Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19200 Filed 06/20/24 Page 1 of 29
`
`Exhibit C
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19201 Filed 06/20/24 Page 2 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000104
`
`ALL,TOWHOM THESE,PRESENTS;SHALE,COME
`
`UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
`United States Patent and Trademark Office
`
`April I4i 2022
`
`THIS, IS TO CERTIFY THAT ANNE:¢~D HEP~TO IS A TRUE COPY FROM
`’THE RECORDS OF THIS OFFICE OF:
`
`PATENT NUMBER: 10, 771,302
`
`ISSUE DATE: Septembet" 8, 2020
`
`By Aathorip,~ of the
`Under Secretary of Commerce lbr Intellectual Property
`and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office
`
`fabs So
`
`ohn Burson
`Certifying Officer
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19202 Filed 06/20/24 Page 3 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000105
`
`US010771302B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Li et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.: US 10,771,302 B2
`(45) Date of Patent: *Sep. 8, 2020
`
`(54) CHANNEL PROBING SIGNAL FOR A
`BROADBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`(71) Applicant:
`
`Neo Wireless LLC, Wayne, PA (US)
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors:
`
`Xiaodong Li, Kirkland, WA (US);
`Titus Lo, Bellevue, WA (US); Kemin
`Li, Bellevue, WA (US); llaiming
`Huang, Bellevue, WA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee:
`
`Neo Wireless LLC, Wayne, PA (US)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis-
`claimer.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 15/953,950
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Apr. 16, 2018
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2019/0089566 A1 Mar. 21, 2019
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63)
`
`Continuation of application No. 14/321,615, filed on
`Jul. 1, 2014, now Pat. No. 9,948,488, which is a
`(Continued)
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`HO4L 12/26
`
`HO4L 27/26
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(Continued)
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`U.S. CI.
`CPC .........
`
`HO4L 27/2626 (2013.01); HO4B 1/707
`(2013.01); HO4B 1/711 (2013.01);
`(Continued)
`Field of Classification Search
`CPC ....................................................... H04L 12/26
`(Continued)
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,909,436 A
`6,771,706 B2
`
`6/1999 Engstrom et al.
`8/2004 Ling et al.
`
`(Continued)
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`CN
`CN
`
`1407745 A 4/2003
`1445949 A
`10/2003
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Extended European Search Report received for counterpart Euro-
`pean Patent Application No. 18196596.3, dated Feb. 20, 2019 (8
`pages).
`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner -- Dimitry Levitan
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm -- Volpe and Koenig, RC.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`In a broadband wireless communication system, a spread
`spectrum signal is intentionally overlapped with an OFDM
`signal, in a time domain, a frequency domain, or both. The
`OFDM signal, which inherently has a high spectral effi-
`ciency, is used for carrying broadband data or control
`information. The spread spectrum signal, which is designed
`to have a high spread gain for overcoming severe interfer-
`ence, is used for facilitating system functions such as initial
`random access, channel probing, or short messaging. Meth-
`ods and techniques are devised to ensure that the mutual
`interference between the overlapped signals is minimized to
`have insignificant impact on either signal and that both
`signals are detectable with expected performance by a
`receiver.
`
`36 Claims, 18 Drawing Sheets
`
`BS i
`
`1004
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19203 Filed 06/20/24 Page 4 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000106
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`Page 2
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`continuation of application No. 13/861,942, filed on
`Apr. 12, 2013, now Pat. No. 8,767,522, which is a
`continuation of application No. 13/347,644, filed on
`Jan. 10, 2012, now Pat. No. 8,428,009, which is a
`continuation of application No. 12/975,226, filed on
`Dec. 21, 2010, now Pat. No. 8,094,611, which is a
`continuation of application No. 10/583,229, filed as
`application No. PCTAIS2005/003518 on Jan. 27,
`2005, now Pat. No. 7,864,725.
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 60/540,586, filed on Jan.
`30, 2004, provisional application No. 60/540,032,
`filed on Jan. 29, 2004.
`
`(51) Int. CI.
`HO4L 5/00
`HO4L 25/03
`HO4L 27/00
`HO4B 1/707
`HO4B 1/711
`HO4L 25/02
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2011.01)
`(2011.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`HO4L 5/0007 (2013.01); HO4L 5/0028
`
`(52) U.S. CI.
`CPC ..........
`(2013.01); HO4L 25/03834 (2013.01); HO4L
`27/0008 (2013.01); HO4L 27/0012 (2013.01);
`HO4L 27/2602 (2013.01); HO4L 27/2647
`(2013.01); HO4L 5/0016 (2013.01); HO4L
`25/0228 (2013.01); HO4L 27/2607 (2013.01);
`HO4L 27/2655 (2013.01)
`Field of Classification Search
`USPC ........ 370/241,252, 310, 328, 330, 464, 532
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(58)
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`7,274,652 BI
`7,873,009 B2*
`
`8,102,832 B2*
`
`8,363,691 B2*
`
`9/2007 Webster et al.
`1/2011 Larsson ................ H04W28/18
`370/330
`1/2012 Agrawal ................ H04B 1/713
`370/342
`1/2013 Hasegawa .............. H04B 1/707
`370/335
`
`2001/0021182 AI
`2002/0159422 AI
`2003/0072255 A1
`2003/0179776 A1
`2004/0085946 A1
`2004/0171357 A1
`2004/0264600 A1
`2006/0114815 A1
`2006/0245409 AI
`2008/0304551 AI
`2011/0211617 AI
`2011/0299474 AI
`2012/0106513 A1
`
`9/2001 Wakutsu
`10/2002 Li et al.
`4/2003 Ma et al.
`9/2003 Sumasu et al.
`5/2004 Morita et al.
`9/2004 Lobinger et al.
`12/2004 Kao et al.
`6/2006 Hasegawa et al.
`11/2006 Korpela et al.
`12/2008 Li et al.
`9/2011 Li et al.
`12/2011 Li et al.
`5/2012 Li et al.
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`CN
`WO
`
`10/2003
`1452326
`2003058881 A2 7/2003
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Digital Video
`Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modu-
`lation for digital terrestrial television, ETSI EN 300 744 VI.5.1
`
`(Jun. 2004).
`IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks; Part 16:
`Air Interface for FLxed Broadband Wireless Access Systems--
`Amendment 2: Medium Access Control Modifications and Addi-
`tional Physical Layer Specifications for 2-11 GHz, IEEE Std.
`802.16a-2003 (Apr. l, 2003).
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19204 Filed 06/20/24 Page 5 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000107
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 1 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`i S ubcarders for
`
`subchannel 3
`for
`
`3
`
`3
`
`FIG.I
`
`I Subcarriers for
`
`subchannel2
`subchannel 2
`Subcarriersfor
`
`2
`
`subchannel1
`subchannel 1
`Subcarriersfor
`Subcarriers for
`
`Silentsubcarriers
`Silent subcarriers
`
`Pilotsubcarriers
`Pilot subcarriers
`
`1
`
`P
`
`(Frequency)
`frequenc
`(frequency)
`
`f
`
`Channel
`Channel
`
`¥
`
`s 1232p3121321 p213s32p321 3p21 pl 3s
`
`2p3121321p213s32p321
`
`3
`
`Ab
`
`3
`
`3A
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19205 Filed 06/20/24 Page 6 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000108
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 2 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.2
`FIG. 2
`
`Timeslots
`Time slots
`
`n+3
`n+3 n+4
`
`n+2
`n+2
`
`n+l
`
`n
`
`I
`2
`3
`4
`
`soo
`sjauueyoqns
`
`A
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19206 Filed 06/20/24 Page 7 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000109
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 3 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG. 3
`3g
`
`*SP2:SpecialPeriod2
`* SP2: Special Period 2
`*SP1:SpecialPeriod1
`* SPI:
`Period
`~-""~""~’~"~Special
`
`timeslot #6
`timeslot#6
`
`timeslot#5
`timesIot #5
`
`timeslot#4
`timeslot .#.’4
`
`SP2
`timeslot#3
`timeslot #3 SP2
`
`[I~-P~ ] timeslot #1 [ timesIot #2
`timeslot#2
`SPI
`
`timeslot#1
`
`314
`
`ascanane,Reeser
`
`tteestaescene
`
`TiesereeTHe.orecann,
`
`800 us
`
`subframe#3
`subt~ame #3
`
`subframe#2
`subl?rame L~2
`
`subframe#1
`subframe #1
`
`312
`
`/; frame #i+l
`
`frame#i+]
`
`/
`310
`310
`
`Subframe(Sms)
`Subfi:ame (5ms)
`
`frame
`frame
`
`Frame(20ms)
`Frame (20ms)
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19207 Filed 06/20/24 Page 8 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000110
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 4 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.4
`FIG. 4
`
`ExarapleConfiguration3:
`Example Configuration 3: Asymmetric (5 DL slots, 1 UL slots)
`
`DLslots,1UL
`
`SP2|
`
`ta)DL
`
`DLslot#3|DL
`
`DLslot#2
`
`SPi|slot#1J
`
`LIL slot #2t !
`
`ULslotakULslotwah
`
`ExampleConfiguration2:AsymmetricDLslots,2UL
`Example Configuration 2: Asymmetric (4 DL slots, 2 UL slots)
`DLslotiatSP2
`
`DLslot#14DLslot#2+DLslot#3
`
`ExampleConfiguration1:Synumetric(3DLslots,3ULslots)
`Example Configuratioa 1: S~’mmelric 0 DL slots, 3 UL slots)
`
`LIL slot #3 t
`ULslot
`
`ULslotHa
`
`DLslotedsp2|ULslotaif
`
`>
`
`subframe
`subframe (5ms)
`
`SP1|DLslotalDLslot
`
`ay]SPI
`
`\
`
`Ata
`414 "
`
`\
`
`412 °
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19208 Filed 06/20/24 Page 9 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000111
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 5 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.
`FIG. 5
`
`not
`not synchronized
`
`synchronized
`
`synchronized
`
`GP,
`
`#8
`
`GP,
`
`signal
`
`{Spread
`
`GP,
`
`Spreadspectrumsignal#k
`Spread spectrum sign.al #k
`
`eelGP,
`
`514 ....
`
`OFDMsymbol#2
`OFDM symbol #2 ""i~’i’i’:i ....... [J~--;--~-;M symbol
`
`!
`
`512
`
`ZO
`
`............................
`eeme.,Hane.
`
`OFDMsymbol#1
`OFDM symbol#l
`
`i OFDM symbol(100us)
`
`OFDMsymbol(100us)
`
`timeslot #i
`timeslot#i
`
`*GP2: Guard Period 2
`Period2
`*GP2:
`Periodi
`*GP[:Guard. P~riod 1
`*GPi:
`
`510
`510
`
`re
`/
`TimeSlot(800us)/f
`
`Time 81o[(800 us)
`
`<
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19209 Filed 06/20/24 Page 10 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000112
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 6 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.6
`FIG. 6
`
`SS signal
`
`MC signal
`
`aan?
`
`ane
`
`ow
`
`$1232p3121321p213s32p32i13p21pi3s
`3p21p13s
`s 1232p3121 321p213s32p321
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19210 Filed 06/20/24 Page 11 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000113
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep.
`8,2020
`
`Sheet 7 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`SSsignal
`
`MCsignal
`MC signal
`
`FIG. 7
`FIG,7
`
`subchannel k
`
`subchannelk
`
`subchannel|
`subchannel j
`
`""
`
`subchannel1
`subchannel 1 ~ subchannel i ~ subchannel n
`
`»
`
`subchannelj
`
`,
`
`>
`
`2
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19211 Filed 06/20/24 Page 12 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000114
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 8 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`820
`820
`
`Txpower
`Tx power con[rol
`
`FIG. 8
`
`Sl~read Spectrum Transmitter Signal Processln9 ._,
`
`antaeed
`
`et
`
`am
`
`etom
`
`ceeme
`
`wre
`
`re
`
`83O
`
`,
`
`attenuator
`
`spreading
`spreading
`
`S(t)ss
`
`shaping
`gePulse-
`~ Pulse-
`
`c(t)
`
`ne
`
`ma
`
`reeme
`
`ertanowwe
`
`(S/P)
`(S/P) ...... prefix "’" (P/S)
`to Serial
`to
`~ Parallel
`Parallel
`Parallel
`Serial to:
`Serialto
`
`prefix
`cyclic
`cyclic
`Add
`| Add
`
`IDFT
`LDF I.
`
`>
`
`Fo
`
`810
`
`’,
`
`Multi-Carrier Transmitter Signal Processing
`
`1tii
`
`t
`
`5 ti1ii i
`
`iit i
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19212 Filed 06/20/24 Page 13 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000115
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 9 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`’ processing ~ ’
`
`Pre-
`
`/AGO
`AGC
`
`...... +7-
`
`rp
`r(t)
`
`.....
`
`930
`330
`
`a
`
`ii
`
`i
`
`iat
`
`owtar
`
`man
`
`ewwe
`
`ne
`
`mo
`
`neem
`
`wene
`
`(S/P)
`Parallel
`Serialto
`
`see
`
`eeeprefix
`cyclic
`Remove
`
`BET
`
`¢——/toSerial
`Parallel
`
`910
`
`Circuit
`__ Circuit
`MCSynchronization
`MC Synchronization
`
`Multi-CarrierReceiverProcessing
`Multi-Carrier Receiver Processing
`
`900
`
`.
`c*(t)
`—(%)«
`
`!orreiator?
`correiator
`
`A
`
`Processing
`Detector
`Processing] l Detector
`Farther
`Peak
`
`i ‘a
`
`920
`~ 920
`I
`
`SpreadSpectrumReceiverProcessing
`Spread Snectrum Rece=ver Processlna ~
`
`FIG. 9
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19213 Filed 06/20/24 Page 14 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000116
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 10 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG,
`FIG. 10
`
`1004
`1004
`
`MC
`
`OO2
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19214 Filed 06/20/24 Page 15 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000117
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 11 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.11
`FIG. H
`
`1110
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19215 Filed 06/20/24 Page 16 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000118
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 12 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`AGC
`AGC
`
`X -~ ..........
`ny
`
`AID
`AID
`
`7t
`
`$1
`
`7
`
`7i
`
`FIG,12
`FIG. 12
`
`iG
`
`processing
`processing
`
`Pre-
`Pre-
`
`slgaal recowryj
`
`directed
`directed
`Decision-
`
`;
`
`detection
`detection
`SS
`SS
`
`ParalIel(s.zp) ~- -’
`Parallel
`Serial to ,
`Serialto
`
`¥
`
`i t t t t
`
`‘i
`
`i i
`
`,,
`
`wee
`
`eeeprefix
`°’" prefix
`cyclic
`cyclic
`Remove
`Remove I
`
`(P/S) [’’"I
`FFT
`to SerialI I FFT
`«-——{toSerial
`Parallel
`par:41el
`
`eee
`
`y
`
`MCSynchronization
`M:C S y-ta., cl~r Ola ~ at i o~:1.
`
`Cirenit
`
`Multi-CarrierReceiverProcessing
`Multi-Carrier Receiver Processing
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19216 Filed 06/20/24 Page 17 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000119
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 13 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`306
`
`{time}
`(time)
`
`Bet
`
`FIG.13
`FIG. 13
`
`~ -~1302
`Spreadspectrumsignal
`Spread spectrum signal #n
`
`~ 1308
`
`1308
`
`Spreadspectrumsignal#m
`Spread spectrum signal #m
`
`Spreadspectrumsignal#p
`Spread spectrum signal #p
`
`~ 1304
`1304
`
`symbol(orsiot)
`M C symbol (or slot)
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19217 Filed 06/20/24 Page 18 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000120
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 14of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.14
`FIG. 14
`
`subchannelk
`subchannei k
`
`subchannel|
`subchannel j
`
`f
`
`subchannel n
`
`n
`
`!
`
`subchannel!i
`subchannei i
`|
`
`we"SSsignal
`SS signal
`
`MCsignal
`MC signal
`
`we
`
`wet
`
`subchannel4
`subchannell
`
`etMePensdisemouceane
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19218 Filed 06/20/24 Page 19 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000121
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 15 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG,15
`
`fomed
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19219 Filed 06/20/24 Page 20 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000122
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 16 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`f
`
`Fic.16
`FIG. 16
`
`So,
`
`5.68or7.68MHz(SS)
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19220 Filed 06/20/24 Page 21 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000123
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 17 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`FIG.17
`FIG. 17
`
`4704
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`702
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`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19221 Filed 06/20/24 Page 22 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000124
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 8, 2020
`
`Sheet 18 of 18
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`Frequency
`
`>
`
`ChannelResponseinFrequency
`Channel Response in Frequency
`
`(FrequencySelectivity)
`(Frequency Selectivi~)
`
`\
`\
`
`/
`
`/>|
`
`aN
`
`/
`
`1804
`
`FIG. 18
`FIG,18
`
`\
`
`Hi
`
`ChannelResponseinTime
`Channel Response in Time
`Maxdelayspread,
`
`BIG BRIG OE OD doOf
`
`Ne
`
`A.
`
`Fic)
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19222 Filed 06/20/24 Page 23 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000125
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`2
`FIG. 6 is an illustration of MC signals overlaid with DSSS
`signals in the frequency domain where the power level of the
`DSSS signal is much lower than that of the MC signal.
`FIG. 7 is same as FIG. 6 wherein not all MC subchatmels
`5 are occupied.
`FIG. 8 illustrates a transmitter structure of MC and DSSS
`overlay system.
`FIG. 9 illustrates a receiver structure of MC and DSSS
`overlay system.
`10 FIG. 10 illustrates examples of commuhications between
`
`15
`
`a base station and multiple mobile stations transmitting
`DSSS and MC signals.
`FIG. 11 illustrates a mobile station sending DSSS signals
`to its current serving base station, or other base stations.
`FIG. 12 illustrates using interference cancellation tech-
`nique to cancel interfering DSSS signal in a composite
`signal to obtain a clearer MC signal.
`FIG. 13 illustrates a DSSS signal and a MC signal fully
`20 overlaid or partially overlaid at MC symbol or slot boundary
`in time domain.
`FIG. 14 illustrates a DSSS signal with a high Peak to
`Average Ratio in frequency domain causing strong interfer-
`ence to certain MC subcarriers.
`FIG. 15 illustrates using spectrum nulls in DSSS signal to
`protect an MC control subchannel.
`FIG. 16 illustrates spectrum control for DSSS signal using
`simple sub-sampling method.
`FIG. 17 illustrates examples of communications between
`3o a base station and multiple mobile stations transmitting both
`DSSS and MC signals.
`FIG. 18 illustrates a typical channel response in the time
`and frequency domains. By estimating the peaks of a chan-
`nel response in the time domain, the channel profile in the
`35 frequency domain can be obtained.
`
`25
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`1
`CHANNEL PROBING SIGNAL FOR A
`BROADBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
`(s)
`This application is a continuation of U.S. patent applica-
`tion Ser. No. 14/321,615 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,948,488),
`filed Jul. 1,2014, which is a continuation application of U.S.
`patent application Ser. No. 13/861,942 (now U.S. Pat. No.
`8,767,522), filed Apr. 12, 2013, which is a continuation
`application of U.S. patent application Set. No. 13/347,644
`(now U.S. Pat. No. 8,428,009), filed Jan. 10, 2012, which is
`a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`12/975,226 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,094,611), filed Dec. 21,
`2010, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S.
`patent application Ser. No. 12/975,226 is a continuation
`application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/583,229
`(now U.S. Pat. No. 7,864,725), filed Aug. 27, 2008, which
`is the National Stage Application of International Applica-
`tion No. PCT/US2005/003518, filed Jan. 27, 2005, which
`claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
`60/540,586, filed on Jan. 30, 2004, and of U.S. Provisional
`Patent Application No. 60/540,032, filed on Jan. 29, 2004.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`A direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) system is
`inherently capable of supporting multi-cell and multi-user
`access applications through the use of orthogonal spreading
`codes. The initial access of the physical channel and fre-
`quency planning are relatively easier because of interference
`averaging in a DSSS system. It has been widely used in
`some existing wireless networks. However, a DSSS system
`using orthogonal spreading codes, may suffer severely from
`the loss of orthogonally in a broadband environment due to
`multi-path propagation effects, which results in low spectral
`efficiency.
`In broadband wireless communications, Multi-Carrier
`(MC) technology is drawing more and more attention
`because of its capability. An MC system such as an Orthogo-
`nat Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is
`capable of supporting broadband applications with higher
`spectral efficiency. An MC system mitigates the adverse
`effects of multi-path propagation in wireless environments
`by using cyclic prefixes to extend the signal period as the
`data is multiplexed on orthogonal sub-carriers. In effect, it
`converts a frequency selective channel into a number of
`parallel flat fading channels which can be easily equalized
`with simple one-tap equalizers. The modulator and the
`demodulator can be executed efficiently via the fast Fourier
`transform (FFT) with much lower cost. However, MC
`systems are vulnerable while operating in multi-user and
`multi-cell environments.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`A broadband wireless communication system where both
`4o the Multi-Carrier (MC) and direct Sequence Spread Spec-
`trum (DSSS) signals are intentionally overlaid together in
`both time and frequency domains is described. The system
`takes advantage of both MC and DSSS techniques to miti-
`gate their weaknesses. The MC signal is used to carry
`45 broadband data signal for its high spectral efficiency, while
`the DSSS signal is used for special purpose processing, such
`as initial random access, channel probing, and short mes-
`saging, in which signal properties such as simplicity, self
`synchronization, and performance under severe interference
`5o are of concern. In the embodiments of this invention both the
`MC and the DSSS signals are distingnishable in normal
`operations and the interference between the overlaid signals
`is insufficient to degrade the expected performance of either
`signal.
`ss Unlike a typical CDMA system where the signals are
`designed to be orthogonal in the code domain or an OFDM
`system where the signals are designed to be orthogonal in
`frequency domain, the embodiments of this invention over-
`lay the MC signal, which is transmitted without or with very
`low spreading, and the DSSS signal, which is transmitted at
`a power level lower than that of the MC signal.
`In accordance with aspects of certain embodiments of this
`invention, the MC signal is modulated on, subcarriers in the
`frequency domain while the DSSS signal is modulated by
`the information bits or symbols in the time domain. In some
`cases the information bits modulating the DSSS sequence
`are always one.
`
`65
`
`FIG. 1 illustrates a basic structure of a multi-carrier signal
`in the frequency domain, made up of subcarriers.
`FIG. 2 illustrates a radio resource being divided into small 6o
`units in both t~equency and time domains.
`FIG. 3 illustrates a frame structure of an exemplary
`OFDM system.
`FIG. 4 illustrates three examples of a subframe structure
`in the exemplary OFDM system.
`FIG. 5 illustrates slot structure of the OFDM system and
`the overlay system.
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19223 Filed 06/20/24 Page 24 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000126
`
`US
`
`10,771,302 B2
`
`4
`One subframe 312 consists of six time slots 314 and two
`special periods 316, which serve transition time from down-
`link to uplink and vise versa. The six time slots in one
`subframe can be configured as either uplink or downlink
`5 slots symmetrically or asymmetrically.
`FIG. 4 illustrates three examples of a subfmme structure
`in an OFDM system: one symmetric configuration 412 and
`two asymmetric configurations 414, each with differing
`number of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) slots. FIG. 5
`10 illustrates a slot structure of an OFDM system and an
`overlay system. One 800 p.s time slot 510 is comprised of 8
`OFDM symbols 512, which are overlaid by DSSS signals
`514 in the time domain. Two guard periods GP1 and GP2 are
`allocated for the DSSS signal 514.
`
`15
`
`3
`This invention further provides apparatus and means to
`implement the mentioned processes and methods in a broad-
`band wireless multi-access and/or multi-cell network, using
`advanced techniques such as transmit power control, spread-
`ing signal design, and itemtive cancellation.
`The mentioned MC system can be of any special format
`such as OFDM or Multi-Cartier Code Division Multiple
`Access (MC-CDMA). The presented methods and apparatus
`can be applied to downlink, uplink, or both, where the
`duplexing technique can be either Time Division Duplexing
`(TDD) or Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD).
`Various embodiments of the invention are described to
`provide specific details for thorough understanding and
`enablement; however, the aspects of the invention may be
`practiced without such details. In some instances, well-
`known structures and functions have not been shown or
`described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the
`essential matters.
`Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout
`the description and the claims, the words "comprise," "com- 20
`prising," and the like are to be construed in an inclusive
`sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is
`to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to." Words
`using the singular or plural number also include the plural or
`singular number respectively. Additionally, the words 25
`"herein," "above," "below" and words of similar import,
`when used in this application, shall refer to this application
`as a whole and not to any particular portions of this
`application. When the claims use the word "or" in reference
`to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the 3o
`following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the
`list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the
`items in the list.
`Multi-Carrier Communication System
`The physical media resource (e.g., radio or cable) in a 35
`multi-carrier communication system can be divided in both
`the frequency and time domains. This canonical division
`provides a high flexibility and fine granularity for resource
`sharing.
`The basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the fre- 4o
`quency domain is made up of subcarriers. Within a particular
`spectral band or channel, there are a fixed number of
`subcarriers. There are three types of subcarriers:
`1. Data subcarriers, which contain information data;
`2. Pilot subcarriers, whose phases and amplitudes are pre- 45
`determined and made known to all receivers and which
`are employed for assisting system functions such as
`estimation of system parameters; and
`3. Silent subcarriers, which have no energy and are used for
`guard bands and DC carrier.
`FIG. 1 illustrates a basic structure of a multi-carrier signal
`in the frequency domain, made up of subcarriers. The data
`subcarriers can be arranged into groups called subchannels
`to support scalability and multiple-access. The carriers
`forming one subchannel are not necessarily adjacent to each 55
`other. As depicted in FIG. 1, each user may use part or all
`of the subchannels.
`FIG. 2 illustrates a radio resource being divided into small
`units in both frequency (subchannels) and time domains
`(time slots). The basic structure of an MC signal in the time 6o
`domain is made up of time slots to support multiple-access.
`An Exemplary MC System
`An OFDM system is used in the system as a special case
`of an MC system. The system parameters for the uplink
`under consideration are listed in Table 1. FIG. 3 illustrates 65
`a frame structure of a suitable OFDM system. In this system,
`a 20 ms frame 310 is divided into four 5 ms subframes 312.
`
`TABLE 1
`
`Uplink system p~r~meters
`
`Data Rate
`Modulation
`Coding rate
`IFFT/FFT size
`OFDM symbol duration
`Guard interval
`Subcarrier spacing
`System sampling rate (fs)
`Channel spacing
`
`2, 4, 8, 16, 24 Mbps
`QPSK, 16-QAM
`1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4
`1024
`100 us
`11.11 us
`9.765625 kHz
`11.52 MHz
`10 MHz
`
`Detailed Description of a MC and DSSS Overlay System
`FIG. 5 illustrates the overlay of the MC and DSSS signals,
`where the DSSS signal overlaps with the MC signal in the
`time domain. The overlaid signal can be aligned at the
`boundary of MC slot or MC symbol when they are synchro-
`nized (for example, DSSS signal #k in FIG. 5). It can also
`be not aligned when they are not synchronized (for example,
`DSSS signal #j in FIG. 5). In one embodiment, the DSSS
`signal is placed at the period of cyclic prefix of the OFDM
`symbol.
`FIG. 6 is an illustration of MC signals overlaid with DSSS
`signals in the frequency domain where the power level of the
`DSSS signal is much lower than that of the MC signal. The
`subcarriers in a subchannel are not necessarily adjacent to
`each other in the frequency domain. FIG. 7 is similar to FIG.
`6 wherein not all MC subchannels are occupied. It illustrates
`a scenario where some MC subchannels are not energized.
`In another embodiment, the MC signal is modulated on
`subcarriers in the frequency domain while the DSSS signal
`is modulated in either the time domain or the frequency
`domain. In one embodiment the modulation symbol on the
`DSSS sequence is one and the sequence is unmodulated.
`FIG. 8 illustrates a transmitter structure 800 of an MC and
`DSSS overlay system, wherein the MC signal and DSSS
`signal are added together prior to Digital to Analog (D/A)
`conversion 830. In FIG. 8, the top branch 810 is an OFDM
`transmitter and the bottom branch 820 is the spread spec-
`trum transmitter. In the MC transmitter, the S/P buffer
`converts the sequential inputs into parallel outputs, which
`are in turn inputted to the inverse discrete Fourier transform
`(IDFT). The outputs from the IDFT are the time domain
`signals, which are converted from parallel to sequential
`signals after a cyclic prefix is added. Adding the prefix can
`also be performed after the P/S conversion. In the spread
`spectrum transmitter, the DSSS sequence is modulated by
`the information bits or symbols and the modulated signals
`will undergo pulse-shaping filtering so that the signal spec-
`trum meets specified criteria.
`A digital attenuator (G1) is used for the DSSS signal to
`adjust its transmitted signal level relative to the MC signal.
`
`5o
`
`

`

`Case 2:22-md-03034-TGB ECF No. 255-3, PageID.19224 Filed 06/20/24 Page 25 of 29
`
`NEO-AUTO_0000127
`
`US 10,771,302 B2
`
`6
`In one embodiment, the DSSS signal is power controlled
`such that Pss is well below the noise level, N.
`On the other hand, the SINR for the DSSS signal is
`
`SINR’ss=Pss/(N+I+PMc)
`
`(5)
`
`Denoting the spreading factor for the DSSS signal as KsF,
`the effective SINR for one symbol after despreading is:
`
`SINR’ss=Pss*Ks~4(N+I+PMc)
`
`(6)
`
`lO SINR’ss must be high enough to meet the performance
`requirement when detecting or decoding the information
`conveyed in the DSSS signal. In one embodiment, KsF is
`chosen to be 1000, so that the DSSS signal is boosted with
`30 dB spreading gain after despreading.
`15 FIG. 11 illustrates a mobile station 1110 sending DSSS
`signals to its current serving base station or other base
`stations. The latter case is especially helpful in hand-off
`processes. In this Figure, a mobile station MSk is commu-
`nicating with a BS~ using an MC signal while transmitting a
`20 DSSS signal to BSk.
`Power Control
`As discussed above, one design issue is to minimize the
`power of the DSSS signal to reduce its interference with the
`MC data signal. In one embodiment, the initial power setting
`25 of a mobile station, TMs = (in dBm), is set based on path
`loss, Lpath (in dB), and ~e desired received power level at
`the base station, P~s ,~ a~ (in dBm),
`
`TMS_==P~s ~_,~+L.r~th-C 1-C~
`
`(7)
`
`5
`The two signals are overlaid in the digital domain before
`converting to a composite analog signal. A second analog
`variable gain (G2) is used subsequent to the D/A converter
`830 to further control the power level of the transmitted
`signal. When the MC signal is not present, both G1 and G2
`will be applied to the DSSS signal to provide sufficient
`transmission dynamic range. G2 can be realized in multiple
`circuit stages.
`FIG. 9 illustrates a receiver structure 900 of an MC and
`DSSS overlay system. A composite signal is processed by a
`MC receiver 910 and DSSS receiver 920. At the receiver
`side, after automatic gain control (AGC), an Analog-to-
`Digital (A/D) converter 930 converts the received analog
`signal to digital signal. The MC receiver basically performs
`a reverse process of the MC transmitter. The MC synchro-
`nization circuit carries out the synchronization in both time
`and frequency for the receiver to function properly. The
`outputs of the P/S are information bits or symbols. To detect
`whether a DSSS signal is present, the signal is despread with
`a matched filter or a correlator, using the access sequence, to
`check if the correlation peak exceeds a predefined threshold.
`The information from the DSSS receiver 920 will then be
`used to decode the mobile station’s signature in the case of
`initial random access; to derive the channel information in
`the case of channel probing; or to decode the information bit
`in the case of short messaging.
`In one embodiment a rake receiver is used in the DSSS
`receiver 920 to improve its performance in a multi-path
`environment. In another embodiment, the MC signal is
`processed as if no DSSS signal is present. In yet another
`embodiment, advanced interference cancellation techniques
`can be applied to the composite signal to cancel the DSSS
`signal from the composite signal thus maintaining almost the
`same MC performance.
`The transmitted composite signal for user i can be repre-
`sented by:
`
`si(t)=Gi,2*[Gi, l*si,ss(t)+bi*si,Mc(t)]
`
`(1)
`
`where bi is 0 when there is no MC signal and is 1 when an
`MC signal is present. Similarly, Gi,t is 0 when there is no
`DSSS signal and varies depending on the power setting of
`the DSSS signal relative to the MC signal when a DSSS
`signal is present. Gi,a is used to control the total transmission
`power for user i. The received signal can be represented by:
`
`M
`
`r(t) =~-~ si(t)+N+l
`i=]
`
`(2)
`
`30 Ct (in dB) is set to a proper value so that the SINR of the
`MC as specified in equation (4) meets its requirement. Cz (in
`dB) is an adjustment to compensate for the power control
`inaccuracy. Open loop power control inaccuracy is mainly
`caused by a discrepancy between an estimated path loss by
`35 the mobile station and the actual path loss.
`In one embodiment, C~ is set to 9 dB for MC using QPSK
`modulation with aA error control coding or 15 dB for MC
`using 16 QAM modulation with ~,5 error control coding. C2
`is set to 10 dB or 2 dB depending on whether the mobile
`4o station is under open loop power control or closed loop
`power control. Power control for the DSSS signal also eases
`the spectrum mask requirement for the DSSS signal because
`the DSSS signal level is much lower than that of the MC
`signal.
`45 With