`
`A
`’
`H ‘P
`:°}.i°.'ii":.'.17.'.'E°"
`ransilun
`in ways
`
`Title:
`
`California Partners for Advanced Transit
`and Hi hwa s PATH
`UC Berkeley
`
`Communications And Positioning Systems In The Motor Carrier Industry
`
`Author:
`
`Scapinakis, Dimitris A.
`Garrison William L.
`
`Publication Date:
`
`01-01-1992
`
`Series:
`
`Research Reports
`
`Publication Info:
`
`Research Reports, California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH), Institute of
`Transportation Studies (UCB), UC Berkeley
`
`Permalink:
`
`http://escholarship.org/uc/item/15jO86pf
`
`Keywords:
`
`Trucks--Automatic location systems, Trucking--Communication systems, Mobile communication
`systems
`
`Abstract:
`
`Until recently, truck drivers and their dispatchers have relied on public telephones and voice
`radio systems to communicate with each other. Today, however, vendors are beginning to offer
`new technologies for determining the positions of trucks and communications to and from trucks.
`Eighteen systems and their implications for the industry and intelligent vehicle highway systems
`(IVHS) activities are reviewed in this paper. Some of the newer communications and/or positioning
`systems are in the proposal stage. Others are available with not yet fully developed capability
`or only in limited markets. Some other systems, such as cellular telephones or modern voice
`radio, represent recent improvements of existing systems. New satellite based systems offer the
`most comprehensive coverage, but they are relatively expensive and tend to be favored by large,
`irregular route truckload carriers which have reported significant increases in productivity from
`system use. Regardless of the technology used, the challenge for truck fleet operators is the full
`integration of the information provided by the systems with their operations. In the transition to
`a high degree of information integration, three distinct steps or levels can be identified. First, the
`dispatcher's work is eased and made more efficient. The communications system plays a key
`role because the basic source of information is the moving vehicle. Then, information is shared
`between different departments within the trucking firm. Finally, interorganizational links between
`the trucking firm and its customers are established. Firms in the industry have always strived
`for information integration at these levels. What is new is the possibility of a much higher level
`of information automation and integration. The implications of trucking industry trends for IVHS
`
`.
`
`.
`
`#0: eS.Ch_O1aI-S_h1P
`3...’:
`UFWIVGFSW Oi Calllbmla
`
`'
`
`eScho|arship provides open access,
`
`services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
`research platform to scholars worldwide.
`
`scholarly publishing
`
`Liberty Mutual Exhibit 1016
`
`Page 000001
`
`
`
`programs may be summed up in two observations. Managers of trucking firms are interested in
`improved productivity, service improvements, and cost reductions. Highway agency professionals
`are interested in improved facility operations. But the mutual interests of firms and IVHS-interested
`agencies appear to fall through the cracks, so to speak. Trucking firms are achieving higher and
`higher levels of information-enabled integration. The potential for integration of information from
`the trucking industry has not yet been considered by the IVHS community.
`
`0 I
`
`.3‘. .3. escholarship
`.0
`0.
`I
`I
`I
`I
`3%.’:
`U“'Ver3'W of Ca"f0m'a
`
`scholarly publishing
`escholarship provides open access,
`services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic
`research platform to scholars worldwide.
`
`Page 000002
`
`
`
`Program on Advanced Technology for the Highway
`INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
`UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY
`
`Communications and Positioning Systems
`in the Motor Carrier Industry
`
`Dimitris A. Scapinakis
`William L. Garrison
`
`PATH Research Report
`UCB-ITS-PRR-91-10
`
`This work was performed as part of the Program on Advanced
`Technology for the Highway (PATH) of the University of California,
`in cooperation with the State of California, Business and Transportation
`Agency, Department of Transportation, and the United States Department
`of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
`
`The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are
`responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein.
`The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of
`the State of California. This report does not constitute a standard.
`specification, or regulation.
`
`ISSN 1055- 1425
`
`Page 000003
`
`
`
`This paper has been mechanically scanned. Some
`errors may have been inadvertently introduced.
`
`Page 000004
`
`
`
`COMMUNICATIONS AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS IN THE
`
`MOTOR CARRIER
`
`INDUSTRY
`
`Dimitris A. Scapinakis
`
`William L. Ganison
`
`Page 000005
`
`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Table of Contents
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`1
`
`iii
`
`List of Figures .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`111
`
`List of Tables
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`IV
`
`Abstract
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Acronyms andAbbreViations .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`V
`
`V11
`
`Preface
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`1
`
`1 INTRODUCTION .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`3
`
`2 THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`3 POSITION REPORTING AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`8
`
`4 POSITION REPORTING SYSTEMS
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`11
`
`12
`
`4.1
`
`PROXIMITY SYSTEMS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`4.2 RADIODETERMINATION SYSTEMS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`14
`
`15
`
`4.2.1 LORAN-C .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`4.2.2 Satellite Based Systems .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`15
`
`17
`
`4.2.2.1
`
`The Global Positioning System (GPS) .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`4.2.2.2 QUALCOMM’S QASPR .
`
`4.2.2.3 Geostar’s RDSS Proposal
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`19
`
`19
`
`21
`
`5 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.1 LANDBASEDSYSTEMS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`21
`
`21
`
`5.1.1 Meteor Burst
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.1.2 Telephone and Cellular Systems
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`22
`
`24
`
`5.1.3 Voice Radios and Beyond .
`
`5.1.4 On-Board Recorders .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`26
`
`27
`
`5.2 SATELLITE BASED SYSTEMS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.2.1 Qualcomm’s OmniTRACS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`29
`
`32
`
`5.2.2 Geostar _
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.2.3 The American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC)
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`33
`
`34
`
`5.2.4 INMARSAT .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.3
`
`EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`5.4 EMERGING SYSTEMS AND SYSTEM PROPOSALS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`34
`
`36
`
`Page 000006
`
`
`
`6 USES AND EXPERIENCES .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`6.1
`
`SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`41
`
`43
`
`46
`
`6.2 LONG HAUL OPERATIONS .
`
`6.3 THE HELP PROJECT .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`49
`
`52
`
`7 LESSONS .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`7.1 FLEET OPERATORS: AUTOMATE OR INFORMATE?
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`7.2 THE AUTO-TRUCK HIGHWAY SYSTEM .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`52
`
`56
`
`61
`
`8 CLOSURE .
`
`REFERENCES
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`62
`
`APPENDIX:
`
`TOWARD IVHS ORIENTED MONITORING OF THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY’S
`
`ADOPTION AND USE OF POSITION AND COIVHVIUNICATION SYSTEMS .
`
`66
`
`Page 000007
`
`
`
`List of Figures
`
`1 The Trucking Industry .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`4
`
`7
`
`2 Major Uses of Trucks
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`13
`
`3 Example proximity systems _
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`4 Mobile Satellite Communications
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`28
`
`29
`
`5 Keyboard and Display Unit .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`30
`
`6 The Qualcomm System .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`7 The PROMETHEUS Project
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`37
`
`42
`
`8 Communications systems used by fleets of all classes .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`9 Market Penetration by Selected Communications Systems
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`43
`
`44
`
`10 Market share of selected communications technologies .
`
`11 Cf€SC€I1tAPP1icati0ns
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`51
`
`54
`
`.
`
`12 Screen from a level I computer program .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`1 Positioning and Communications Systems Discussed .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`10
`
`List of Tables
`
`iii
`
`Page 000008
`
`
`
`Abstract
`
`Until recently, truck drivers and their dispatchers have relied on public telephones and voice radio
`
`systems to communicate with each other.
`
`Today, however, vendors are beginning to offer new
`
`technologies for determining the positions of trucks and communications to and from trucks. Eighteen
`
`systems and their implications for the industry and intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) activities
`
`are reviewed in this paper.
`
`Some of the newer communications and/or positioning systems are in the proposal stage. Others
`
`are available with not yet fully developed capability or only in limited markets.
`
`Some other systems,
`
`such as cellular telephones or modern voice radio, represent recent improvements of existing systems.
`
`New satellite based systems offer the most comprehensive coverage, but they are relatively expensive and
`
`tend to be favored by large, irregular route truckload carriers which have reported significant increases
`
`in productivity from system use.
`
`Regardless of the technology used, the challenge for truck fleet operators is the full integration
`
`of the information provided by the systems with their operations.
`
`In the transition to a high degree of
`
`information integration, three distinct steps or levels can be identified. First, the dispatcher’s work is
`
`eased and made more efficient. The communications system plays a key role because the basic source
`
`of information is the moving vehicle. Then, information is shared between different departments within
`
`the trucking firm. Finally, interorganizational links between the trucking firm and its customers are
`
`established. Firms in the industry have always strived for information integration at these levels. What
`
`is new is the possibility of a much higher level of information automation and integration.
`
`The implications of trucking industry trends for IVHS programs may be summed up in two
`
`observations. Managers of trucking firms are interested in improved productivity, service improvements,
`
`and cost reductions. Highway agency professionals are interested in improved facility operations. But
`
`the mutual interests of firms and IVHS-interested agencies appear to fall through the cracks, so to speak.
`
`Trucking firms are achieving higher and higher levels of information-enabled integration. The potential
`
`for integration of information from the trucking industry has not yet been considered by the IVHS
`
`community.
`
`iv
`
`Page 000009
`
`
`
`AAR
`
`ACTS
`
`AEI
`
`AMSC
`
`ATA
`
`AVI
`
`AVLS
`
`CDMA
`
`CTA
`
`c V o
`
`DRIVE
`
`EDI
`
`EMBARC
`
`EUROFRET
`
`FCC
`
`FLEET
`
`GPS
`
`GSM
`
`HELP
`
`ICC
`
`IMO
`
`IVHS
`
`JIT
`
`LEO
`
`LTL
`
`MIS
`
`MSAT
`
`MSS
`
`NMF
`
`Acronyms and Abbreviations
`
`Association of American Railroads
`
`Advanced Communications Technology Satellite
`
`Automatic Equipment Identification
`
`American Mobile Satellite Corporation
`
`American Trucking Associations
`
`Automatic Vehicle Identification
`
`Automatic Vehicle Location System
`
`Code-Division Multiple Access
`
`California Trucking Association
`
`Commercial Vehicle Operations
`
`Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe
`
`Electromc Data Interchange
`
`Electronic Mail Broadcast to a Roaming Computer
`
`A European System for International Road Freight Operations
`
`Federal Communications Commission
`
`Freight and Logistics Efforts for European Traffic
`
`Global Positioning System
`
`Groupe Special Mobile
`
`Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate
`
`Interstate Commerce Commission
`
`International Maritime Organization
`
`Intelligent Vehicle Highway System
`
`Just-In-Time
`
`Low Earth Orbit
`
`Less-than-Truckload
`
`Management Information System
`
`Mobile Satellite
`
`Mobile Satellite System
`
`Network Management Facility
`
`Page 000010
`
`
`
`OBR
`
`PCN
`
`PPS
`
`On-Board Recorders
`
`Personal Communication Networks
`
`Precision Positioning Service
`
`PROMETHEUS
`
`Program for European Traffic with Highest Efficiency and Unprecedented Safety
`
`QASPR
`
`QCOM
`
`RDSS
`
`RTI
`
`SMR
`
`sps
`
`TDMA
`
`TL
`
`VISTA
`
`VTS
`
`Qualcomm Automatic Satellite Position Reporting
`
`Qualcomm Communication Manager
`
`Radio Determination Satellite System
`
`Road Transport Informatics
`
`Specialized Mobile Radio
`
`Standard Positioning Service
`
`Tirne-Division Multiple Access
`
`TruckLoad
`
`Vehicle Information Status Terminal Accessory
`
`Vehicle Tracking System
`
`vi
`
`Page 000011
`
`
`
`Preface
`
`The research reported in this document began in the Fall of 1990 and was largely completed by
`
`the end of July 1991. The work divided broadly into two monitoring and two analysis efforts.
`
`Technology development and the technology adoption process were monitored. Analyses were made of
`
`implications for the trucking industry and for IVHS activities. A report describing the work plan was
`
`circulated for discussion shortly after work was initiated (Studies of the Adoption and Use of Location
`
`and Communication Technologies by the Trucking Industry. UCB-ITS-PRR-91-2).
`
`The research was fascinating, yet frustrating.
`
`It was fascinating because the challenge was to
`
`make sense of diverse stories. There are many types of trucking firms operating in diverse markets.
`
`Suppliers of positioning and communications devices are competing by offering differing products and
`
`services. There is limited information on technology adoption and use, and the information that is
`
`available has a “first impact” character. At the same time, IVHS programs are beginning to consider
`
`commercial vehicle operations, building in part from established programs such as the Crescent/Heavy
`
`Vehicle Electronic License Plate (HELP) program.
`
`Technology development and use extends beyond IVHS and the trucking industry. The uses of
`
`automatic identification technologies have expanded in all industry sectors. For instance, bar codes are
`
`found on the identification bracelets worn by hospital patients and on the motherboards in personal
`
`computers, in addition to their familiar appearance on grocery and many other products. Several years
`
`ago ocean containers began to be tagged with identification devices, and the devices are becoming the
`
`standard for both rail and trucking,
`
`The diverse and expanding activities tell many interesting stories, yet the research was frustrating.
`
`The research problem was to tease out the themes running through the stories, and that proved not to be
`
`easy. The diversity of the trucking industry and the technology yielded many stories to be told--so many
`
`that when writing this report a tightrope had to be walked between extensive description and not enough
`
`said. More difficult was the task of interpreting exciting stories, some of which were about firms using
`
`new technology to great advantage. Another story was about a neural-network, high resolution scarming
`
`system for equipment identification. Crescent, Advantage I-75, and other IVHS-related activities also
`
`told exciting stories. In particular, the evolution of the Crescent project said a lot about what needed to
`
`be done to take technology off the shelf.
`
`It was tempting to tell such stories, but inappropriate because the evidence was fragmentary and
`
`Page 000012
`
`
`
`incomplete.
`
`It was not clear how the stories and inferences from them represent industry, technology,
`
`and IVHS trends. It is too early to know, or even guess, how these stories will proceed to their ends.
`
`For instance, will the interests of the IVHS community and the trucking community diverge or converge?
`
`Will many technologies bloom or will a single predominant technology push all others aside? Again, it’s
`
`too early to either know or make good guesses about these matters.
`
`Given ‘this situation, wait-and-see is a tempting strategy. But it might be a costly strategy, for
`
`trucks are major highway facility users and potential recipients of benefits from IVHS programs. Perhaps
`
`the appropriate strategy is to watch and identify and interpret trends as early as practicable.
`
`viii
`
`Page 000013
`
`
`
`COMMUNICATIONS AND POSITIONING SYSTEMS IN
`
`THE MOTOR CARRIER INDUSTRY
`
`1.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The convergence of telecommunications and computing has led researchers in many fields to
`
`investigate and speculate on development possibilities. Transportation researchers have increased their
`
`interest in the relationship between transportation and information technology. Today, many expect
`
`communications to facilitate the flow of vehicles on urban road networks. Some researchers focus on
`
`issues of travel substitution and travel complementarily. Will interactive computing substitute for the
`
`journey to work? Might improved communications interact with and reenforce the need for travel?
`
`Within the context of the freight transportation industry, attention is usually on increasing productivity
`
`and improving company management. All these issues are different aspects of the same problem: How
`
`can emerging technologies contribute to a better transportation product?
`
`Advancements in telecommunications technology have made it increasingly affordable for
`
`commercial vehicles to be equipped with communications devices. Devices vary from simple voice radios
`
`to sophisticated satellite transceivers. Regardless of the technology used, the first outcome of technology
`
`adoption is improved communication between drivers and dispatchers (i.e., more timely and precise, as
`
`well as less costly).
`
`In the motor carrier industry environment where competitive pressures are great,
`
`the second outcome is the merging of improved communications capabilities with complementary efforts
`
`to improve productivity and services. These complementary internal efforts include computer aided
`
`dispatching, improved equipment monitoring, and driver training and monitoring. There are also
`
`complementary activities between trucking firms and their customers, such as electronic data interchange
`
`and tight scheduling of shipment movements to meet customers’ needs.
`
`The chief purpose of the investigations reported here is to explore a third outcome of the adoption
`
`of improved communication devices:
`
`the complementarily of the industry’s activities and highway agency
`
`IVHS efforts in the U.S., Japan, and Europe aimed at managing congestion problems. Congestion
`
`problems include recurring congestion in urban areas and event-caused congestion in both urban and rural
`
`areas. Both short and long term efforts to improve congestion management are underway.
`
`Page 000014