Exhibit 1016
`
`Liberty
`Mutual
`
`Exhibit
`
`1016
`
`7..-, ____.#_.._._.__. ._‘_fi_._._ -...._._..
`
`,___
`
`3»
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`._._
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`Page 000001
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`

`
`
`
`AUTOMOTIVE
`
`ELECTRONICS
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`
`Ronald K. Jurgen Editorin Chief
`
`McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`Ne-wVork SanFrancisco Washington,D‘C Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Me>(icoCity Milan
`Montreal NewDe|hi SanJuan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
`Page 000002
`
`

`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Automotive electronics handbook / Ronald Jurgen. editor in chief.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-07-033189-8
`l. Automobiles—Electronic equipment.
`TL272.5.A982
`1994
`629.25'49—-dc
`
`I. Jurgen, Ronald K.
`
`9439724
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1995 by McGraw-Hill. Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
`Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or dis-
`tributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval
`system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`1234567890 AGM/AGM 90987654
`
`ISBN 0—07«033I8‘)—8
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S. Chapman, the editing
`supervisor was Virginia Carroll, and the production supervisor was
`Suzanne W B. Rapcavage. It was set in Times Roman by North Market
`Street Graphics.
`
`Printed and boimd by/lrcata Graphics/Martinsburg.
`
`McGraw—I-Iill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as pre~
`miums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For
`more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw—
`Hill, Inc.. 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 100! 1. Or Contact your local
`bookstore.
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw—
`Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
`MCG raw—Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or complete
`ness of any information published herein. and neither McGraw
`Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions,
`or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is
`published with the understanding that MeGraw-Hill and its authors
`are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engi-
`neering or other professional
`services.
`If such services are
`required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be
`
`sought.
`
`This book is printed on acid—free paper.
`
`Page 000003
`
`

`
`11.24
`
`CONTROL SYSTEMS
`
`Ambient temperature under bias (TA) refers to the temperature range that the microeon-
`troller is guaranteed to operate at within a given application. While powered—up or operating,
`a microeontroller must not be subjected to temperatures that exceed its specified ambient
`temperature range.The most common ambient temperature ranges in industry are:
`Commercial
`0 to +70 °C
`Extended
`—40 to +85 °C
`Automotive
`—40 to +125 °C
`
`MEMORY
`
`Microcontrollers execute customized programs that are written by the user. These programs
`are stored in either on—chip or off—ehip memory and are often referred to as the uscr’s code. On-
`chip memory is actually integrated onto the same piece of silicon as the microcontroller and is
`accessed over the internal data bus. Off—chip memory exists on a separately packaged piece of
`silicon and is typically accessed by the microeontroller over an external address/data bus
`A memory map shows how memory addresses are arranged in a particular microeon-
`troller. Figure 11.19 shows a typical microeontroller memory map.
`
`Address
`
`1
`
`Memory Function
`
`Extemal Memory
`
`zoooh
`
`lntemal ROM/EPROM or Extemal Memory
`(lntenupt vednre, 008's, Security Kay, Reeorved ioceflone, etc.)
`
`1FFFh
`
`1‘
`i
`i
`‘_.__ll:9°_"‘__l ,
`‘
`1EFFh
`‘
`3
`’
`
`0600h
`
`lntemal Special Function Registers (SFR‘s)
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`.
`.
`_
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`.
`_
`_
`,
`,
`
`,
`
`External Memory
`
`o5i=i=h
`
`'
`
`’
`
`'
`
`'
`
`’
`
`‘
`
`'
`
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`"
`
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`
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`
`‘
`
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`
`‘
`
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`
`'
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`‘
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`‘
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`
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`
`'
`
`°3FFh
`
`_
`.
`
`;
`‘
`
`.
`.
`
`00FFh
`
`.9109?! _
`,
`. .231 .
`1 h
`7
`O00Oh
`
`.
`
`Register RAM
`
`_
`.
`
`_
`.
`,
`_
`_
`,
`,
`_
`“°9"‘°' RAM
`,
`,
`_
`_
`.
`_
`_
`.
`cpu SFRs
`
`Upper Register Flle (Address
`E with indirect or Indexed
`
`_
`,
`
`_ H1969?9r_fiir9u,9h_w!n¢9ws;>_ Rem,
`’ Lower Register File
`(Address with direct,
`,
`Indirect or indexed
`'“°"°‘-l
`
`'''''°
`
`FIGURE 11.19 Microcontroller memory map‘
`
`Page 000004
`
`

`
`AUTOMOTIVE MI(TR()(,‘()N'l‘ROI_LERS
`
`11.25
`
`Memory is commonly referred to in terms of Kbytes of memory. One Kbyte is defined as
`1024 bytes of data. Memory is most commonly arranged in bytes which consist of 8 bits of
`data. For instance, a common automotive EPROM is referred to as a “256k X 8 EPROM". This
`EPROM contains 256-Kbytes 8-bit memory locations or 2.097.152 bits of information.
`
`11.2.1 On-Chip Memory
`
`On—chip microeontroller memory consists of some mix of five basic types: random access mem-
`ory (RAM),read—only memory (ROM), erasable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM
`(EPROM). and flash memory. RAM is typically utilized for run—time variable storage and
`SFRS. The various types of ROM are generally used for code storage and fixed data tables.
`The advantages of on—chip memory are numerous, especially for automotive applications,
`which are very size and cost conscious. Utilizing on—chip memory eliminates the need for
`external memory and the “glue” logic necessary to implement an address/data bus system.
`External memory systems are also notorious generators of switching noise and RFI due to
`their high clock rates and fast switching times. Providing sufficient on—chip memory helps to
`greatly reduce these concerns.
`
`RAM. RAM may be defined as memory that has both read and write capabilities so that the
`stored information can be retrieved (read) and changed by applying new information to the
`cell (write). RAM found on microcontrollers is that of the static type that uses transistor cells
`connected as flip—flops.A typical six—transistor CMOS RAM cell is shown in Fig. 11.2(). lt eon~
`sists of two cross—coupled CMOS inverters to store the data and two transmission gates, which
`provide the data path into or out of the eell.Tlie most significant characteristic of static mem-
`ory is that it loses its memory contents once power is removed. After power is removed. and
`once it is reapplied, static microeontroller RAM locations will revert to their default state of
`a logic “0”. Because of the number of transistors used to construct a single cell, RAM mem-
`ory is typically larger per bit than EPROM or ROM memory.
`Although code typically cannot be executed from register RAM. a special type of RAM
`often referred to as code RAM is useful for downloading small segments of executable code.
`The difference between code and register RAM is that code RAM can be accessed via the
`
`V00
`
`Va:
`
`3%»
`
`«~13
`
`In column
`
`’
`
`’
`
`3
`
`In column
`
`Transmission 909
`*°R/W='°'-
`
`E
`
`11
`
`Transrnlsslon Gama
`tnRlW='0'.
`
`FIGURE 11.20 CMOS RAM memory cell.
`
`V3:
`
`V5:
`
`Page 000005