Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19229 Filed 06/20/24 Page 1 of 24
`
`Exhibit D
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19230 Filed 06/20/24 Page 2 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000052
`
`ALL,TOWHOMTHESE; PRESENTS) SHALL,COME}:
`
`UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office
`
`June 14, 2021
`
`THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ANNEXED HERETO IS A TRUE COPY FROM
`THE RECORDS OF THIS OFFICE OF:
`
`U.S. PATENT: 10,447,450
`ISSUE DATE: October 15, 2019
`
`By Authority of the
`Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property
`States Pa
`and Director of the United Stat~a~7 and Trademark_Office
`
`A~HOLLE
` Officer
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19231 Filed 06/20/24 Page 3 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000053
`
`US010447450B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Li et al.
`
`(lO) Patent No.: US 10,447,450 B2
`(45) Date of Patent: *Oct. 15, 2019
`
`(54) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR
`MULTI-CARRIER PACKET
`COMMUNICATION WITH REDUCED
`OVERHEAD
`
`(71) Applicant:
`
`Neocific, Inc., Bellevue, WA (US)
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors:
`
`Xiaodong Li, Kirkland, WA (US);
`ttaiming ttuang, Bellevue, WA (US);
`Titus Lo, Bellevue, WA (US); Ruffeng
`Wang, Sammamish, WA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee:
`
`Neocific, Inc., Bellevue, WA (US)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis-
`claimer.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 15/676,421
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Aug. 14, 2017
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2018/0183558 A1 Jun. 28, 2018
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63)
`
`Continuation of application No. 14/720,554, filed on
`May 22, 2015, now Pat. No. 9,735,944, which is a
`continuation of application No. 14/248,243, filed on
`Apr. 8, 2014, now Pat. No. 9,042,337, which is a
`continuation of application No. 13/115,055, filed on
`May 24, 2011, now Pat. No. 8,693,430, which is a
`continuation of application No. 11/908,257, filed as
`(Continued)
`
`(51)
`
`Int. C1.
`HO4L 5/00
`HO4L 2 7/26
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(2006.01)
`(2009.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2009.01)
`
`HO4L 1/00
`HO4W 72/04
`HO4J 11/00
`HO4W 52/14
`(52) U.S. CI.
`CPC .......... H04L 5/0053 (2013.01); HO4J 11/005
`(2013.01); HO4L 1/0003 (2013.01); HO4L
`1/0009 (2013.01); HO4L 1/0029 (2013.01);
`HO4L 5/006 (2013.01); HO4L 5/0007
`(2013.01); HO4L 5/0044 (2013.01); HO4L
`27/2601 (2013.01); HO4W 52/146 (2013.01);
`HO4W 72/04 (2013.01); HO4W 72/048
`(2013.01); HO4L 5/0094 (2013.01)
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`CPC ..... H04L 5/0053; H04L 1/0003; H04J 11/005
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`Primary Examiner -- Chandrahas B Patel
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm -- Perkins Cole LLP
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A method and system for minimizing the control overhead
`in a multi-cartier wireless communication network that
`utilizes a time-frequency resource is disclosed. In some
`embodiments, one or more zones in the time-fi’equency
`resource are designated for particular applications, such as a
`zone dedicated for voice-over-IP (VoIP) applications. By
`grouping applications of a similar type together within a
`zone, a reduction in the number of bits necessary for
`mapping a packet stream to a portion of the time-fi’equency
`resource can be achieved. In some embodiments, modular
`coding schemes associated with the packet streams may be
`selected that further reduce the amount of necessary control
`information. In some embodiments, packets may be classi-
`fied for transmission in accordance with application type,
`QoS parameters, and other properties. In some embodi-
`ments, improved control messages may be constructed to
`facilitate the control process and minimize associated over-
`head.
`
`18 Claims, 12 Drawing Sheets
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19232 Filed 06/20/24 Page 4 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000054
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`Page 2
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`application No. PCTFUS2006/038149 on Sep. 28,
`2006, now Pat. No. 7,948,944.
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 60/721,451, filed on Sep.
`28, 2005.
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19233 Filed 06/20/24 Page 5 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000055
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2019
`
`Sheet 1 of 12
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`11o
`
`@
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`BS
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19234 Filed 06/20/24 Page 6 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000056
`
`yuaied
`
`‘ST“PO
`
`CEJOOOS
`
`7HOSHLPEFOTSA
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`210
`
`Channel
`encoding and
`modulation
`
`Data
`
`Transmitter
`
`215
`
`220
`
`20O
`
`225
`
`Subchannel.
`and symbol
`Const[uction
`
`tFFT
`
`>
`
`mx
`
`230
`
`235
`
`240
`
`245
`
`250
`
`Receiver
`
`:205.
`
`255
`
`|
`
`>
`
`Rx
`
`Frame &
`symbol
`synchronization
`
`>
`
`>
`
`FFT
`
`Freq. est,
`Tirning.est,
`Chnnl. Est..
`
`>
`
`Subchnnl
`demod.
`
`C.hannel
`decoding
`
`{
`iH——t-»
`
`Data
`
`WoOLASNAqpapraoidAdo-
`
`1Z0Z-€0-90UOasequieqase]
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19235 Filed 06/20/24 Page 7 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000057
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2019
`
`Sheet 3 of 12
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`300
`
`305
`
`ESS
`
`ESRF
`
`OH
`
`BB
`
`1
`
`"~
`
`3
`Time slots.
`
`310
`
`FIG, 3
`
`t
`
`Copy provided by
`
`0
`
`o
`
`the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19236 Filed 06/20/24 Page 8 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000058
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2019
`
`Sheet 4 of 12
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`ch
`
`FIG. 4
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19237 Filed 06/20/24 Page 9 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000059
`
`~
`
`~
`
`6107‘ST“PO
`
`jaaqg
`
`TIJO
`
`7HOSHLEP‘OLSO
`
`1111
`
`S
`
`P2 2.2 2 2 2.2
`
`P
`
`2
`
`3.3.s3
`
`3.p
`
`p33p33S
`
`111 1
`
`YVYYYYNES
`LLLTItt
`
`Y
`Channel
`
`s.
`
`Silent subcarriers
`
`2
`
`3
`
`Subcarriersfor
`subchannel 2
`
`::~ Subcarriers for
`,~ :subchannel 3
`
`FIG, §
`
`ranaaaaancceccelien
`
`Pilot.subcarriers
`
`1
`
`I Subcarriers for
`
`.subchannel 1
`
`WOYOLdSNAqpaptaosdAdog
`
`UOasequieqaseul]
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19238 Filed 06/20/24 Page 10 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000060
`
`VZ!~ =0
`
`Frequency
`
`VyMCSIPE
`FZI ~ = I ...................................
`600
`
`6107‘ST390
`
`ZIJO9
`
`7HOSHLEPOTSN
`
`Vs
`
`¯
`
`Zone 2
`
`..q
`
`VZI ~ ~:=. 9
`
`MCSI;anQ
`
`Vin
`
`605a
`
`—
`605~,
`
`_
`605n
`
`FIG. 6
`
`94}WOYOLdSNAqpaptaoidAdop
`
`TZOZ-€0-90UOasequieqssew]
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19239 Filed 06/20/24 Page 11 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000061
`
`
`
`¯ ~’~
`
`~
`
`~
`
`6107“ST“PO
`
`CEJO
`
`7HOSHLEPOTSO
`
`715
`Ethemet
`Header
`
`720
`
`|
`
`IP Header
`
`incoming Packets
`
`725
`
`730
`
`UDP Header RTP Header
`
`735
`
`RTP Payload ~ 700
`
`~
`
`705
`
`Classif er
`
`71:0
`
`Classification
`Rules
`
`1
`1
`
`1
`
`I
`1
`
`1
`
`740
`
`Voice
`Queue
`1
`
`Voice
`Queue
`M
`
`Data
`Queue
`1
`
`Data
`Queue
`N
`
`OEDMA Transmitter
`
`FIG, 7
`
`WOYOLISNAqpaptaoadAdoD
`
`UOasequiedWeUl]
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19240 Filed 06/20/24 Page 12 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000062
`
`yuoyed
`
`6107‘ST‘PO
`
`TEJO§JO9YS
`
`7dOSHLEPOTSA
`
`800:
`
`AMAP Subheader
`
`Type = 01,
`Length = 3
`
`VIE1
`
`VIE2
`
`VIE3
`
`8O5
`
`810
`
`f.----
`810
`
`810
`
`FIG. 8A
`
`855
`
`FCH
`
`IEs with.
`16QAM ½ codes
`
`IEs with
`QPSK ~4 codes
`
`IES with
`QPSK Y& codes
`
`IES with
`QPSK 1/8 codes
`
`850
`
`~
`
`FIG. 8B
`
`WoYOLAS4qpapraoidAdog
`
`1Z0Z-€0-90UoasequiedsBew]Suid
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19241 Filed 06/20/24 Page 13 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000063
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2019
`
`Sheet 9 of 12
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`800
`
`920 ~
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`5
`
`6.
`
`7
`
`9
`
`10
`
`12
`
`920
`
`910
`
`23
`24
`
`33
`
`34
`
`A
`
`VZone.2
`
`V7one
`(w
`
`y
`
`35
`
`36.
`
`37
`
`38
`
`39
`
`4O
`
`41
`
`42
`
`25
`
`PAL
`
`27
`
`28
`
`29
`
`30
`
`31
`
`32
`
`VZone 1
`
`ra
`
`9O5
`
`13
`
`14
`
`15
`
`!6
`
`17
`
`18
`
`19
`
`20
`
`21
`
`22
`~z
`
`920
`
`FIG. 9
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19242 Filed 06/20/24 Page 14 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000064
`
`yuajyed
`
`6107‘ST‘PO
`
`CLJOOFJoys
`
`7dOSP'LEP‘OTSA.
`
`VCID "1
`
`VCID 2
`
`VCID 5
`
`VCID 4
`
`VCID 6
`
`.VCiD 7
`
`VCID 3
`
`VCID 5
`
`VCID 6
`
`VCID 7
`
`VCID 1
`
`VCID 4
`
`VCID3
`
`VC~D 5
`
`VCID 4
`
`VCID 6
`
`VZone al!ocation.before voice
`connection (VCID 2) goes into
`silence period
`
`VZone ailocation .after voice
`connection (VCID 2) goes into
`silence period
`
`FIG. 10A
`
`paptaosdAdop
`
`WOYOLdSN
`
`IZOZ-E0-90UOdsequyEq9deUl]SYTd
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19243 Filed 06/20/24 Page 15 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000065
`
`yuajed
`
`6107‘ST‘PO
`
`CEJOTT
`
`7HOSPLPFOTSO
`
`VCID 4
`
`VCID 5
`
`VClD .9
`
`VCID 1
`
`VCID 5
`
`VCID 9
`
`:!
`
`VCID 2
`
`VCID 6
`
`VCID 10
`
`VCID 12
`
`VCID.6
`
`VCID 10
`
`VC!D 3
`
`VCID 7
`
`VCID 1~1
`
`VCID 3
`
`VCID. 7
`
`VCID ~11
`
`VGID 4
`
`VClD 8
`
`VCII3 12
`
`VCID 4
`
`VCID 8
`
`¯ VZone allocation before voice
`connection-(VCID 2) goeslinto
`.silence period
`
`VZone allocation after voice
`connection (VC.ID 2} goes into
`silence period
`
`FIGo lOB
`
`WOYOLdSNAqpepiaoidAdoa
`
`UOssequieqsew]
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19244 Filed 06/20/24 Page 16 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000066
`
`yusjzeg
`
`6107‘ST“PO
`
`CIJO
`
`7HOSHLEPOTSA
`
`VOID 1
`
`VCID 2
`
`VOID 5
`
`VCID 1
`
`VC!D 5
`
`VCID 4
`
`VClD 6
`
`VOID 6
`
`VC!D 4
`
`VC!D 7
`
`VCID 7
`
`VCI D 3
`
`VCID 5
`
`VClD 3
`
`VCID 5
`
`VZone allocation before voice
`connection (VCID 2).goes into
`silence .period
`
`VZone allocation after voice
`connection (VCID 2) goes into
`silence period
`
`FIGo IOC
`
`paptaoadAdoD
`
`OHWoYOLdSN
`
`I1Z0Z-€0-90UoasequiededeuT
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19245 Filed 06/20/24 Page 17 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000067
`
`US
`
`10,447,450 B2
`
`1
`METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR
`MULTI-CARRIER PACKET
`COMMUNICATION WITH REDUCED
`OVERHEAD
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION(S)
`
`This application is a cominuation of, and incorporates by
`reference in its entirety, U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`14/720,554, filed on May 22, 2015, which is a continuation
`of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,243, filed onApr.
`8, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,042,337, which is a continu-
`ation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/115,055, filed on
`May 24, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,693,430, which is a
`continuation of U.S. patent application Set. No. 11/908,257,
`filed on Jul. 14, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,948,944, which
`is a national stage application of PCT/LIS06/38149, filed
`Sep. 28, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
`Patent Application No. 60/721,451, filed on Sep. 28, 2005.
`This application is related to, and incorporates by refer-
`ence in its entirety, U.S. patent application Set. No. 131631,
`735, filed on Sep. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,634,376.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The disclosed technology relates, in general, to wireless
`communication and, in particular, to multi-carrier packet
`communication networks.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Bandwidth efficiency is one of the most important system
`performance factors for wireless communication systems. In
`packet based data communication, where the traffic has a
`bursty and irregular pattern, application payloads are typi-
`cally of different sizes and with different quality of service
`(QoS) requirements. In order to accommodate different
`applications, a wireless communication system should be
`able to provide a high degree of flexibility. However, in
`order to support such flexibility, additional overhead is
`usually required. For example, in a wireless system based on
`the IEEE 802.16 standard ("WiMAX"), multiple packet
`streams are established for each mobile station to support
`different applications. At the medium access control (MAC)
`layer, each packet stream is mapped into a wireless connec-
`tion. The MAC scheduler allocates wireless airlink
`resources to these connections. Special scheduling mes-
`sages, DL-MAP and UL-MAP, are utilized to broadcast the
`scheduling decisions to the mobile stations.
`In the MAP scheduling message defined by lEEE802.16,
`there is significant control overhead. For example, each
`connection is identified by a 16 bits connection ID (CID).
`The CID is included in the MAP message to identify the
`mobile station. The maximum number of connections that a
`system can support is therefore 65,536. Each mobile station
`has at least two management connections for control and
`management messages and a various number of traffic
`connections for application data traffic. As another example,
`each connection includes the identification of an airlink
`resource that can correspond to any time/fi’equency region
`that is allocated for communication. The resource allocation
`is identified in the time domain scale with a start symbol
`offset (8 bits) and a symbol length (7 bits) and in the
`frequency domain scale with a start logical subchannel offset
`(6 bits) and a number of allocated subchannels (6 bits). Due
`to the fact that different applications have different resource
`
`2
`requirements, the allocated resource region is irregular from
`connection to connection. As a still further example, the
`modulation and coding scheme for each connection is iden-
`tiffed by a 4-bit MCS code, identified as either a downlink
`5 interval usage code (DIUC) or an uplink interval usage code
`(UIUC). Another 2 bits are used to indicate the coding
`repetition in addition to 3 bits for power control. Overall, the
`overhead of a MAP message is 52 bits. For applications such
`as voice-over-IP (VoIP), the payload of an 8 Kbps voice
`lo coder is 20 bytes in every 20 ms. The overhead of the MAP
`message alone can therefore account for as much as 32.5%
`of the overall data communication, thereby resulting in a
`relatively low spectral efficiency. It would therefore be
`beneficial to reduce the overhead in a multi-carrier packet
`i5 communication system to improve the spectral efficiency of
`the system.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`3o
`
`20 FIG. 1 illustrates the coverage of a wireless communica-
`tion network that is comprised of a plurality of cells.
`FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a receiver and a transmitter,
`such as might be used in a multi-carrier wireless commu-
`nication network.
`25 FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting a division of com-
`munication capacity in a physical media resource.
`FIG. 4 is a graphical depiction of the relationship between
`a sampling frequency, a channel bandwidth, and usable
`subcarriers in a channel.
`FIG. 5 is a graphical depiction of the structure of a
`multi-carrier signal in the frequency domain.
`FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a time-frequency resource
`utilized by a wireless communication network.
`FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a classifier for classifying
`35 received packets by application, QoS, or other factor.
`FIGS. 8A and 8B are block diagrams of representative
`control message formats.
`FIG. 9 is ablock diagram of a special resource zone with
`unit sequence defined in time-first order.
`FIGS. 10A-10C are block diagrams illustrating the real-
`located of resources within a resource zone.
`
`4o
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`45 A system and method for minimizing the control overhead
`in a multi-carrier wireless communication network that
`utilizes a time-frequency resource is disclosed. In some
`embodiments, one or more zones in the time-frequency
`resource are designated for particular applications, such as a
`5o zone dedicated for voice-over-IP (VoIP) applications. By
`grouping applications of a similar type together within a
`zone, a reduction in the number of bits necessary for
`mapping a packet stream to a portion of the time-frequency
`resource can be achieved. In some embodiments, modular
`55 coding schemes associated with the packet streams may be
`selected that further reduce the amount of necessary control
`information.
`In some embodiments, packets may be classified for
`transmission in accordance with application type, QoS
`6o parameters, and other properties. An application connection-
`specific identifier (ACID) may also be assigned to a packet
`stream. Both measures reduce the overhead associated with
`managing multiple application streams in a communication
`network.
`In some embodiments, improved control messages may
`be constructed to facilitate the control process and minimize
`associated overhead. The control messages may include
`
`65
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19246 Filed 06/20/24 Page 18 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000068
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`3
`information such as the packet destination, the modulation
`and coding method, and the airlink resource used. Control
`messages of the same application type or subtype, modula-
`tion and coding scheme, or other parameter may be grouped
`together for efficiency.
`While the following discussion contemplates the applica-
`tion of the disclosed technology to an Orthogonal Frequency
`Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system, those skilled in
`the art will appreciate that the technology can be applied to
`other system formats such as Code Division Multiple Access
`(CDMA), Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access
`(MC-CDMA), or others. Without loss of generality,
`OFDMA is therefore only used as an example to illustrate
`the present technology. In addition, the following discussion
`uses voice-over-IP as a representative application to which
`the disclosed technology can be applied. The disclosed
`technology is equally applicable to other applications
`including, but not limited to, audio and video.
`The following description provides specific details for a
`thorough understanding of, and enabling description for,
`various embodiments of the technology. One skilled in the
`art will understand that the technology may be practiced
`without these details. In some instances, well-known struc-
`tures and functions have not been shown or described in
`detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the
`embodiments of the technology. It is intended that the
`terminology used in the description presented below be
`interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it
`is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of
`certain embodiments of the technology. Although certain
`terms may be emphasized below, any terminology intended
`to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and
`specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description"
`section.
`I. Wireless Communication Network
`FIG. 1 is a representative diagram of a wireless commu-
`nication network 100 that services a geographic region. The
`geographic region is divided into a plurality of cells 105, and
`wireless coverage is provided in each cell by a base station
`(BS) 110. One or more mobile devices (not shown) may be
`fixed or may roam within the geographic region covered by
`the network. The mobile devices are used as an interface
`between users and the network. Each base station is con-
`nected to the backbone of the network, usually by a dedi-
`cated link. A base station serves as a focal point to transmit
`information to and receive information from the mobile
`devices within the cell that it serves by radio signals. Note
`that if a cell is divided into sectors, from a system engineer-
`ing point of view each sector can be considered as a cell. In
`this context, the terms "cell" and "sector" are interchange-
`able.
`In a wireless communication system with base stations
`and mobile devices, the transmission from a base station to
`a mobile device is called a downlink (DL) and the trans-
`mission from a mobile device to a base station is called an
`uplink (UL). FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a representative
`transmitter 200 and receiver 205 that may be used in base
`stations and mobile devices to implement a wireless com-
`munication link. The transmitter comprises a channel encod-
`ing and modulation component 210, which applies data bit
`randomization, forward error correction (FEC) encoding,
`interleaving, and modulation of an input data signa!. The
`channel encoding and modulation component is coupled to
`a subchannel and symbol construction component 215, an
`inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) component 220, and a
`radio transmitter component 225. Those skilled in the art
`will appreciate that these components construct and transmit
`
`4
`a communication signal containing the data that is input to
`the transmitter 200. Other forms of transmitter may, of
`course, be used depending on the requirements of the
`communication network.
`The receiver 205 comprises a reception component 230,
`a frame and synchronization component 235, a fast Fourier
`transform component 240, a frequency, timing, and channel
`estimation component 245, a subchannel demodulation
`component 250, and a channel decoding component 255.
`10 The channel decoding component de-interleaves, decodes,
`
`5
`
`and derandomizes a signal that is received by the receiver.
`The receiver recovers data from the signal and outputs the
`data for use by the mobile device or base station. Other
`forms of receiver may, of course, be used depending on the
`15 requirements of the commTmication network.
`FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting the division of
`communication capacity in a physical media resource 300
`(e.g., radio or cable) into frequency and time domains. The
`frequency is divided into two or more subchannels 305,
`represented in the diagram as subchannels 1, 2,... m. Time
`is divided into two or more time slots 310, represented in the
`diagram as time slots 1, 2,... n. The canonical division of
`the resource by both time and frequency provides a high
`degree of flexibility and fine granularity for resource sharing
`25 between multiple applications or multiple users of the
`or
`users
`
`20
`
`resource.
`FIG. 4 is a block diagram representing the relationship
`between the bandwidth of a given channel and the number
`of usable subcarriers within that channel. A multi-carrier
`30 signal in the frequency domain is made up of subcarriers. In
`FIG. 4, the sampling frequency is represented by the vari-
`able fs, the bandwidth of the channel is represented by the
`variable Bch, and the effective bandwidth by the variable
`(where the effective bandwidth is a percentage of the chan-
`35 nel bandwidth). The number of usable subcarriers within the
`
`channel is defined by the following equation:
`
`40
`
`B~.g
`#_usable_subcarriers = T x Nf~
`
`Where NN is the length of the fast Fourier transform. Those
`skilled in the art will appreciate that for a given bandwidth
`45 of a spectral band or channel (Bc~,), the number of usable
`subcarriers is finite and limited, and depends on the size of
`the FFT, the sampling frequency (fs), and the effective
`bandwidth (B,2r) in accordance with equation 1.
`FIG. 5 is a signal diagram depicting the various subcar-
`5o tiers and subchannels that are contained within a given
`channel. There are three types of subcarriers: (1) data
`subcarriers, which carry information data; (2) pilot subcar-
`tiers, whose phases and amplitudes are predetermined and
`made known to all receivers, and which are used for
`55 assisting system functions such as estimation of system
`parameters; and (3) silent subcarriers, which have no energy
`and are used for guard bands and as a DC carrier. The data
`subcarriers can be arranged into groups called subchannels
`to support scalability and multiple-access. The subcarriers
`6o forming one subchannel may or may not be adjacent to each
`other. Each mobile device may use some or all of the
`subchannels.
`A multi-carrier signal in the time domain is generally
`made up of time frames, time slots, and OFDM symbols. A
`~5 frame consists of a number of time slots, and each time slot
`is comprised of one or more OFDM symbols. The OFDM
`time domain waveform is generated by applying an inverse-
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19247 Filed 06/20/24 Page 19 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000069
`
`US 10,447,450 B2
`
`5
`fast-Fourier-transform (IFFT) to the OFDM symbols in the
`frequency domain. A copy of the last portion of the time
`domain waveform, known as the cyclic prefix (CP), is
`inserted in the beginning of the waveform itself to form an
`OFDM symbol.
`In some embodiments, a mapper such as the subchannel
`and symbol construction component 215 in FIG. 2 is
`designed to map the logical frequency/subcarrer and OFDM
`symbol indices seen by upper layer facilities, such as the
`MAC resource scheduler or the coding and modulation
`modules, to the actual physical subcarrier and OFDM sym-
`bol indices. A contiguous time-frequency area before the
`mapping may be actually discontinuous after the mapping,
`and vice versa. On the other hand, in a special case, the
`mapping may be a "null process", which maintains the same
`time and frequency indices before and after the mapping.
`The mapping process may change from time slot to time
`slot, from frame to frame, or from cell to cell. Without loss
`of generalily, the terms "resource", "airlink resource", and
`"time-frequency resource" as used herein may refer to either
`the time-frequency resource before such mapping or after
`such mapping.
`II. Airlink Resource Zones
`Various technologies are now described that may be
`utilized in conjunction with the wireless communication
`network 100 in. order to reduce the amount of control
`overhead associated with the use of system resources. By
`reducing the control overhead, greater spectral efficiency is
`achieved allowing the system to, among other benefits,
`maximize the amount of simultaneously supported commu-
`nications.
`FIG. 6 is a map of a time-frequency resource 600 that is
`allocated for use by the wireless communication network
`100. As described above, in a typical wireless system based
`on the IEEE 802.16 standard ("WiMAX"), multiple packet
`streams are established for each mobile device to support
`different applications. At the medium access control (MAC)
`layer, each packet stream is mapped into a wireless connec-
`tion. As a result, various applications carried in packet
`streams may be spread throughout the available time-fre-
`quency resource. To overcome the inefficiencies associated
`with maintaining this mapping, FIG. 6 depicts an alternative
`way of managing multiple packet streams. The time-fre-
`quency resource 600 may be divided into one or more zones
`605a, 605b, . . . 605n. Each of the zones 605a, 605b, . . .
`605n is associated with a particular type of application. For
`example, zone 605a may be associated with voice applica-
`tions (e.g., VolP), zone 605b may be associated with video
`applications, and so on. As will be described in additional
`detail below, by grouping like applications together the
`amount of control overhead in MAC headers is reduced.
`Zones may be dynamically allocated, modified, or termi-
`nated by the system.
`When applications of a similar type are grouped together
`within a zone, a reduction in the number of bits necessary for
`mapping a packet stream to a time-frequency segment can
`be achieved. In some embodiments, the identification of the
`time-frequency segment associated with a particular packet
`stream can be indicated by the starting time-frequency
`coordinate and the ending time-frequency coordinate rela-
`tive to the starting point of the zone. The granularity in the
`time coordinates can be one or multiple OFDM symbols,
`and that in the frequency coordinates can be one or multiple
`subcarriers. If the time-frequency resource is divided into
`two or more zones, the amount of control information
`necessary to map to a location relative to the starting point
`of the zone may be significantly less than the amount of
`
`6
`information necessary to map to an arbitrary starting and
`ending coordinate in the entire time-frequency resource.
`Within each zone 605a, 605b, . . . 605n, the time-
`frequency resource may be further divided in accordance
`5 with certain rules to accommodate multiple packet streams
`V1, Vz, . . . Vm. For example, as depicted in FIG. 6, zone
`605a is divided into multiple columns and the packet
`streams are arranged from top down in each column and
`from left to right across the columns. The width of each
`10 column can be a certain number of subcarriers. Each packet
`stream VI, V2,... V,, may be associated with an application.
`For example, V1 is the resource segment to be used for the
`first voice packet stream, V2 is the resource segment to be
`used for the second voice packet stream, etc. While the zone
`15 605a is divided and the packet streams numbered starting at
`an origin of the zone, it will be appreciated that the division
`of the time-frequency resource in accordance with certain
`rules may start at other origin locations within the zone as
`well. Segments within each zone may be dynamically ailo-
`20 cated by the system as requested and released by the system
`when expressly or automatically terminated.
`When the zones are further subdivided into time-fre-
`quency segments in accordance with certain rules, a map-
`ping of packet streams to segment may be achieved using a
`25 one-dimensional offset with respect to the origin of the zone
`rather than the two-dimensional (i.e. starting time-frequency
`coordinate and ending time-frequency coordinate relative to
`the starting point of the zone) mapping method discussed
`above. Calculation of such an offset may require knowledge
`30 of a modulation and coding scheme that is associated with
`a particular packet stream. For example, Table 1 below sets
`forth representative modulation and forward-error correc-
`tion (FEC) coding schemes (MCS) that may be used for
`voice packet streams under various channel conditions.
`
`35
`
`TABLE 1
`
`MCSI Modulation
`
`Coding
`rate
`
`Infomaation bits
`
`Raw
`symbols Units
`
`40
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`
`I6QAM
`QPSK
`QPSK
`QPSK
`
`~A
`1/2
`tA
`~/~
`
`160
`160
`160
`160
`
`80
`i60
`320
`640
`
`1
`2
`4
`8
`
`45 In some embodiments, the MCS may be selected to utilize
`modular resources. For example, as illustrated in Table 1, 80
`raw modulation symbols are needed to transmit 160 infor-
`mation bits using 16QAM modulation and rote-l/2 coding,
`the highest available MCS in the table. The resource utilized
`5o by this highest MCS is called a basic resource unit ("Unit"),
`i.e., 80 mw symbols in this example. The resource utilized
`by other MCS is simply an integer multiple of the basic unit.
`For example, four units are required to transmit the same
`number of information bits using QPSK modulation with
`55 rote-l/4 coding. The MCS index (MCSI) conveys the infor-
`mation about modulation and coding schemes. For a known
`vocoder, MCSI also implies the number of AMC resource
`units required for a voice packet. Those skilled in the art will
`appreciate that coding and signal repetition can be combined
`6o to provide lower coding rates. For example, rate-l/8 coding
`can be realized by a concatenation of rote-l/2 coding and
`4-time repetition.
`The decision process for selecting the proper MCS of a
`packet can vary by application. In some embodiments, the
`65 process for voice packets can be more conservative than that
`for general data packets due to the QoS requirements of the
`voice applications. For example, when the signal to inter-
`
`Copy provided by USPTO from the PIRS Image Database on 06-03-2021
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-4, PageID.19248 Filed 06/20/24 Page 20 of 24
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000070
`
`us
`
`10,447,450 B2
`
`7
`ference noise ratio (SINR) is used as a threshold for select-
`ing the MCS, the threshold value for voice packets is set
`higher than that for general data packets. For example, the
`SINR threshold of QPSK with rate-l/2 coding for voice
`packets is 12 dB, while that for general data packets is 10
`dB.
`If a MCS from Table 1 is selected for each packet stream
`contained in a particular zone, the offset to a segment
`representing a particular packet stream may be easily cal-
`culated. For example, an index VZI1, VZIa, . . . VZIm is
`shown at the origin of each segment that is contained in the
`zone 605a. The index for any selected packet stream is
`defined as the sum of all basic resource units associated with
`each packet stream preceding the selected packet stream,
`with an optional adjustment depending on the location
`where the division of the time-frequency resource is started
`(typically no adjustment is required since the division starts
`at the origin of the zone). For example, the location index for
`the first voice packet stream is VZII=0 since it starts at the
`origin of the zone 605a. The first packet stream has an MCS
`o