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`Liberty
`Mutual
`Exhibit
`1018
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`3DJH
`Page 000001
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`
`
`AUTOMOTIVE
`
`ELECTRONICS
`
`
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`Ronald K. Jurgen Editor in Chief
`
`McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`NewYork SanFrancisco Washington,D‘C‘ Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan
`Montreal New Delhi SanJuan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
`3DJH
`Page 000002
`
`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Automotive electronics handbook / Ronald Jurgen, editor in chief.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-07-033189-8
`1. Autom0biles—E]ectronic equipment.
`TL272.5.A982
`1994
`629.25 '49-dc
`
`I. Jurgen, Ronald K.
`
`94-39724
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1995 by McGraw«Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
`Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or dis-
`tributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval
`system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`1234567890 AGM/AGM 90987654
`
`ISBN 0—07«033l89-8
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S. Chapman, the editing
`supervisor was Virginia Carroll, and the production supervisor was
`Suzanne W. B. Rapcavage. It was set in Times Roman by North Market
`Street Graphics.
`
`Printed and bound by Arcata Graphics/Martirtsburg.
`
`McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as pre»
`miums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For
`more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw—
`Hill, Inc.. 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local
`bookstore.
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw—
`Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
`McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or complete-
`ness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw«
`Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions,
`or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is
`published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors
`are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engi-
`neering or other professional
`services.
`If such services are
`required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be
`
`sought.
`
`This book is printed on acid—free paper.
`
`3DJH
`Page 000003
`
`
`
`11.24
`
`CONTROL SYSTEMS
`
`Ambient temperature under bias (TA) refers to the temperature range that the microcon-
`troller is guaranteed to operate at within a given application. While powered-up or operating,
`a microcontroller must not be subjected to temperatures that exceed its specified ambient
`temperature range.The most common ambient temperature ranges in industry are:
`Commercial
`0 to +70 °C
`Extended
`-40 to +85 °C
`Automotive
`-40 to +125 °C
`
`7 E s MEMBRV,
`
`Microcontrollers execute customized programs that are written by the user. These programs
`are stored in either on-chip or off-chip memory and are often referred to as the users code. On-
`chip memory is actually integrated onto the same piece of silicon as the microcontroller and is
`accessed over the internal data bus. Off-chip memory exists on a separately packaged piece of
`silicon and is typically accessed by the microcontroller over an external address/data bus
`A memory map shows how memory addresses are arranged in a particular microcon-
`troller. Figure 11.19 shows a typical microcontroller memory map.
`
`Address
`
`%
`
`Memory Function
`
`External Memory
`
`zoooh
`1FFFh
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`7
`
`.
`
`.1 F99" .
`1EFFh
`
`.
`
`_
`
`g 0600b 7
`O5FFh
`
`Inuemal ROM/EPROM or Extemal Memory
`(lmernpt vlaon. 008%, Soumty Key, Ruerved location, etc.)
`
`lntemel Special Function Registers (SFR's)
`_
`.
`,
`.
`.
`_
`_
`.
`_
`.
`_
`_
`,
`,
`.
`.
`_
`_
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`.
`_
`
`External Memory
`
`‘
`
`'
`
`'
`
`'
`
`‘
`
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`
`‘
`
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`
`’
`
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`031:9‘
`
`—
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`
`.
`
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`
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`
`.
`
`— -9199'! —
`OOFHI
`
`.
`
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`
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`0000h
`
`Realster RAM
`
`.
`
`—
`
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`
`.
`
`~
`
`V
`
`V
`
`—
`
`R°9m°' RAM
`.
`_
`.
`.
`_
`_
`_
`_
`CPU SFHs
`
`Upper Register Flle (Address
`with Indlrect or Indexed
`
`—
`
`_
`
`. WW9? 9r.u?".’u.gh Vingqwsi).
`LOWOT Register Flle
`(Address wlth dlrect,
`Indirect or Indexed
`'“°“°’-)
`
`_
`
`Register
`
`F"°
`
`FIGURE 11.19 Microcontroller memory map.
`
`3DJH
`Page 000004
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`
`
`AUTOMOTIVE MICROCONTROLLERS
`
`11.25
`
`Memory is commonly referred to in terms of Kbytes of memory. One Kbyte is defined as
`1024 bytes of data. Memory is most commonly arranged in bytes which consist of 8 bits of
`data. For instance, a common automotive EPROM is referred to as a “256k X 8 EPROM”.This
`EPROM contains 256-Kbytes 8-bit memory locations or 2,097,152 bits of information.
`
`11.2.1 On-Chip Memory
`
`On-chip microcontroller memory consists of some mix of five basic types: random access mem-
`ory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM
`(EPROM), and flash memory. RAM is typically utilized for run-time variable storage and
`SFRs. The various types of ROM are generally used for code storage and fixed data tables
`The advantages of on-chip memory are numerous, especially for automotive applications,
`which are very size and cost conscious. Utilizing on-chip memory eliminates the need for
`external memory and the “glue” logic necessary to implement an address/data bus system.
`External memory systems are also notorious generators of switching noise and RFI due to
`their high clock rates and fast switching times. Providing sufficient on-chip memory helps to
`greatly reduce these concerns.
`
`RAM. RAM may be defined as memory that has both read and write capabilities so that the
`stored information can be retrieved (read) and changed by applying new information to the
`cell (write). RAM found on microcontrollers is that of the static type that uses transistor cells
`connected as flip-flops. A typical six-transistor CMOS RAM cell is shown in Fig. 11.20. It con—
`sists of two cross-coupled CMOS inverters to store the data and two transmission gates, which
`provide the data path into or out of the cell. The most significant characteristic of static mem-
`ory is that it loses its memory contents once power is removed. After power is removed, and
`once it is reapplied, static microcontroller RAM locations will revert to their default state of
`a logic “O”. Because of the number of transistors used to construct a single cell, RAM mem-
`ory is typically larger per bit than EPROM or ROM memory.
`Although code typically cannot be executed from register RAM, a special type of RAM
`often referred to as code RAM is useful for downloading small segments of executable code.
`The difference between code and register RAM is that code RAM can be accessed via the
`
`V°¢
`
`Vac
`
`In column
`
`to nl cell
`
`FIGURE 11.20 CMOS RAM memory cell.
`
`Van
`
`Van
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`3DJH
`Page 000005