, Africa
`Mediterranean - Except those nations under Primary
`
`Region 3
`
`Asia
`Pacific - Except those nations under Primary
`
`No Allocation
`
`USSR
`Cuba
`
`_B -RDSS-------
`
`Page 000014
`
`

`
`America except in Argentina and
`Venezuela, where it is Secon(cid:173)
`dary, and in Cuba, which ex(cid:173)
`cluded an RDSS allocation within
`its territory. Cuba will, however,
`have to respect the Primary allo(cid:173)
`cations of other Region 2 coun(cid:173)
`tries (e.g., the U.S.) once ITU
`Article II procedures have been
`completed.
`
`Region 3 - Asia and Pacific:
`
`A Secondary allocation, analo(cid:173)
`gous to Region 1 , was granted for
`RDSS, with six countries declar(cid:173)
`ing it Primary as follows : Austra(cid:173)
`lia, India, Iran, Pakistan, Papua
`New Guinea, and Thailand.
`
`In summary, the needed frequency
`allocations in the L, S, and C-bands for
`RDSS technology to proceed have been
`awarded on either a Primary or Secon(cid:173)
`dary service basis throughout the world
`except in the USSR and Cuba. Primary al(cid:173)
`location assures that no one can interfere
`with RDSS signals, while Secondary serv(cid:173)
`ice permits a Primary user to preempt the
`
`frequency. However, RDSS spread spec(cid:173)
`trum transmissions will not likely interfere
`with other users of the frequency, Secon(cid:173)
`dary allocations, RDSS proponents be(cid:173)
`lieve, should also be integrated smoothly.
`
`U.S. SUPPORT
`SPURS DEVELOPMENT
`
`Development of the Radio Determi(cid:173)
`nation Satellite Service in the U.S. re(cid:173)
`ceived widespread support. The Mobile
`Services Study Group of the International
`Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR)
`provided technical data in the petition for
`RDSS radio frequencies. The Future Air
`Navigation System Committee of the In(cid:173)
`ternational Civil Aviation Organization
`(ICAO) included RDSS as a candidate
`system for global air navigation after the
`year 2000. And law enforcement agen(cid:173)
`cies expressed interest in development of
`the system. All of the support helped win
`allocation of the necessary frequencies to
`allow the development of the system.
`
`_ _ __ ___ RDSS_
`
`9
`
`Page 000015
`
`

`
`Page 000016
`
`

`
`Three Segments Make Up
`
`The
`Geostar
`
`HOW DOES THE GEOSTAR SYSTEM OPERATE?
`
`I
`
`I
`
`•
`
`'.
`
`The GEOSTAR system employs two
`radio channels, one for carrying mes(cid:173)
`sages from a user to Central facility (in(cid:173)
`bound) and the other for transmitting
`messages from Central to the user (out(cid:173)
`bound). Each user can be addressed Indi(cid:173)
`vidually through a unique user terminal
`identification (10) code, similar to a tele(cid:173)
`phone number. Every message sent or re(cid:173)
`ceived over the network includes this
`code, and only the addressee can re(cid:173)
`ceive it.
`
`Thousands of small user terminals
`with built-in or external antennas commu(cid:173)
`nicate more or less simultaneously with a
`satellite in a "fixed" position overthe.equa(cid:173)
`tor (geosynchronous orbit). Spread spec(cid:173)
`·trum techniques (spreading a signal over
`
`a wide frequency bandwidth) coupled with
`burst transmission (characters grouped
`as a single unit and transmitted for a very
`short period) of a high-power digital sig(cid:173)
`nal make this possible. A gain factor (in(cid:173)
`crease of Signal . strength) of over
`1 DO-fold, or more than 20 decibels, is
`achieved through reversing the spreading
`process. Because the spreading code
`(analogous to a Zip Code) is known by the
`user terminal, the radio receiver Is able to
`sort out the traffic from random signals
`and noise. Also, the receiver is cued to .
`copy the signal at a precise time. This
`technique is so successful that engineer(cid:173)
`ing studies of the GEOSTAR radio signal
`acquisition capability indicate that a user
`has a 99 percent probability of acquiring a
`signal on the first try, with a 90 percent
`statistical confidence level.
`
`- - - -RDSS
`
`Page 000017
`
`

`
`· ,-"j:~g*
`
`Eft
`
`ROSS Two-Way Messaging Technique
`
`Other
`Users
`
`t... _ _ _ _ _
`
`I
`
`r. I
`I ;
`.J
`
`User Terminal
`
`Sending a message in
`a fraction of a second
`
`GEOST AR's Central facility transmits
`a general "interrogation" signal many
`times per second. It is addressed to all us(cid:173)
`er terminals through a satellite relay. Each
`interrogation. is called a frame, and there
`are dozens of frames per second. When
`the user terminal receives the signal, it re(cid:173)
`sponds with a unique binary sequence (an
`Identification code or 10) together with any
`accompanying digital message traffic.
`The entire transmission takes only 10 to
`40 milliseconds.
`
`Under normal operations, the Central
`will acknowledge every user terminal
`transmission in view. To ensure the Cen(cid:173)
`tral successfully acquires the user's sig(cid:173)
`nal,
`repeated
`transmissions may be
`commanded by the Central. After re(cid:173)
`sporyding to the interrogation signal as
`
`many times as prescribed by the Central,
`each user terminal transmitter is auto(cid:173)
`matically turned off.
`
`Individual users will access the net(cid:173)
`work at different intervals based on need.
`An aircraft may transmit every few min(cid:173)
`utes, whereas the interval may be several
`hours for a truck or automobile. The indi(cid:173)
`vidual user or his or her home office may
`request an update, or have the Central
`change the reporting interval.
`
`Taking less than one second to proc(cid:173)
`ess a user's message packet, the Cen(cid:173)
`tral's computers store the message and
`transmit a brief acknowledgment to the
`user. Once the message is stored, the
`Central can relay it to a prearranged desti-
`
`_12 -RDSS-------
`
`Page 000018
`
`

`
`for ROSS may each employ a different set
`of codes .. In this case, each nation could
`more effectively control authorized user
`access. A transient user would have to
`(physically) sign-in to the respective
`ROSS Central facility (e.g., LOCSTAR) to
`be provided the appropriate code. An(cid:173)
`other option under consideration might re(cid:173)
`quire one of twelve spreading codes to be
`held in common among the nations in or(cid:173)
`der to allow a "visitor" to gain entry. The
`details of this protocol are being devel(cid:173)
`oped.
`ROSS Spreading Code Application
`
`ROSS Frequency Allocation
`16.5 MHz Bandwidth
`
`Spread Spectrum
`1 ODDs .of Spreading
`Codes Across
`16 MHz Bandwidth
`
`nation or a new addressee. Messages
`originated by an Individual user, for exam(cid:173)
`ple, will be forwarded by the Central to the
`user's home office. The Central maintains
`a list of addressees normally accessed by
`the user, so that traffic can be routed
`quickly and easily using a technique simi(cid:173)
`lar to a telephone speed dialing system.
`
`SYSTEM TECHNICAL
`PERFORMANCE
`
`The GEOSTAR system architecture
`is based on the use of spot beams,
`spreading codes, and uniquely Identified
`terminals. While multiple overlapping spot
`beams enhance user coverage and con(cid:173)
`nectivity, and unique terminal lOs ensure
`proper message routing, a principal fea(cid:173)
`ture of ROSS technology is the employ(cid:173)
`ment of spreading codes which provide
`control over the system and Its operation.
`
`Spreading codes are the principal
`means for avoiding "message collision"
`among the various users. Terminals are
`routinely moved among the available
`spreading codes as necessary to main(cid:173)
`tain "load balancing." One code may be
`used for trucks, another for aircraft, etc.,
`to help differentiate the various classes of
`users. GEOST AR Central is capable of
`acquiring anyone of these different codes
`upon command. For example, users with
`emergency traffic may be moved to a new
`code to ensure a better grade of service.
`
`Of the 131,000 spreading codes
`available, only about 12 will be employed.
`This is a nominal limit that can be accom(cid:173)
`modated simultaneously in the 16 MHz
`bandwidth without causing self-jamming
`or saturation; the actual number of codes
`used may range between 10 and 20. The
`remaining codes may never be used. It is
`possible that the various nations licensed
`
`~---___ RDSS_13
`
`Page 000019
`
`

`
`Network Synchronization and Interrogation
`
`RDSS Interrogation Cycle
`
`Dozens of
`Frames Per Second
`
`Terminal
`Transmits
`on Chip 512
`
`- - - - - - - Chips - - - - - - -130,000
`
`~~------------------~ r-------------------')
`V
`1 Frame - 16.4 Milliseconds
`
`A user terminal communicates on a
`partly random basis, consistent with the
`Central's frame interrogation sequence.
`Within each 16.4 millisecond frame which
`consists of about 130,000 "chips" (time
`slots), a user's terminal automatically be(cid:173)
`gins counting at the start of the frame and,
`if prompted, transmits on a prearranged
`chip. Other competing users attempting to
`gain access to this frame mayor may not
`be jammed. This is due to the difference In
`time delay for the signal to reach the Cen(cid:173)
`tral, which recognizes multiple responses
`to the same chip, but at different relative
`
`times. This difference is attributed to the
`physical distance between the competing
`terminals, and the differences inherent in
`each terminal's internal processing de(cid:173)
`lays. A three chip separation (512, 515,
`518, etc.) is sufficient for two or more ter(cid:173)
`minals to coexist on the same frame. In
`this fashion, many message packets can
`be acquired simultaneously before the
`system frame Is saturated. In any event, if
`one user is blocked within that 16.4 milli(cid:173)
`second event, a simple reentry can be in(cid:173)
`itiated automatically.
`
`SERVICES PROVIDED
`BYGEOSTAR
`
`Within the United States, the GEO(cid:173)
`STAR network will furnish four phases of
`customer service, Systems 1 through 4. In
`overseas markets, similar phases of serv(cid:173)
`ice will evolve as future components of the
`ROSS system are fielded.
`
`System 1 is an existing interim serv(cid:173)
`ice capability that will ultimately be aban(cid:173)
`doned as the ROSS space segment
`achieves full operational status.
`
`Fielded in June 1988, System 2 pro(cid:173)
`vided auxiliary position and one-way
`message transmission. It was enhanced
`in 1989- with the addition of a leased C(cid:173)
`Band transponder on an existing commer(cid:173)
`cial satellite to enable introduction of
`two-way message transmission (System
`2C).
`
`With the later launching of a dedi(cid:173)
`cated satellite on the Space Shuttle, the
`fully operational System 3 service will en(cid:173)
`able two-way messaging and geopos(cid:173)
`itioning. Internetting of various System 3
`capabilities around the world is the basis
`of System 4, from which' international
`ROSS service will emerge.
`
`_14 - ·RDSS- - - - - - -
`
`Page 000020
`
`

`
`GEOSTAR ROSS Capability Development
`
`Global
`
`Doppler
`(5 Mile Avg)
`
`Hours
`
`May 1987
`
`National
`
`Paging
`Add on
`
`Data
`Add On
`
`Dedicated
`
`Global
`
`North
`America
`(Including
`Caribbean)
`
`North
`America
`& Europe
`
`Worldwide
`By
`Regional
`System
`Interconnection
`
`Inbound
`100 Characters
`
`June 1988
`
`Loran C
`«1 Mile)
`
`Minutes
`
`Variable
`
`Nov 1988
`
`Outbound
`100 Characters"
`
`20 1989
`
`Satellite
`Ranging
`(5-10 Meters)
`
`Seconds
`
`Inbound &
`Outbound
`100 Characters
`
`1991/1992
`
`1992
`
`"Maximum 24,000 Character Message Length
`
`_______ RDSS-
`
`15
`
`Page 000021
`
`

`
`-,-.-.------"--~==-~--------------------.
`
`to Latin America. Operation is supported
`by a Hughes or Sony user transmitter, the
`Federal Government's LORAN-C navi(cid:173)
`gation network, and GEOSTAR's satellite
`relays and Central earth station.
`
`Designed for installation in trucks,
`trains and other mobile units, compact ra(cid:173)
`dio terminals located inside a vehicle can
`send position data, status or alarms, and
`messages to GEOSTAR Central in Wash(cid:173)
`ington, DC. Data is continually received
`and processed at the Geostar computer
`facility and delivered to the users' head(cid:173)
`quarters locations, using standard com(cid:173)
`mercial communications links. The entire
`process takes only a few seconds.
`
`In actual operation, the user terminal
`automatically transmits a short message
`containing longitude and latitude data as
`reported by an integral LORAN-C re(cid:173)
`ceiver. With an optional keyboard and dis(cid:173)
`play unit, the user can prepare messages
`of up to 100 characters in length. The in(cid:173)
`bound data is processed by the Central
`, and delivered to a computer mailbox, from
`
`System 2
`
`1988
`
`System 1
`
`1987
`
`System 1 Service
`
`System 1 service was initiated In May
`1987, using low earth orbiting ARGOS
`(global collection, location, weather sys(cid:173)
`tem) satellites, a few hundred unique user
`terminals, and the automated control fa(cid:173)
`cilities of GEOSTAR Central. It provides a
`basic positioning information and one(cid:173)
`way transmission capability intended for
`limited commercial application by the
`trucking industry. This service will eventu(cid:173)
`ally be discontinued as enhanced GEO(cid:173)
`STAR services become widely available.
`Its operation has helped GEOSTAR facili(cid:173)
`tate and refine RDSS processes and pro(cid:173)
`cedures;
`
`System 2 Service
`
`Transmission of positioning informa(cid:173)
`tion and short, digital one-way messages
`via satellite constitutes System 2 service.
`Inaugurated first within the continental
`United States, it will be expanded in 1989
`
`LORAN
`Station
`
`_16 - ·RDSS .. ----~--
`
`Page 000022
`
`

`
`which the user can arrange dial-in or dial(cid:173)
`out connections or real-time continuous
`links for retrieval.
`
`Enhancements to System 2 include
`the addition ota second satellite to pro(cid:173)
`vide a C-Band outbound message trans(cid:173)
`mission capability at 100 characters per
`packet (System 2C) to complement the L(cid:173)
`Band inbound existing feature ofthe basic
`System 2. GPS or Transit positioning
`services also will be offered as options to
`LORAN-C, for improved accuracy or cov(cid:173)
`erage in future Systems 2G and 2T, re(cid:173)
`spectively. Geostar System 2C, intro(cid:173)
`duced in mid-1989, features two-way
`messaging between the mobile user and
`Central/home office using a commercial
`communications satellite outbound link, a
`compatible G-Band radio receiver, and a
`small hand-sized satellite dish antenna.
`An optional voice synthesizer is also be(cid:173)
`ing offered to translate messages into
`spoken words. When the user's home of(cid:173)
`fice sends a message, the terminal will
`display the message on a small computer
`
`System2C
`
`1989
`
`screen in the vehicle equipped with an
`RS-232 port for an optional printer . if
`hardcopy is desired. All inbound traffic will
`be automatically acknowledged. The user
`or driver will be able to send a message to
`the home office in the normal manner.
`This introductory two-way service is cur(cid:173)
`rently being implemented by many com(cid:173)
`mercial trucking firms.
`
`include
`Additional enhancements
`System 2-Plus and the Geostar/ARGOS
`Integrated Terminal Service (GAITS),
`both of which have been activated. Sys(cid:173)
`tem 2-Plus incorporates a pocket pager in
`the user terminal for receiving brief mes(cid:173)
`sages in selected urban areas. GAITS
`provides a System 1/2 crossover capabil(cid:173)
`ity in the Caribbean area to enable ex(cid:173)
`tended coverage to vessels entering and
`leaving alternate G EOST AR satellite cov(cid:173)
`erage.
`
`System 3
`
`When fielded, System 3 service will
`offer a two-way transmission capability
`and will
`identify
`locations accurately
`within approximately 7 meters. This en(cid:173)
`hanced GEOSTAR service should be(cid:173)
`come available starting in 1992. However,
`the availability of System 3 service de(cid:173)
`pends upon the launch schedule and the
`viability of new satellites to provide cover(cid:173)
`age over much of the