`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`Case1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`Document137
`Filed12/01/17
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
`
`
`
`INDEX NO. 650476/2018INDEX NO. 650476/2018
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`1 of6
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`SDNY
`USDC
`DOCUMENT
`ELECTRONICALLY
`DOC #:
`DATE
`
`FILED:
`
`FILED
`
`December
`
`1, 2017
`
`16-cv-7820
`
`(KBF)
`
`OPINION
`
`& ORDER
`
`x
`
`:
`
`:
`
`: :
`
`: :
`
`:
`
`:
`
`:
`X
`
`COURT
`UNITED
`DISTRICT
`STATES
`OF NEW YORK
`SOUTHERN
`DISTRICT
`______________________________________________________________
`
`MICHAEL
`"MICHAEL
`
`KRECHMER,
`MALICE,"
`
`a/k/a
`
`Plaintiff,
`
`-v-
`
`ANDREA
`ASTERO,LLC,
`
`K. TANTAROS
`
`and
`
`-------------------------------------------------------------
`
`Defendants.
`
`KATHERINE
`
`B. FORREST,
`
`District
`
`Judge:
`
`The
`
`history
`
`of
`
`this
`
`case
`
`is
`
`long
`
`and
`
`winding.
`
`Plaintiff
`
`first
`
`commenced
`
`this
`
`action
`
`against
`
`defendants
`
`Andrea
`
`Tantaros
`
`("Tantaros")
`
`and
`
`Astero,
`
`LLC
`
`("Astero")
`
`(collectively,
`
`"defendants"
`"defendants")
`
`on October
`
`6, 2016,
`
`asserting
`
`both
`
`copyright
`
`and
`
`breach
`
`of
`
`contract
`
`claims
`
`related
`
`to
`
`authorship
`
`of Tantaros's
`
`book
`
`"Tied
`
`Up
`
`in
`
`Compl.,
`
`ECF
`
`No.
`
`For
`
`reasons
`
`that
`
`are
`
`irrelevant
`
`to
`
`this
`
`Opinion
`
`Knots."
`
`(See
`
`the
`
`111.)
`
`& Order,
`
`case
`
`proceeded
`
`under
`
`seal
`
`from
`
`that
`
`date
`
`until
`
`August
`
`9, 2017.
`
`(See
`
`ECF Nos.46,
`
`53.)
`
`On October
`
`2, 2017,
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`dismissed
`
`plaintiff's
`
`federal
`
`copyright
`
`claims
`
`and
`
`granted
`
`plaintiff
`
`leave
`
`to
`
`file
`
`an
`
`amended
`
`complaint
`
`that
`
`included
`
`a sufficient
`
`basis
`
`for
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`(See
`
`ECF
`
`No.
`
`116.)
`
`Plaintiff
`
`duly
`
`filed
`
`an
`
`amended
`
`complaint
`
`(the
`
`"First
`
`Amended
`
`Complaint"
`
`or
`
`"FAC")
`
`on October
`
`11,
`
`2017,
`
`asserting
`
`diversity
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`(See
`
`FAC,
`
`ECF
`
`No.
`
`123.)
`
`Currently
`
`before
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`is
`
`defendant's
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss
`
`the
`
`FAC
`
`for
`
`lack
`
`of
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`(ECF
`
`No.
`
`126.)
`
`This
`
`Opinion
`
`R Order
`
`does
`
`not
`
`
`
`
`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`137
`12/01/17
`Case
`Document
`Filed
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
`
`
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`INDEX NO. 650476/2018INDEX NO. 650476/2018
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`address
`
`the
`
`substantive
`
`merits
`
`of plaintiff's
`
`FAC,
`
`but
`
`rather
`
`is
`
`directed
`
`to
`
`the
`
`threshold
`
`issue
`
`of whether
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`has
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction
`
`over
`
`the
`
`remaining
`
`breach
`
`of
`
`contract
`
`claims.
`
`Because
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`concludes
`
`that
`
`it
`
`does
`
`not,
`
`defendant's
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss
`
`is GRANTED.
`
`I.
`
`LEGAL
`
`PRINCIPLES
`
`It
`
`is well-established
`
`that
`
`this
`
`Court,
`
`like
`
`all
`
`federal
`
`courts,
`
`is
`
`one
`
`of
`
`limited
`
`for
`
`dismissal
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`As
`
`such,
`
`Federal
`
`Rule
`
`of Civil
`
`Procedure
`
`12(b)(1)
`
`provides
`
`of a claim
`
`where
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`lacks
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`See
`
`Fed.
`
`R. Civ.
`
`P.
`
`12(b)(1).
`
`By
`
`virtue
`
`of 28 U.S.C.
`
`§ 1332,
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`has
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction
`
`over
`
`actions
`
`between
`
`"citizens
`
`of
`
`different
`
`States."
`
`"[D]iversity
`
`jurisdiction
`
`is
`
`available
`
`only
`
`when
`
`all
`
`adverse
`
`parties
`
`to
`
`a litigation
`
`are
`
`completely
`
`diverse
`
`in
`
`their
`
`citizenships."
`
`Herrick
`
`251
`
`F.3d
`
`322
`
`(2d
`
`2001).
`
`Co.
`
`v. SCS
`
`Comme'ns,
`
`Inc.,
`
`315,
`
`Cir.
`
`A person's
`
`"domicile"
`
`determines
`
`his
`
`or
`
`her
`
`citizenship.
`
`Palazzo
`
`ex
`
`rel.
`
`De Image
`
`v.
`
`Corio,
`
`232
`
`F.3d
`
`38,
`
`41-42
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`2000).
`
`The
`
`Second
`
`Circuit
`
`defines
`
`domicile
`
`as
`
`"the
`
`place
`
`where
`
`a person
`
`has
`
`his
`
`true
`
`fixed
`
`home
`
`and
`
`principal
`
`establishment,
`
`and
`
`to which,
`
`whenever
`
`he
`
`is
`
`absent,
`
`he
`
`has
`
`the
`
`intention
`
`of
`
`returning."
`
`Id.
`
`at
`
`42.
`
`It
`
`is
`
`an
`
`action
`
`well
`
`settled
`
`that
`
`diversity,
`
`and
`
`in
`
`turn
`
`domicile,
`
`is
`
`assessed
`
`as
`
`of
`
`the
`
`time
`
`is
`
`commenced.
`
`See,
`
`e.g.,
`
`—
`Freeport-McMoRan,
`
`Inc.
`
`v. KN Energy,
`
`Inc.,
`
`498
`
`U.S.
`
`426,
`
`428
`
`(1991).
`
`The
`
`plaintiff
`
`bears
`
`the
`
`burden
`
`of proving
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction
`
`by
`
`a
`
`preponderance
`
`of
`
`the
`
`evidence.
`
`See
`
`Lujan
`
`v. Defenders
`
`of Wildlife,
`
`504
`
`U.S.
`
`555,
`
`561
`
`(1992);
`
`Aurecchione
`
`v. Schoolman
`
`Transp.
`
`. Sys.,
`
`Inc.,
`
`426
`
`F.3d
`
`635,
`
`638
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`
`
`
`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`137
`12/01/17
`Case
`Document
`Filed
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
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`
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`INDEX NO. 650476/2018INDEX NO. 650476/2018
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`2005);
`
`see
`
`also
`
`Amidax
`
`Trading
`
`Grp.
`
`. v. S.W.I.F.T.
`
`SCRL,
`
`671
`
`F.3d
`
`140,
`
`145
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`2011)
`
`("[T]o
`
`survive
`
`[defendant's]
`
`Rule
`
`12(b)(1)
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss,
`
`[plaintiff]
`
`must
`
`allege
`
`facts
`
`that
`
`affirmatively
`
`and
`
`plausibly
`
`that
`
`it
`
`has
`
`standing
`
`to
`
`sue.")
`
`When
`
`a
`
`factual
`
`challenge
`
`to
`
`the
`
`court's
`
`jurisdiction
`
`has
`
`been
`
`raised,
`
`"the
`
`court
`
`may
`
`resolve
`
`disputed
`
`jurisdictional
`
`fact
`
`issues
`
`to
`
`evidence
`
`outside
`
`of
`
`the
`
`[any]
`
`pleadings."
`
`by
`
`referring
`
`Zappia
`
`Middle
`
`East
`
`Constr.
`
`Co.
`
`v. Emirate
`
`of Abu
`
`Dhabi,
`
`215
`
`F.3d
`
`247,
`
`253
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`2000).
`
`In
`
`resolving
`
`such
`
`challenges,
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`must
`
`construe
`
`all
`
`ambiguities
`
`and
`
`draw
`
`all
`
`inferences
`
`in
`
`plaintiff's
`
`favor.
`
`See Makarova
`
`v. United
`
`States,
`
`201
`
`F.3d
`
`110,
`
`113
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`2000).
`
`II.
`
`DISCUSSION
`
`It
`
`is undisputed
`
`that
`
`plaintiff
`
`is
`
`a citizen
`
`of New
`
`York.
`
`(See
`
`FAC
`
`¶ 1.)
`
`The
`
`is
`
`the
`
`of
`
`defendant
`
`only
`
`dispute
`
`here
`
`citizenship
`
`Tantaros.
`
`If Tantaros
`
`was
`
`a citizen
`
`of New Jersey
`
`at
`
`the
`
`time
`
`this
`
`action
`
`was
`
`filed,
`
`complete
`
`diversity
`
`exists
`
`under
`
`28
`
`U.S.C.
`
`§ 1332
`
`and
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`has
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction
`
`over
`
`plaintiff's
`
`claims.
`
`If
`
`she
`
`was
`
`a citizen
`
`of New
`
`York,
`
`however,
`
`complete
`
`diversity
`
`is
`
`destroyed,
`
`and
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`lacks
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction.
`
`See
`
`Herrick
`
`Co.,
`
`251
`
`F.3d
`
`at
`
`322.
`
`The
`
`on
`
`of
`
`Tantaros
`
`was
`
`a
`
`Court
`
`concludes
`
`based
`
`a preponderance
`
`the
`
`evidence
`
`that
`
`citizen
`
`of New York
`
`at
`
`the
`
`time
`
`this
`
`action
`
`was
`
`filed,
`
`and
`
`therefore
`
`defendant's
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss
`
`must
`
`be
`
`granted.
`
`The
`
`FAC
`
`alleges
`
`that
`
`Tantaros
`
`"resides
`
`and
`
`is
`
`domiciled
`
`in
`
`the
`
`State
`
`of New
`
`Jersey."
`
`(FAC
`
`¶ 2.)
`
`In
`
`support
`
`of
`
`that,
`
`the
`
`FAC
`
`further
`
`alleges
`
`that
`
`"[w]hen
`
`Plaintiff's
`
`process
`
`server
`
`attempted
`
`to
`
`serve
`
`Ms.
`
`Tantaros
`
`at
`
`[154 W.
`
`70th
`
`Street
`
`in
`
`
`
`
`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`137
`12/01/17
`Case
`Document
`Filed
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
`
`
`
`INDEX NO. 650476/2018INDEX NO. 650476/2018
`
`4 of 6
`Page
`
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`New
`
`York,
`
`New
`
`York]
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. he was
`
`informed
`
`by
`
`the
`
`person
`
`in
`
`charge
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`that
`
`she
`
`no
`
`longer
`
`lived
`
`there."
`
`(Id.
`
`¶ 12,
`
`Ex.
`
`2.)
`
`Plaintiff
`
`also
`
`points
`
`to
`
`the
`
`fact
`
`that:
`
`(1)
`
`Tantaros
`
`previously
`
`asserted
`
`New York
`
`and New Jersey
`
`residence
`
`in
`
`a separate
`
`case
`
`in
`
`the
`
`District
`
`of New
`
`Jersey;
`
`(2)
`
`a report
`
`submitted
`
`in
`
`a separate
`
`case
`
`in
`
`this
`
`district
`
`asserted
`
`that
`
`had
`
`
`
`address"address"
`
`of
`
`Beach
`
`Tantaros
`
`a "current
`
`16 W Joan
`
`Rd,
`
`Haven,
`
`NJ
`
`08008;
`
`and
`
`(3)
`
`Tantaros
`
`"has
`
`been
`
`found
`
`in Beach
`
`Haven,
`
`New Jersey,
`
`since
`
`at
`
`least
`
`2015."
`
`(Id.
`
`¶¶
`
`16,
`
`19.)
`
`In
`
`response,
`
`defendants
`
`have
`
`submitted
`
`two
`
`declarations
`
`demonstrating
`
`Tantaros
`
`"rents
`
`an
`
`apartment
`
`in New York,
`
`has
`
`New
`
`York
`
`voter
`
`registration,
`
`that
`
`pays
`
`New
`
`York
`
`city
`
`and
`
`state
`
`taxes,
`
`has
`
`her
`
`bank
`
`account
`
`in New York,
`
`has
`
`a New York
`
`and
`
`has
`
`her
`
`car
`
`registered
`
`and
`
`insured
`
`York."
`
`(Mem.
`
`of
`
`driver's
`
`license,
`
`Law
`
`in
`
`Supp.
`
`of
`
`Defs.'
`
`Mot.
`
`to Dismiss
`
`the
`
`Amend.
`
`Compl.
`
`in New
`
`("Defs.'
`
`Mot.")
`
`at
`
`10, ECF
`
`No.
`
`127;
`
`see
`
`also
`
`Decl.
`
`of Martha
`
`B. Stolley
`
`("Stolley
`
`Decl."),
`
`ECF
`
`No.
`
`128;
`
`Decl.
`
`of
`
`Andrea
`
`Tantaros
`
`("Tantaros
`
`Decl."),
`
`ECF
`
`No.
`
`129.)
`
`Those
`
`declarations
`
`are
`
`consistent
`
`with
`
`Tantaros's
`
`original
`
`Local
`
`Rule
`
`26.1
`
`("
`("Rule
`
`26.1")
`
`response
`
`(dated
`
`November
`
`1, 2016),
`
`which
`
`asserts
`
`that
`
`"[a]lthough
`
`I
`
`rent
`
`a vacation
`
`home
`
`in New
`
`residence
`
`is
`
`York
`
`the
`
`State
`
`Jersey
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. my primary
`
`in New
`
`State,
`
`in which,
`
`among
`
`other
`
`things,
`
`I
`
`rent
`
`an
`
`apartment,
`
`I am registered
`
`to
`
`vote,
`
`I pay
`
`city
`
`and
`
`state
`
`taxes,
`
`I
`
`register
`
`my car
`
`and
`
`pay
`
`insurance."
`
`(See
`
`Stolley
`
`Decl.
`
`Ex.
`
`1.)
`
`Plaintiff
`
`has
`
`not
`
`submitted
`
`any
`
`evidence
`
`or
`
`declaration
`
`to
`
`rebut
`
`defendants'
`
`assertions.
`
`Instead,
`
`plaintiff
`
`relies
`
`on
`
`the
`
`allegations
`
`contained
`
`in
`
`the
`
`FAC,
`
`argues
`
`that
`
`Tantaros's
`
`original
`
`Rule
`
`26.1
`
`response
`
`was
`
`"irregular"
`
`and
`
`"insufficient",
`
`and
`
`
`
`
`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`137
`12/01/17
`Case
`Document
`Filed
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
`
`
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`argues
`
`that
`
`while
`
`"the
`
`exhibits
`
`attached
`
`to
`
`the
`
`declarations
`
`of Tantaros
`
`and
`
`her
`
`counsel
`
`provide
`
`indicia
`
`that,
`
`at
`
`some
`
`point,
`
`Tantaros
`
`may
`
`have
`
`been
`
`a New
`
`York
`
`domiciliary",
`
`"they
`
`do
`
`not
`
`prove
`
`she
`
`was
`
`a New York
`
`domiciliary
`
`at
`
`the moment
`
`the
`
`case
`
`was
`
`filed."
`
`(Pl.'s
`
`Opp'n
`
`to
`
`Defs.'
`
`Mot.
`
`to Dismiss
`
`the
`
`Amend.
`
`Compl.
`
`("Pl.'s
`
`Mem.")
`
`at
`
`6-8,
`
`ECF No.
`
`132.)
`
`This
`
`Court
`
`disagrees
`
`on
`
`all
`
`fronts.
`
`First,
`
`although
`
`there
`
`may
`
`have
`
`been
`
`minor
`
`technical
`
`defaults
`
`with
`
`Tantaros'
`
`original
`
`Rule
`
`26.1
`
`response,
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`finds
`
`its
`
`contents
`
`highly
`
`probative
`
`of Tantaros's
`
`domicile
`
`as
`
`of
`
`the
`
`time
`
`this
`
`action
`
`was
`
`filed.
`
`Combined
`
`with
`
`the
`
`strong
`
`and
`
`consistent
`
`evidence
`
`contained
`
`in
`
`the
`
`Stolley
`
`and
`
`Tantaros
`
`declarations,
`
`and
`
`the
`
`comparative
`
`paucity
`
`of
`
`support
`
`for
`
`plaintiffs
`
`allegation
`
`that
`
`Tantaros
`
`is
`
`a domicile
`
`of New Jersey
`
`a "double
`
`hearsay
`
`statement[]
`
`of
`
`someone
`
`who
`
`told
`
`Plaintiffs
`
`process
`
`(including
`
`server
`
`that
`
`Ms.
`
`Tantaros
`
`used
`
`to
`
`live
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`in
`
`a particular
`
`building
`
`in New York
`
`City"
`
`and
`
`the
`
`address
`
`of Tantaros's
`
`vacation
`
`home),
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`easily
`
`concludes
`
`by
`
`a
`
`preponderance
`
`of
`
`the
`
`evidence
`
`that
`
`Tantaros
`
`was
`
`a domicile
`
`and
`
`citizen
`
`of New
`
`York
`
`at
`
`the
`
`time
`
`this
`
`action
`
`was
`
`filed.
`
`Accordingly,
`
`this
`
`Court
`
`lacks
`
`subject
`
`matter
`
`jurisdiction,
`
`and
`
`defendants'
`defendants
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss
`
`is GRANTED.
`
`The
`
`Court
`
`further
`
`concludes
`
`that
`
`jurisdictional
`
`is unwarranted
`
`discovery
`
`here,
`
`and
`
`that
`
`plaintiff
`
`should
`
`not
`
`be
`
`granted
`
`leave
`
`to
`
`further
`
`amend
`
`his
`
`complaint.
`
`As
`
`to
`
`the
`
`first
`
`point,
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`has
`
`repeatedly
`
`informed
`
`the
`
`parties
`
`that
`
`discovery
`
`should
`
`be
`
`ongoing
`
`in
`
`this
`
`matter.
`
`If
`
`plaintiff
`
`has
`
`not
`
`already
`
`sought
`
`discovery
`
`on
`
`a
`
`key
`
`jurisdictional
`
`issue,
`
`that
`
`was
`
`a tactical
`
`decision
`
`on
`
`his
`
`part.
`
`Further,
`
`although
`
`Federal
`
`Rule
`
`of Civil
`
`Procedure
`
`15(a)(2)
`
`provides
`
`that
`
`leave
`
`to amend
`
`"should
`
`be
`
`
`
`
`FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 06/18/2018 09:31 PMFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 01/30/2024 01:07 AM
`1:16-cv-07820-KBF
`137
`12/01/17
`Case
`Document
`Filed
`
`NYSCEF DOC. NO. 31NYSCEF DOC. NO. 610
`
`INDEX NO. 650476/2018INDEX NO. 650476/2018
`
`6 of
`6
`Page
`
`RECEIVED NYSCEF: 06/18/2018RECEIVED NYSCEF: 01/30/2024
`
`freely
`
`given
`
`when
`
`justice
`
`so requires",
`
`it
`
`is ultimately
`
`"within
`
`the
`
`sound
`
`discretion
`
`of
`
`the
`
`district
`
`court
`
`to
`
`grant
`
`or
`
`deny
`
`leave
`
`to
`
`amend."
`amend."
`
`McCarthy
`
`v. Dun
`
`&
`
`Bradstreet
`
`Corp.,
`
`., 482
`
`F.3d
`
`184,
`
`200
`
`(2d
`
`Cir.
`
`2007).
`
`Based
`
`on
`
`a review
`
`of
`
`the
`
`materials
`
`already
`
`submitted
`
`(which
`
`indicate
`
`clearly
`
`that
`
`Tantaros
`
`is
`
`and
`
`was
`
`a
`
`and
`
`the
`
`fact
`
`that
`
`plaintiff
`
`has
`
`been
`
`given
`
`one
`
`domicile
`
`of New York),
`
`already
`
`opportunity
`
`to amend
`
`his
`
`complaint
`
`to
`
`plead
`
`diversity
`
`jurisdiction,
`
`the
`
`Court
`
`does
`
`not
`
`believe
`
`further
`
`amendment
`
`of
`
`the
`
`complaint
`
`is warranted
`
`here.
`
`III.
`
`CONCLUSION
`
`For
`
`the
`
`reasons
`
`stated
`
`above,
`
`defendant's
`
`motion
`
`to
`
`dismiss
`
`the
`
`FAC at ECF
`
`No.
`
`126
`
`is hereby
`
`GRANTED.
`
`The
`
`Clerk
`
`of Court
`
`is
`
`directed
`
`to
`
`terminate
`
`all
`
`open
`
`motions
`
`and
`
`to
`
`terminate
`
`this
`
`case.
`
`SO ORDERED.
`
`Dated:
`
`New York,
`December
`
`New York
`1, 2017
`
`KATHERINE
`United
`States
`
`B. FORREST
`District
`Judge
`
`6
`
`