Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 1 of 302
`Case 1:16—cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 1 of 302
`
`
`
`
`EXHIBIT F
`
`EXHIBIT F
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 2 of 302
`
`PACKET
`RADIO
`NETWORKS
`
`Architectures, Protocols, Technologies
`and Applications
`
`Clifford A Lynch&Edwin B Brownrigg
`
`Press
`
`f
`'j
`-,
`~ ii
`i
`i ~(cid:173)I
`I f-
`I 1--
`
`-I
`
`l
`
`f
`1
`
`ss-
`
`~
`
`-- ..
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 3 of 302
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`Architectures, Protocols, Technologies
`and Applications
`
`~~=~~"=:J¥%iT ;_- -
`
`~~~ -- , - - - - - - - - - - ---
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 4 of 302
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`Architectures, Protocols, Technologies
`and Applications
`
`CLIFFORD A. LYNCH
`and
`
`EDWIN B. BROWNRIGG
`Division of Library Automation
`Office of the President and Universitywide Services
`University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
`
`PERGAMON PRESS
`OXFORD· NEW YORK· BEIJING · FRANKFURT
`sAo PAULO . SYDNEY . TOKYO . TORONTO
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 5 of 302
`
`U.K.
`
`U.S.A.
`
`PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
`OF CHINA
`FEDERAL REPUBLIC
`OF GERMANY
`BRAZIL
`
`AUSTRALIA
`
`JAPAN
`
`CANADA
`
`Pergamon Press, Headington Hill Hall,
`Oxford OX3 OBW, England
`Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park,
`Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A.
`Pergamon Press, Room 4037, Qianmen Hotel, Beijing,
`People's Republic of China
`Pergamon Press, Hammerweg 6,
`D-6242 Kronberg, Federal Republic of Germany
`Pergamon Editora, Rua Er;:a de Queiros, 346,
`CEP 04011, Paraiso, Sao Paulo, Brazil
`Pergamon Press Australia, P.O. Box 544,
`Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia
`Pergamon Press, 8th Floor, Matsuoka Central Building,
`1-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
`Pergamon Press Canada, Suite No. 271,
`253 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MST 1 R5
`
`Copyright © 1987 C. A. Lynch and E. B. Brownrigg
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
`reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
`in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic,
`magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
`otherwise, without permission in writing from the
`publishers.
`First edition 1987
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Lynch, Clifford A.
`Packet radio networks.
`Bibliography: p.
`Includes index.
`I. Brownrigg,
`1. Radio-Packet transmission.
`Edwin Blake, 1946-
`.
`II. Title.
`TK6562.P32L96 1987 004.6
`87-25874
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`Lynch, Clifford A.
`Packet radio networks: architectures,
`protocols, technologies and applications.
`1. Packet switching (Data transmission)
`2. Radio
`I. Title
`II. Brownrigg, Edwin B.
`004.6'6
`TK5105
`ISBN 0-08-035913-2
`
`Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. ltd., Exeter
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 6 of 302
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Introduction
`
`PART I: PACKET RADIO SYSTEMS
`
`Chapter 1: System Requirements
`
`A Taxonomy of Packet Radio Systems
`System Configurations
`
`Chapter 2: System Design Considerations
`
`Components of a Packet Radio Node
`Integrating a Packet Radio With a Terminal
`Integrating a Packet Radio With a Personal Computer
`System Design Considerations
`Spread Spectrum Techniques
`
`PART II: TECHNOLOGIES FOR PACKET RADIO
`
`Chapter 3: Security and Authentication in Packet
`Radio Networks
`
`A General Perspective on Security
`Security Threats and Countermeasures
`Directional Antenna Considerations
`Spread Spectrum Considerations
`Encryption Techniques
`Authentication
`Summary
`
`ix
`
`3
`
`3
`17
`
`23
`
`24
`31
`34
`35
`51
`
`61
`
`61
`63
`72
`73
`74
`81
`84
`
`V
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 7 of 302
`
`---·JIIIIIIIIIII
`
`vi
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`
`(
`
`Chapter 4: Managing Overload
`
`Overload in Computer Networks
`Managing Overload in a Contention Broadcast Channel
`Control Techniques for Network-Level Overload
`Control Techniques for End-to-End Overload
`Conclusions and Recommendations
`
`Chapter 5: Routing, Repeating, Power Control,
`and Directional Techniques
`
`Issues in Routing
`Components of a Routing Strategy
`Assumptions
`Routing Strategies
`Summary and Recommendations
`
`Chapter 6: P.acket Radio in the HF Bands
`
`The "Thin-Route" Problem
`HF Radio Propagation
`Data Rates
`Interconnection with Line-of-Sight, Wide-Area Networks
`
`Chapter 7: Packet Size and Fragmentation
`
`Packet Size and System Performance
`Factors Affecting Optimal Packet Size
`Selection of Packet Size as an Optimization Problem
`Implementation Considerations
`
`Chapter 8: Antenna Design
`
`Introduction
`Functional Requirements of an Antenna Subsystem
`Antenna Technology
`Log-Spiral Antennae
`Conclusions
`
`87
`
`87
`90
`99
`101
`101
`
`105
`
`105
`107
`108
`117
`128
`
`131
`
`131
`132
`137
`138
`
`141
`
`141
`142
`143
`146
`
`149
`
`149
`149
`152
`153
`156
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 8 of 302
`
`Chapter 9: Coding and Modulation
`
`Basic Definitions
`Receivers
`An Exotic Modulation Technique
`Conclusions and Recommendations
`
`Annotated Bibliography
`
`Contents
`
`vii
`
`159
`
`159
`160
`161
`165
`
`167
`
`Appendix A: Annotated Supplemental Bibliographies
`
`211
`
`Appendix B: The Reliability of Component Networks
`and End-to-End Performance in an
`Internet
`
`Appendix C: A;LOHA Protocols and Asynunetric
`Traffic
`
`Appendix D: Economic and Public Policy Issues
`in the Use of Radio for Library
`Telecommunications
`
`Appendix E: An Experimental Wide-Area Packet
`Radio Network
`
`Index
`
`223
`
`239
`
`249
`
`259
`
`275
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 9 of 302
`
`Introduction
`
`This book discusses different kinds of systems that can be constructed
`using packet radio technology. It explores the technology of packet
`radio proper, which combines traditional packet switching and com(cid:173)
`puter networking techniques with algorithms to share broadcast radio
`channels and with the technologies of digital radio transmission.
`Although it is not primarily tutorial in nature, this book contains
`a good deal of tutorial material and provides a detailed survey of the
`relevant tutorial and research literature. In addition, some sections
`contain research results in packet radio technology that have not
`appeared previously in the literature to the best of our knowledge.
`Finally, we discu~s applications of packet radio systems, along with
`certain regulatory and public policy problems that arise when radio
`channels are used to support these applications.
`
`We have been exploring both the technology and the applications
`of packet radio since 1982 as part of our work at the University of
`California's Division of Library Automation (DLA). Although we had
`been aware of packet radio since the mid-1970s, like many others,
`we regarded it as the more or less exclusive preserve of military
`communications, due both to regulatory problems and to the cost
`and complexity of the required hardware and software.
`
`The overall advances in technology during the 1970s and early
`1980s, which made possible devices such as the Tucson Amateur
`Packet Radio (TAPR) Corporation's Terminal Node Controller
`(TNC), a packet radio device widely used by ham radio operators
`today, has opened up packet radio to a wide variety of new potential
`applications. Since the early 1980s, the Federal Communications
`Commission (FCC) has taken an increasingly accommodating position
`on the use of digital radio technologies, including packet radio, for
`both amateur and general commercial applications.
`
`Our initial interest in packet radio for applications in higher
`education (and libraries specifically) was sparked by the TNC boards.
`
`ix
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 10 of 302
`
`-~
`
`x
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`
`These appeared to offer a cost-effective alternative to the installation
`of wiring for terminals, microcomputers and other hardware, partic(cid:173)
`ularly in older buildings that were constructed of materials such as
`marble and designed with little provision for cable installation.
`
`In 1983 DLA received a grant from the Council on Library
`Resources to purchase and experiment with a number of TNC boards
`and to demonstrate them at several professional meetings for the
`library community. Although this work elicited great interest in
`the technology, our experiments indicated that the TNC board was
`unsuitable for the production applications that we had in mind
`[Brownrigg et al. 1985]. At the same time, it was clear to us that
`a suitable device for our applications in fact could be engineered
`and probably even licensed for operation. One major product of
`this research and experimentation was the survey article "Packet
`Radio for Library Automation" [Brownrigg, Lynch and Pepper 1984],
`which examined the applicability of packet radio in various library
`automation and ~igher education contexts, and discussed appropriate
`choices in packet radio technology to support these applications.
`
`In 1984 the Data Radio Group of the International Business
`Machines (IBM} Corporation initiated an IBM-funded joint study
`with DLA to produce a report on the applicability of packet radio
`for various applications in higher education and libraries and to
`further study and advance the technology. At the time of the study's
`inception, IBM already had considerable experience in the use of radio
`for data communications. The firm was deploying the DARTS data
`radio system for its field engineering force; this sophisticated, special(cid:173)
`purpose hybrid system incorporates ideas from both packet and
`cellular radio technologies in a novel way. Initially, IBM's interests
`were twofold. Having found radio-based data communications to be
`useful internally, they wanted to understand better how the DARTS
`technology and its derivatives might be applied in other applications.
`In addition, they were interested in seeing how packet radio technology
`could be used to avoid the time and expense involved in installing
`cable for terminals or distributed computing and office automation
`applications. The study was intended to cover both the high-level
`design of systems for various applications and some consideration
`of the hardware and software technologies needed to build such
`systems.
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 11 of 302
`
`Introduction
`
`xi
`
`The project was intended to take about six to nine months; in
`fact, the report continued to expand and was not completed until
`early 1986. A somewhat revised version of this report, updated to
`reflect developments through late 1986, forms the core of this book.
`
`The book is divided into two parts, with a total of nine chapters.
`Part I, "Packet Radio Systems," contains Chapters 1 and 2. The
`first chapter, entitled "System Requirements," provides a taxonomy
`of packet radio systems and describes three model systems (including
`their performance requirements) for further study. These three sample
`configurations were the focus of the University of California-IBM
`joint study. They include a low-speed, terminal-oriented, local area
`network much like the one we had originally hoped to build with the
`TNC boards in 1983; a high-speed, local area network intcnd.cd to
`connect computers and fast peripherals in much the same spirit as
`a cable-based Ethernet; and a wide-area packet radio system with
`repeaters, which grew out of the developments that have taken place
`in military as well as amateur packet radio technology. This first
`chapter is adapt~d, in part, from a discussion draft entitled "System
`Requirements for Library Automation Packet Radio Networks" by
`Clifford Lynch, which was submitted to IBM in October 1984.
`
`The second chapter, entitled "System Design Considerations,"
`discusses the components of a packet radio system: radios, digital
`hardware, software and interfaces to terminals or computers. One of
`the most important parts of this chapter is the definition of a logical
`interface between the radio part of a packet radio and the digital
`control component. We believe that the lack of any standardization
`in such an interface has been a significant factor in causing the
`development of a packet radio (especially a high-performance one)
`to become a major undertaking since custom engineering is required.
`Finally, this chapter details the system design considerations for the
`three models described in Chapter 1, using these components as
`building blocks. As part of the discussion of system design, we explore
`the differences between the first two configurations-a packet radio
`network that uses a terminal access controller (TAC) and local area
`distributed computing-in light of the trend to replace terminals with
`personal computers. This discussion leads us to consider how the TAC
`configuration might gracefully evolve into a local area network and the
`implications of operating in a hybrid environment during a transition.
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 12 of 302
`
`xii
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`
`I
`
`Part II, "Technologies for Packet Radio," contains Chapters 3
`through 9. These chapters discuss more technical, research-oriented
`issues in packet radio systems. Rather than producing detailed
`engineering specifications for the hardware and software for the three
`model systems discussed in the first two chapters, we chose to con(cid:173)
`centrate on those areas of technology where we felt we had new ideas
`or new approaches to existing ideas. The areas discussed include
`antennae, radio modulation techniques, and the use of directional
`techniques to improve network capacity, particularly in networks
`with repeaters. Routing is also primarily discussed in Chapter 5,
`although it is briefly covered toward the end of Chapter 2. We
`also consider methods of handling overload conditions, security and
`authentication, optimal packet size, and packet radio in the HF (non(cid:173)
`line-of-sight) environment. Part II also reviews some of the Federal
`Communications Commission regulations that are relevant to these
`different areas of technology. Particular attention is given to the
`provisions of Part 15 of the Codes of Federal Regulation, which permit
`relatively unconstrained use of the electromagnetic spectrum within
`limited geographic areas. Spread spectrum techniques, however, are
`primarily covered toward the end of Chapter 2.
`
`We have included an extensive annotated bibliography, which
`contains citations from all three chapters of the book plus all of the
`appendixes. Appendix A contains several supplementary annotated
`bibliographies. The book assumes some familiarity on the part of the
`reader with computer networking in general and also with some spe(cid:173)
`cific topics, such as the DARPA TCP /IP protocol suite and internet
`architecture; Appendix A provides a list of background material on
`these subjects. In addition, a brief list of references describing the
`networking environment for library automation at the University of
`California's Division of Library Automation may offer a useful context
`for some readers. Appendix A also contains a substantial annotated
`bibliography of papers on packet radio, which are not cited in the
`text but which we felt were relevant, and a specialized bibiography of
`material on amateur packet radio.
`
`In general, mathematical analyses have bee_n relegated to ap(cid:173)
`pendixes, except for a few chapters in Part II. Appendix B contains a
`detailed quantitative analysis of the interaction between the reliability
`of packet radio networks and end-to-end performance for internet
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 13 of 302
`
`Introduction
`
`xiii
`
`communications. The results from this appendix form part of the
`basis for the discussions of acknowledgment strategies in Chapter 2
`and of the handling of overload conditions in Chapter 4.
`
`Appendix C presents some basic results of studies on the per(cid:173)
`formance of various contention-based channel access protocols when
`traffic rates are highly asymmetric (for example, in cases in which
`terminals are connected to a host). It provides additional quantita(cid:173)
`tive background for the discussion of contention-based protocols in
`Chapter 1 and for our proposal for the design of the packet radio
`TAC in Chapter 2.
`
`As we delved further into the three sample configurations de(cid:173)
`scribed in the book, it became clear that although the design of
`a local area network for terminals was entirely feasible, building
`such a system was primarily a problem in manufacturing and mass
`production since the packet radios had to be competitive in cost with
`terminal wiring. Thus, to date, we have not pursued the actual
`construction of prototype systems in the local environment, believing
`that such a project would make sense only in conjunction with a major
`hardware manufacturer who was interested in designing and building
`such a device.
`
`At about the same time that the joint study with IBM was
`initiated, deregulation of the Bell system took hold. This had a
`devastating effect on libraries in the United States, which gradually
`had been increasing their reliance on common-carrier-based telecom(cid:173)
`munications. The library community suddenly found itself facing rate
`increases of 100% or more to support their existing networks, which
`linked terminals in libraries to central computers at a few major cen(cid:173)
`ters in the United States. Concurrently, developments in distributed
`database technology, electronic imaging, electronic publishing using
`optical storage, and similar areas were presaging the need for very
`wide band, low-cost networking capabilities for the library community
`It was clear that common carriers could not
`in the near future.
`provide the requisite services at acceptable costs. (This still seems
`to be true, although perhaps in the next decade relief may be found
`in the widespread availability of ISDN-Integrated Services Digital
`Network--technology. ISDN, a network concept being developed by
`common carriers, would integrate voice and data services. The costs,
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 14 of 302
`
`xiv
`
`Packet Radio Ne_tworks
`
`deployment schedule and functionality of this technology remain to
`be assessed.)
`
`These trends led to a serious interest in wide-area packet radio
`networks for libraries as an alternative to common carrier approaches.
`In 1985 Gary Strong, the State Librarian of the State of California,
`made funding available to the University of California's Division of
`Library Automation to plan, construct and deploy an operational
`prototype of a wide-area packet radio network for linking libraries,
`thus converting theory into practice. This work is still under way; one
`of the key problems has been obtaining access to suitable bandwidth
`for the project within the electromagnetic spectrum. Two papers
`related to this project and its implications are included as additional
`appendixes to this book. Appendix D, which is based in part on a
`paper by Brownrigg [1986], discusses the economic, regulatory and
`policy implications of wide-area packet radio networks for library
`service. Appendix E, a slightly modified and updated version of a
`paper entitled "Progress in Wide-Area Packet Radio" [Lynch and
`Brownrigg 1986b], describes work on the actual prototype network.
`
`We believe that packet radio will become a significant technology
`in coming years; what we have seen so far is only the beginning.
`Consider that there are thousands of packet radios with TNCs in the
`hands of radio amateurs already,"' and these amateur operators are
`well on their way to constructing a national network [Karn et al. 1985;
`Magnuski 1986]. A milestone was reached towards the end of 1986,
`when Phil Karn and others ran successful tests of Karn's TCP /IP
`implementation for use with the TNC boards; this potentially places
`full-scale computer networking capabilities within the reach of the
`amateur packet radio community for the first time.t The TNC
`
`•The TNC series of boards were designed by the Tucson Amateur Packet
`Radio (TAPR) Corporation and initially sold by that organization in kit form.
`Subsequently, the designs were licensed to a number of manufacturers, including
`Heathkit, for mass production and sale. The TAPR Corporation itself indicates
`that as of July 1986 they have sold about 2500 TNCl units and 1200 TNC2 units.
`Although we have no figures for commercial sales, it is likely that the total number
`of mutually compatible amateur packet radio units in the field is well over 10,000
`and growing.
`t The original TNC software was designed to support single-hop connections
`using an X.25 level-2 variant over CSMA; multiple hop connections were established
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 15 of 302
`
`fotroduc tion
`
`xv
`
`boards and systems derived from them (or from other amateur radio
`technology) have made their way into commercial and governmental
`applications as well, using various frequencies designated for industrial
`or governmental use. Among the applications have been the linking
`of bookmobiles to libraries and vehicle dispatching.
`
`Proposals have been presented to the Federal Communications
`Commission by such companies as Motorola for radio-based local area
`networks, and by the amateur community for a citizen's band for
`packet radio (see Appendix D). The IBM Corporation has equipped
`its entire field service staff with a form of packet radio developed by
`Motorola and IBM [Krebs 1983]; Motorola is marketing a variation of
`this system to other clients [Titch 1986]. It is likely that packet radio
`systems ultimately will be used to link libraries together, at least on
`In conjunction with satellite technology, regional
`a regional basis.
`networks can in turn be interconnected to form national and inter(cid:173)
`national internets. In many areas-smaller towns and suburban and
`rural areas., for example-packet radio represents the only reasonably
`priced or readily available basis for high-bandwidth networks for the
`near future.
`
`Libraries represent only one possible user community for high(cid:173)
`speed packet radio networks; others include hospitals and health
`professionals outside of urban areas, educational institutions, and
`scientists and engineers working in remote locations. In a real sense
`these groups have been disfranchised from telecommunications for
`In today's world,
`decades (except perhaps for voice telephony).
`however, activities that require a base of advanced technology {for
`example, health care) increasingly cannot exist without a supporting
`telecommunications infrastructure. Packet radio, in conjunction with
`
`either by extending single-hop connections through digipeaters or by concatenating
`single-hop connections from TNC to TNC through a rather clumsy source routing
`scheme. A terminal or a personal computer emulating a terminal is typically
`connected to the TNC, which makes no real provision for intelligent hosts (e.g.,
`a computer-to-computer network rather than a terminal-to-terminal or terminal(cid:173)
`to-host network). Karn's TCP /IP implementation runs over X.25 level 2, although
`this may be replaced by a more appropriate lower-level protocol (see [Karn and
`Lloyd 1986[); the use of TCP /IP allows for the possible introduction of IP routers
`and gateways.
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 16 of 302
`
`xvi
`
`Packet Radio Nc~works
`
`a number of other (primarily satellite-based) telecommunications ser(cid:173)
`vices now under discussion or in experimental prototype, can provide
`such an infrastructure.
`
`Finally, in the United States nonmilitary packet radio systems are
`inextricably linked to the regulatory environment in which they must
`operate. One aspect of this environment is the perception that the
`electromagnetic spectrum is a limited resource that must be allocated
`wisely for the public good. When regulatory agencies within the
`United States make choices about spectrum allocation, they must
`consider alternatives (such as common carrier services) that do not
`require precious spectrum space, as well as weigh the benefits that the
`use of electromagnetic spectrum offers the proposed application. In
`less developed countries that are trying to introduce modern telecom(cid:173)
`munications technology (often in the face of very difficult geographic
`problems), there is often no analog to the common carrier facilities
`based on wire, cable and point-to-point microwave that now exist
`in the United States because of this country's evolutionary passage
`through a century of advances in telecommunications technology. In
`less developed countries radio-based communications is often the only
`viable communications medium available. It seems likely that packet
`radio will have a role to play in these environments as well.
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`We are indebted to many people who helped us produce this book.
`
`Two superb editors, Mary Jean Moore and Nancy Gusack, edited
`and typeset this book and its antecedent reports. We are grateful for
`their extensive and painstaking efforts.
`
`For Chapters 1-9 and Appendixes A-C, we would like to express
`our thanks to Bob Smith and Phil J{~rns of IBM, who worked on the
`joint study from IBM's side, both for their contributions to the project
`and for their great patience as we developed the final report. We also
`thank Dr. Horace Flatt of the IBM Palo Alto Scientific Center, who
`made this joint study possible; Dave McCutcheon, for speculations on
`radio technology; Donna Chan of DLA, for checking the calculations
`throughout; and Ann Flanagan Typography and Douglas Henderson
`of DLA, for help with graphics.
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 17 of 302
`
`Introduction
`
`xvii
`
`For Appendix D, we thank Steele Lanphier of the University of
`California for numerous illuminating discussions on legal and consti(cid:173)
`tutional issues, and acknowledge our great intellectual debt to the
`works of the late Ithiel de Sola Pool.
`
`Many people have made essential contributions to the work de(cid:173)
`scribed in Appendix E, particularly John Velie and the SRI packet
`radio group, which includes Nachum Shacham, Janet Tornow, Mark
`Lewis, and Roy Stehle. Janet Tornow and Roy Stehle made extensive
`helpful comments on an earlier draft of Appendix E. We also thank
`Janet Bruman of the North Bay Cooperative Library System for
`her discussions about the maintenance of packet radio networks for
`libraries. Special thanks go to Gary Strong, the State Librarian of
`California, for his vision and support in translating packet radio for
`library automation from paper studies to reality.
`
`We have been fortunate to have the insights and expertise of two
`very talented electronics specialists, David Shaughnessy and David
`Wills, in the exgerimental work that forms the basis for much of this
`book. Their contributions are greatly appreciated.
`
`We would also like to express our thanks to the Council on Library
`Resources for supporting our early packet radio experiments and to
`the IBM Corporation for their support of the joint study. Parts
`of this work were also supported by federal Library Services and
`Construction Act (LSCA) funds (grants 40--0737 and 40---0760).
`
`Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the University
`of California for their support of our explorations in packet radio
`technology and in writing this book. In particular, the enthusiastic
`support of Dr. Michael Buckland, Assistant Vice President for Library
`Plans and Policies at the University's Office of the President, has been
`both an inspiration and an enormous help to us. Richard West, the
`University's Assistant Vice President for Information Systems and
`Administrative Services, maintained the commitment and ensured the
`completion of the book and the continuity of the packet radio research
`effort.
`
`**********
`
`PRN-8
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 18 of 302
`
`xviii
`
`Packet Radio Nftworks
`
`In spite of all the help provided, the authors must assume responsi(cid:173)
`bility for any errors herein.
`
`Although the list below at tempts to cover all the trademarks
`mentioned in this book, we may have missed some, for which we
`apologize.
`
`MELVYL is a registered trademark of The Regents of the Univer(cid:173)
`sity of California. Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. DEC, VAX, and MicroVAX are trademarks of
`Digital Equipment Corporation; Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox
`Corporation; IBM and IBM PC/ AT are trademarks of International
`Business Machines Corporation; MS-DOS is a registered trademark
`of Microsoft Corporation; Sun Workstation is a registered trademark
`of Sun Microsystems, Inc.; and UNIX is a trademark of AT&T.
`
`The opinions expressed here are only those of the authors and not
`necessarily those of the University of California, the International
`Business Machines Corporation or any other corporation, funding
`agency, government entity or individual. Products mentioned in this
`work are discussed only for purposes of example; their mention is
`not intended to convey any endorsement by the authors or any other
`organization or individual.
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 19 of 302
`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 19 of 302
`
`PART I
`PART I
`
`PACKET RADIO SYSTEMS
`PACKET RADIO SYSTEMS
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 20 of 302
`
`CHAPTER 1
`
`Syste1n Requiren1ents
`
`In this chapter we discuss the criteria by which packet radio systems
`can be characterized and some of the design possibilities implied by
`these characteristics. We also identify three specific system configura(cid:173)
`tions that are of particular interest for library applications of packet
`radio, and develop performance criteria for these configurations.
`
`A Taxonomy of Packet Radio Systems
`
`Mobile vs. Stationary Nodes
`
`Until recently, research on packet radio systems has concentrated
`largely on military applications, which are characterized by highly
`mobile nodes. In these systems, the topology may change literally
`from minute to minute as the packet radios, mounted on vehicles or
`aircraft, enter, move through and leave a given packet radio network.
`Moreover, although the possibility of equipment failure must always
`be taken into account in designing a robust system, these military
`systems assume more drastic and more frequent equipment failures
`than are likely to be encountered in nonmilitary applications. They
`are "worst case" packet radio systems, and the costs and engineering
`complexity are consequently high [Kahn 1977; Kahn et al. 1978;
`Frankel 1983].
`
`Packet radio systems for library automation applications are, for
`all practical purposes, fixed topology systems. However, even within
`this general category, there are important differences that can have
`an impact on the management and operation of the network. For
`example, in manually administered systems, each addition, removal or
`resiting of a packet radio node requires manually initiated changes in
`the network definition tables (wherever they may be stored), possible
`redesign of fixed routing tables, and perhaps the intervention of a
`
`3
`
`

`

`Case 1:16-cv-02690-AT Document 109-7 Filed 07/19/16 Page 21 of 302
`
`4
`
`Packet Radio Networks
`
`technician to manually orient an antenna on the new or resited node.
`In contrast, one can envision a totally adaptive and self-organizing
`network, in which a new packet radio could announce its presence to
`the network and electronically adjust its own antenna; human inter(cid:173)
`vention might only be required to authorize the network address. An
`adaptive system such as this, which minimized management problems,
`would be extremely desirable in library automation applications. It
`could employ some of the self-organizing techniques used in mobile
`packet radio systems, but the application of these techniques would
`be simplified since the performance requirements would be far less
`stringent. For example, transient anomalies in dynamic routing would
`not be a major problem if they settled down within a short period
`because the topology is more or less fixed. This would be unacceptable
`in a military environment, where a p