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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 1 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 1 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 2 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 2 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 3 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 3 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 4 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 4 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 5 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 5 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 6 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 6 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 7 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-09898-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 7 of 77
`
`YouTubeuser uploads a videoof herself dancing to a popular song, then the Content ID system
`
`may generate a match betweenthe .
`
`.
`
`. user-uploaded video and. . . the popular song (i.e., the
`
`reference work)” and take some predetermined action based on that match. (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt.
`
`(Dkt. No. 225) § 25) The Content ID system generates matches by comparing uploaded videos
`
`(“query works”) to a database of reference works. The reference works may have been uploaded
`
`to YouTube byusers, or otherwise provided to YouTubebythe reference work’s author or
`
`owner, or another rightsholder. (See id. {{ 28, 32)
`
`Accordingto Plaintiff, there are two versions of Google’s Content ID system that
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`infringe on Plaintiffs patents: an “older” version known as the “LSH”version, and a “newer”
`
`version known as “Siberia.” (See id.] 26-27) Implementation of the Siberia system began in
`
`approximately 2014. (See Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5)at 11)
`
`1.
`
`The LSH Version of Content ID
`
`The LSHversion of Google’s Content ID system generates “fingerprints” that
`
`each represent an individual piece of “video, audio, [or] melody content. .
`
`. uploaded or
`
`otherwise provided to YouTube.” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) §] 69-70) Each fingerprint
`
`is comprised of several “subfingerprints” correspondingto short snippets of that content. (Id. §
`
`70) Subfingerprints for both query works and reference worksare generated in the same manner.
`
`(Id. §§] 71-72) For indexing purposes, subfingerprints are organized intoPF
`
`called “locality sensitive hashing” (“LSH”) bands. (Id. {| 73-75) “The number of unique LSH
`
`bandsis finite; specifically, there are filA’ and the same LSH band
`
`could be associated with multiple videos. (Id. §§ 77-78)
`
`“(T]he LSH index [can] be visualizedas a ‘table’ in which each unique LSH band
`
`is assigned its own ‘row’and eachreference videois assigned its own ‘column.’” (Id. {| 84)
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 8 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-09898-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 8 of 77
`
`Indeed, the structure used to store the LSH bandsfor reference videos is known as Big Table.
`
`(Pltf. R. 56.1 Counterstmt (Dkt. No. 240-61) § 159; Erbo Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-3) at 75 (“[The
`
`LSH Version of Content ID was] implementedin terms of a Google Technology called Big
`
`Table, which is a distributed key valuestore.”)) Each newreference video added to the LSH
`
`index represents a new columninthetable, reflecting the LSH bandsassociated with the new
`
`reference video. (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 91-93)
`
`“Stage I of the LSH versionof the Content ID system [begins] by searching[the]
`
`index .
`
`.
`
`. for any LSH bands[associated with reference works] that are exact matches to any of
`
`the [query] LSH bandsofthe user-uploaded video.” (Id. § 80) “A search of the LSH index
`
`using a particular query LSH bandsearchedonlythe rowassignedto that particular LSH band
`
`and did not search any of the other rowsin the conceptualtable.” (Id. § 85) In other words,a
`
`search of the LSH index returnsonly the references associated with a particular LSH band, and
`
`Se (Pitt. R. 56.1 Counterstmt (Dkt. No. 240-61)
`
`{| 159-62)
`
`The output for a Stage I search of the LSH version of ContentID isa listofall of
`
`the reference videos associated with the query LSH bands of a newly uploaded video, “as well as
`
`the pertinent point(s) in time in each reference video with which the LSH band{s] are
`
`associated.” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 87) “A typical user-uploadedor reference
`
`id
`
`a. and one subfingerprint correspondsto only a short snippet or frame of video,
`
`audio, or melody content.” (Id. § 90)
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 9 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-09898-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 9 of 77
`
`The “index hits” returned by a Stage I search are then further processed “to
`
`eliminate candidates unlikely to be a match, which involves the use of various thresholds that
`
`compare features extracted from reference workto features extracted from the [query video].”
`
`(Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 201; see also Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 94)
`
`The “projectionfilter”first analyzes the videosby
`
`a7 to determine whether the query video anda particular reference video share sufficient
`
`similarities over time — that is, over enough timeofthe reference video — to be considered a
`
`match.* (Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 202)
`
`Stage II of the LSH search comparesfull fingerprints of query videos to each
`
`reference video to determine the numberof “raw matches.” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225)
`
`{ 96)
`
`The raw matchesare then passed through the “claiming logic” to determine
`
`whether the ownerofthe relevant reference video could “claim” the matching portion of the
`
`query work and which “match policy” should be applied to the query work. (Id. {| 97-99)
`
`2.
`
`The Siberia Version of Content ID
`
`The Siberia version of Google’s Content ID system generates “embeddings”
`
`corresponding “to a short snippet or frame of[the] video, audio, or melody content” uploaded to
`
`YouTube. (Id. §29) As explained by Google, each embedding represents a single frame in a
`
`video, and represents a point in aRe. (Id. § 30; Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-
`
`4 The Court understands “Hammingsimilarities” to refer to a form of “Hamming distance,”
`whichgenerally measures“the numberof. .
`. places in which [works] differ from one another.”
`Andrew Butterfield, et al., A Dictionary of Computer Science (7th ed. 2016). Here, “Hamming
`similarities” refer to the number ofplaces in which worksare similar. (See Mitzenmacher Dep.
`(Dkt. No. 240-9) at 292 (“[T]he [H]amming similarity .
`.
`. essentially counts the numberof
`matchingpositions. .
`.
`. [I]n this case, the score is meant to correspondto a level of similarity
`between the two objects specifically.”)).
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 10 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-09898-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 10 of 77
`
`5) at 22-24 (“[An embedding] .
`
`.
`
`. is a point in a|.) .
`
`.
`
`. a vector which is a
`
`
`
`description of a point in space. ... [A]n individual embedding—.. . [is] a single frame[in a
`
`video].”)) For each video uploaded to YouTube, Siberia generates a “‘sequence of embeddings’
`
`corresponding to the [work’s] video, audio, and melody content.” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No.
`
`225) § 28 (quoting Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 29)) The embeddingsare generated by a
`
`GD that is part of a Google artificialintelligence project. (Id. 31) The same
`
`processis used to create both the “query” embeddings “corresponding to videos uploaded by
`
`YouTubeusers”and the “reference” embeddings “corresponding to content .
`
`.
`
`. provided or
`
`identified by copyright holders or other YouTubepartners.” (Id. {| 32)
`
`The reference embeddingsare then “further manipulated” into uniformly
`
`structured{RE which are in turn stored in multiple referencesindices for
`
`searching. (Id. §{] 33-35; Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 45-46x
`
`GE) Whe hashing enables the Siberia system to store the reference
`
`embeddings in a smaller form andto search the reference indices more quickly. (See Pasula
`
`Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 47,56
`
`aI
`
`) 1 ceference indices
`
`that are searchedaspart of the Siberia Version of the Content ID system are
`
`GN (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 35)
`
`5 Plaintiff denies that the indices store only “hash values,” and contends that “complete
`embeddings for the reference workarealso retained in the reference index andare used for
`comparisonsaspart of the Siberia system search algorithm.” (Pltf. R. 56.1 Counterstmt. (Dkt.
`No. 240-61) § 35) In support ofthis assertion, Plaintiff cites an excerpt from a report prepared
`by Dr. Michael Mitzenmacher,its expert witness. The excerptcited by Plaintiff states, however,
`that “(tlhe aay of each embeddingis whatis stored in the reference index.”
`
`10
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 11 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-098986-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 11 of 77
`
`The Siberia Content ID system contains multiple indices that are organized
`
`primarily by content type, for example, video as opposed to audio. (See Mitzenmacher Rpt.
`
`(Dkt. No. 226-6) § 220 (“Eachofthe reference indices (video, audio, and melody) is comprised
`
`ofI of the embeddings.”); see also Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 32-33 (“A. . ..
`
`Ss... . Vbere is one index for melody . .. Q. How many
`
`indexes for video are there? A. For this copyrighted content, just one. .
`
`.
`
`. [There are also] iz
`
`a a
`
`)
`
`Eachofthe reference indices is structured in the same manner. (Def. R. 56.1
`
`Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 36) Each indexis “sharded,” meaning that the index is “divided into a
`
`bunch of smaller indexes,” knownasshards, “that can each fit on one [computer].” (Pasula Dep.
`
`(Dkt. No. 240-5) at 39; see Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 4 39) For example, the large
`
`SE (the “Video Index”) hasMJ. (Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-
`
`5) at 39; Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 4] 39-40) An index for different content might have
`
`a different number of shards. (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 39-40)
`
`(Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) §] 219; see also id. § 220 (“Each of the reference indices
`(video, audio, and melody) is comprised ofEJ of the embeddings.”)) And while the
`Dr. Mitzenmacherstates that, at the final step of the search process, query embeddingsare
`compareddirectly to reference embeddings — rather than toJ as in earlier stages of the
`search (id. §§] 225-26) — that does not mean the indices “retain” “complete embeddings”in
`addition to hash values for each reference work.
`(PItf. R. 56.1 Counterstmt. (Dkt. No. 240-61)
`435) The original query embeddingscan be recovered fromthe indexed hashes. (See Pasula
`Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 46-47 (“A....
`
`
`
`
`1]
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 12 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-098986-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 12 of 77
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`(Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 42) Within the Video Index,for example,
`
`(See Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 40)
`
`Within each shard, the hash values are further
`
`GS (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) | 37)aS
`
`Ps (Pasula Dep. (Dkt, No. 240-5) at 43-44
`
`SS 2c) sechsI
`
`MitzenmacherRpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 221))
`
`The search performed by the Siberia Content ID system has “three mainstages:
`
`‘Index Lookup,’ ‘Sparse,’ and ‘Verifier.’” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) { 43) As
`
`discussed above, when a newvideois uploaded to YouTube, the Siberia system generates a
`
`sequence of embeddings, with each individual embedding corresponding “to a short snippet or
`
`frame of that... content.” (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) § 29) Those embeddings may be
`
`referred tosthe
`
`SS<-
`
`MitzenmacherRpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) 4 219)
`
`Using the Video Index as an example, at the Index Lookup stage — sometimes
`
`referred to as the “ScaM”algorithmstage, because it was developed by Google’s “Scalable
`
`Matching[] research team” team(Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 58) — query embeddings
`
`12
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 13 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-098986-PGG-SN Document 293 Filed 04/26/24 Page 13 of 77
`
`arecompared
`
`SS. (MitzenmacherRpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) §] 222-223 (“Tobeclear, the
`
`system examines(i.”); Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dt.
`
`No. 225) §§ 45-47; Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5) at 54 (“[U]p to[IS or
`
`something like that would be passedee) The Index Lookup
`
`che
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`QE” for cach shard, and then compares the query embeddingsto all of the hash values
`
`in eachofthoseI. (Def. R. 56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 4 48-49;
`
`Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 223 (“The Content ID Siberia Version then examines
`
`each of theSis.”))
`
`In or about August 2020, Google modified the Index Lookupstep for one ofits
`
`indexes toTT in 2 YouTube-wide effort to cut costs.
`
`(See Pltf. Ex. 86 (Dkt. No. 274-2) at 6 (YouTubepresentation indicating
`
`ee. Supp. Konrad Dep. (Dkt. No. 274-3) at 30-31 (discussing an
`
`internal Google documentthat[iii
`
`ns
`
`The Index Lookupstep outputs the [iySj
`
`ES0°:
`
`56.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 9] 51-52) Accordingly, for a search in the Video Index, the Index
`
`Lookupstep outputs a total of 12,500 hash values. (Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) §] 223)
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 14 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-098986-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 14 of 77
`
`At the “Sparse”stage, thesePY —also referred to as “index hits” —
`
`are then further analyzed througha processcalled “sparse refiner,” or “[S]parse.” (Def. R. 56.1
`
`Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 9 59,60)
`
`a S
`
`S. (1. | 60; MitzenmacherRpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 224) Some
`
`reference works mayha
`
`Ss. (See Mitzenmacher Rpt. (Dkt. No. 226-6) § 224) The Sparse
`processKs
`
`Ses. (See id.; Pasula Dep. (Dkt. No. 240-5)at 60, 63,
`
`239-240 (noting that therlS
`
`a)
`
`Finally, the reference videosthat pass the Sparse process proceedto the “Verifier”
`
`stage,where
`
`© 5
`
`6.1 Stmt. (Dkt. No. 225) 4] 61) “The [V]erifier determines whethera portion of any one or more
`
`of the referencesIii
`
`1c. 1 62)
`
`Googlehasutilized ‘‘at least two versionsofthe [V]erifier.” (Mitzenmacher Rpt.
`
`(Dkt. No. 226-6) § 226) An earlier versionSS
`
`a S
`
`es. (1d.) The more recent version
`
`aP
`
`e (1c.) The final matches output
`
`14
`
`

`

`Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 15 of 77
`Case 1:14-cv-098986-PGG-SN Document 298 Filed 04/26/24 Page 15 of 77
`
`from the Verifier are assigned a[i
`
`SS 6. <22°)
`
`The Siberia Contact ID’s “claiming system” then determines whetherJ
`
`aa
`
`S
`
`II.
`
`PROCEDURAL HISTORY
`
`The Complaint in 14 Civ. 2396 wasfiled on April 4, 2014,andalleges that
`
`Defendants’ Content ID system infringes on the ’988 and °237 Patents.° (Cmplt. (Dkt. No. 2))
`
`The Complaint in 14 Civ. 9558 wasfiled on December 3, 2014, and alleges that Defendants’
`
`Content ID system infringes on the *464 Patent. (14 Civ. 9558, Cmplt. (Dkt. No. 1)) Defendants
`
`filed their Answerin 14 Civ. 2396 on May 23, 2014,and filed their Answerin 14 Civ. 9558 on
`
`January 23, 2015. (Ans. (Dkt. No. 22); 14 Civ. 9558 Ans. (Dkt. No. 11)) On June9, 2014,this
`
`Court entered a civil case managementplan in 14 Civ. 2396. (Dkt. No. 31)
`
`A.
`
`Inter Partes Review
`
`In a June 30, 2015, jointletter, the parties informed the Court that Google had
`
`petitioned the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTO”) to institute inter partes review
`
`(“IPR”) of, inter alia, the °237 Patent and the °988 Patent.’ (Dkt. No. 83) Accordingly, on July
`
`6 The Complaintalso alleges claims regarding two otherpatents, but Plaintiff's claims regarding
`those patents were later dismissed by stipulation. (Dkt. No. 134)
`7 “<TInter partes review[]’ .
`.
`. allowsprivate parties to challenge previously issued patent claims
`
`in an adversarial process before the Patent Office that mimicscivil litigation.” SAS Inst.,
`Inc. v.
`Iancu, 138 S. Ct. 1348, 1352 (2018). “Onceinter partes review is instituted, the Patent Trial and
`Appeal Board [the “PTAB”] — an adjudicatory body within the [PTO] created to conduct inter
`partes review — examinesthe patent’s validity. . .. The [PTAB]sits in three-member panels of
`administrative patent judges. .. . During the inter partes review, the petitioner and the patent
`
`ownerare entitled to certain discovery.. . ; to file affidavits, declarations, and written
`memoranda. . .
`; and to receive an oral hearing before the Board. .
`. .” Oil States Energy Servs.,
`LLC v. Greene’s Energy Grp., LLC, 138 S. Ct. 1365, 1371 (2018) (citing 35 U.S.C. §§ 6, 316).
`
`15
`
`

`

`
`
`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 16 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 16 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 17 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 17 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 18 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 18 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 19 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 19 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 20 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 20 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 21 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 21 of 77
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`Case 1:14-cv-02396-PGG-SN Document 303 Filed 04/24/24 Page 22 of 77Case 1:14-cv-09558-PGG-SN Document 245 Filed 04/26/24 Page 22 of 77
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