`
`IN RE: BRIDGEPORT ASBESTOS
`LITIGATION
`
`SUPERIOR COURT JUDICIAL
`DISTRICT OF FAIRFIELD AT
`BRIDGEPORT
`DOCKET NO: FBT-CV23-61200928S
`
`
`
`
`
`CONRADJOHNSandELIZABETHJOHNS
`
`) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
`
`Plaintiffs,
`
`VS.
`
`ALFA LAVAL, INC., individually And as
`successor in interest to DeLaval Purifier and
`Sharples Corp.,et al.,
`Defendants.
`a)
`
`INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION’S
`REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN FURTHER
`SUPPORT OF MOTION TO DISMISS
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Pursuant to Practice Book Sec. 11-10(b), defendant International Business Machines
`
`Corporation (“IBM”) respectfully submits this Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of
`
`its Motion to Strike plaintiffs’ claims against it, and in further support of its motion fora protective
`
`order staying discovery against it pending the resolution of this motion.
`
`
`
`ARGUMENT IN REPLY
`
`PLAINTIFFS DO NOT DISPUTE THAT UNDER CONNECTICUT LAW,
`PLAINTIFFS’ CLAIMS AGAINST IBM ARE BARRED BY THE
`
`WORKERS’ COMPENSATION EXCLUSIVITY DEFENSE
`
`IBM’s motionto strike was predicated upon the proposition that, under the Connecticut
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`Workers' Compensation Act (WCA), “[a]n employer who complies with the requirements of
`
`subsection (b) of this section shall not be liable for any action for damages on account of
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`personal injury sustained by an employeearising out of and in the course of his employment or
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`on account of death resulting from personal injury so sustained... .” See Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann.
`
`§ 31-284 (a). IBM set forth case law establishing that the Connecticut Supreme Court interprets
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`“the exclusivity provision of the act .. . as a total bar to common law actions brought by
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`employees against employers for job related injuries with one narrow exception that exists when
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`the employer has committed an intentional tort or where the employer has engaged in wilful or
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`serious misconduct.” See Suarez v. Dickmont Plastics Corp., 229 Conn. 99, 106 (1994).
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`Plaintiffs “object” to [BM’s motionto strike. See plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in
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`Support of Plaintiffs’ Objection to Defendant International Business Machines Corporation’s
`
`Motion to Strike (hereinafter, “Pls.” Mem.”) at p. 1. But rather than provide any factualor legal
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`argumentthat the exclusivity provision of the Connecticut Workers’ Compensation Act does not
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`bar plaintiffs’ claims against IBM,plaintiffs instead assert that they “have groundsto pursue a
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`cause of action against IBM underthe laws of the State of Texas.” Pls’ Mem.at 2.
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`As a threshold matter, plaintiffs’ argument regarding Texas law is improper. The
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`allegations in plaintiffs’ complaint only refer to Mr. Johns being injured asa result of his
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`employment at IBM, and nothing more. Accordingly, since Connecticut is a fact pleadingstate,
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`and becausethe allegations in the Complaint do not include the allegation that Mrs. Johns has a
`
`
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`potential claim under the Texas Workers’ Compensation Act, plaintiffs are confined to what they
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`have alleged. They should not now be allowed to introduce new facts in opposition to a Motion
`
`to Strike that were not alleged in the complaint.
`
`Plaintiffs’ attempt to raise this new claim in opposition to IBM’s motionto strike also
`
`violates both sections of Practice Book § 10-3. Section 10-3(a) providesthat:
`
`Whenany claim made in a complaint, cross complaint, special defense, or other
`pleading is groundedona statute, the statute shall be specifically identified by its
`number.
`
`Practice Book § 10-3(a). Asplaintiffs’ complaint contains no mention of Texas Workers’
`
`Compensation Act § 408.001(b), they should not be heard to raise that statute now, in opposition
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`to IBM’s motionto strike.
`
`Further, Section 10-3(b) provide that:
`
`A party to an action whointendsto raise an issue concerning the law of any
`jurisdiction or governmental unit thereof outside this state shall give notice in his
`or her pleadings or other reasonable written notice.
`
`Practice Book § 10-3(b). It cannot be said that raising this foreign statute for the first time in
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`opposition to IBM’s motionto strike constitutes “reasonable notice.”
`
`But plaintiffs’ claim that they have a viable cause of action under Texas Workers’
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`Compensation law suffers from substantive defects as well. Leaving aside for the moment the
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`question of why, exactly, such a claim should be brought and heard in a Connecticut court
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`against a New York corporation,! plaintiffs concede that the ostensible Texas claim is not even
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`ripe, as a Texas court would nothear it until such time as plaintiff Conrad Johns passes away.
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`1 Tf, for some reason, IBM’s motiontostrikeis not granted,or plaintiffs seek to replead those
`claims against it here, IBM will move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims against it onforum non
`conveniens grounds.
`
`
`
`See Pls’ Mem.at 5 (“While Texas law allows for Elizabeth Johns to pursue a case against IBM,
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`it should be apparent that doing so requires the death of her husband”).
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`An additional obstacle, which plaintiffs largely ignore, is that such a Texas cause of
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`action also requires proof that the employee’s death was caused by “an intentional act or
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`omission by the employeror by the employer’s gross negligence.” Pls’ Mem.at 4 (quoting Tex.
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`Lab. Code Ann. § 408.001(b)).
`
`Howplaintiff Elizabeth Johns intends to make such a showing, given plaintiff Conrad
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`Johns’ deposition testimony to date, is not clear. To date, plaintiff Conrad Johns has provided
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`the following sworn testimony regarding IBM’s conduct towards its employees:
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`.... IBM probably had created an environment for workers that was significantly
`better than what OSHA may require. More sensitive to those issues -- OSHA
`wasn't anything new to IBM. Wewere introduced to the OSHA development, but
`there was no changesthat had to be made becauseofthat.
`
`I think what you're telling me is that even before OSHA, IBM had somesort
`Q.
`of safety stuff?
`
`A. Oh, people worked with safety, absolutely. Probably more strict than OSHA
`even required.
`
`See excerpts from Volume 2 of deposition testimony by plaintiff Conrad Johns, annexed hereto
`
`as Exhibit “A,” at pages 402:21 to 403:9.
`
`The flawsin plaintiff Elizabeth Johns’ possible future claims against IBM under Texas
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`law do not end there. Not only is the record currently devoid of any evidence that IBM acted
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`negligently towards plaintiff Conrad Johns(let alone that it acted with the “gross negligence”
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`required to avoid the Workers’ Compensation exclusivity bar under Texas law), there is also —
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`plaintiffs’ assertion to the contrary notwithstanding -- no evidencethat plaintiff Conrad Johns
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`was even exposed to asbestos during his employment by IBM.
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`Plaintiffs’ Memorandum in objection asserts that:
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`4
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`
`
`Mr. Johns described in his deposition testimony how he waspotentially
`exposed to asbestos-containing dust during his employment with IBM at
`the plant in Austin, Texas, by specifically highlighting how he:
`
`(1)
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`(2)
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`(3)
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`(4)
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`(5)
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`(6)
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`built and wired the Selectric Composing Machine;
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`built relay gates;
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`performed final tests on the interior of MT/ST typewriters;
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`worked with equipment powersupplies, cables, wires, electronics
`packages, and framing/housing;
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`oversaw a team offifteen employees while they assembledrelay gates;
`and eventually
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`oversaw a group of employees performingfinal test on the MT/ST
`typewriters.
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`Plaintiffs’ Mem.at 5 (citing plaintiffs’ Exhibit A at pp. 311-24 and 385-99) (emphasis added).
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`A naive reader might conclude from this assertion that Mr. Johns hadtestified that he
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`believed he might have been exposed to “asbestos-containing dust” by virtue of his employment
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`IBMat the plant in Austin. But that conclusion would beincorrect: plaintiff never testified that
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`he thought he might have been exposed to asbestos by that work. Indeed, he was never even
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`asked if he thought that work might have exposed him to asbestos. For that matter, he was
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`never even asked if his employment by IBM atthe plant in Austin involved any “dust”either.
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`To be sure, although the above-quoted line of questioning regarding his work for IBM in
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`Austin, Texas did not include any questioning about exposureto asbestos, plaintiff was actually
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`asked if he thought that if his prior work for IBM at a typewriter plant in Lexington, Kentucky,
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`had exposed him to asbestos. But his responsesto that line of questioning also failed to support
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`any such claim. He respondedthat he had “no idea”; no such knowledge (“Absolutely not”); and
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`“no knowledge ofthat at all.” See Ex. A at 349; 369; 373.
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`
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`Plaintiffs also argue that “IBM’s Motion to Strike is Improper Given the Facts of this
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`Case.” Pls’ Mem. at 6. The exact nature of the alleged impropriety is not, at first glance,clear.
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`Surely a motion to strike is indeed the proper vehicle for such a motion, given the abundantcase
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`law implicitly endorsing such a motion. See, e.g., Sullivan v. Lake Compounce ThemePark,
`
`Inc., 277 Conn. 113 (2006).
`
`Asthe opinion by the Connecticut Supreme Court in Sullivan makesclear, the proper
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`vehicle for challenging the sufficiency of a complaint that is potentially subject to the Workers’
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`Compensation exclusivity bar is indeed a motionto strike. And if the complaintat issue contains
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`no allegations that the employer/defendant's conduct was motivated by an intention to cause the
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`plaintiff/employee harm or knowledge that such harm would result, then the motion tostrike
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`should be granted:
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`Accordingly, because the plaintiff's complaint contained no allegations that the
`defendants’ conduct was motivated by their intention to cause the decedent harm
`or knowledge that such harm would result, we concludethatit did not satisfy the
`substantial certainty standard as set forth in Suarez J and Suarez II. Thetrial
`court, therefore, properly granted the defendants' motionto strike the complaint.
`
`Sullivan v. Lake Compounce Theme Park, Inc., 277 Conn. 113, 118-20 (2006); see also, e.g.,
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`Quimby v. Kimberly Clark Corporation, 28 Conn. App. 660, 665 (1994) (concludingthat the
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`trial court properly granted the motionto strike counts one, two,three, five and six of the motion
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`to strike on the groundsthat “the plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts [in] support of her claim
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`that the defendant’s conductrose to a level of intentional misconduct”). Of course, it should not
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`escape this Court’s notice that plaintiffs here did not even include any conclusory allegations that
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`IBM’s conduct“rose to a level of intentional misconduct,” let alone allege any facts in support of
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`such an allegation.
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`
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`But a close reading ofplaintiffs’ memorandum reveals the true nature of the
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`“impropriety”: if IBM is dismissed from this action pursuant to its motion tostrike (as it should
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`be), plaintiffs will be handicapped in pursuing discovery from IBM that mightlead to other, as
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`yet unknown,potential defendants. See Pls.” Mem. at 7 IBM’s motionto strike is improper
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`“because Conrad Johns has described numerous sourcesof potential exposure to asbestos and
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`asbestos-containing materials during his time working for IBM,andtheplaintiffs have requested
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`documents and information from IBM to uncover the manufacturers ofthese products and
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`equipment’) (emphasis added). No case law is provided in support of this remarkable
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`proposition that a plaintiff may sue a defendant that is otherwise immunefrom suit against it
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`purely as a meansof subjecting that defendant to extensive and entirely speculative discovery in
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`the hopesof identifying some other, as-yet unknown defendants, against whichthe plaintiff
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`might turn out to have a viable cause ofaction.”
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`No such case law is cited because a substantial body of case law is squarely againstit.
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`On the contrary, it is well-settled that a viable cause ofaction is a prerequisite for discovery.
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`Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009) (“Rule 8 does not unlock the doors of discovery
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`for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions”); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550
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`U.S. 544, 564 n.8 (2007) (referring to an "understanding that, before proceeding to discovery, a
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`complaint must allege facts suggestive of illegal conduct").
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`A plaintiff who does not have a viable cause of action is not allowed to subject a
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`defendant to discovery in the hopes of possibly stumbling across one. Artuso v. Vertex
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`Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 637 F. 3d 1, 8 (st Circuit 2011) (“a plaintiff whose complaint does not
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`To be sure, IBM doesnot “have an interest in remaining in this case and perpetuating Mr.
`Johns’ testimony.” Plaintiff's Mem. at 6. Nor does it have a “duty” to do so. Jd.
`
`7
`
`
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`state an actionable claim has no license to embark ona fishing expedition in an effort to discover
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`a cause of action”); McCloskey v. Mueller, 446 F.3d 262, 271 (1Cir. 2006) (“The purpose of
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`pretrial discovery is notto allow a plaintiff to rummage aboutin search of a hitherto unexplicated
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`cause of action”); DM Research Inc. v. College ofAmerican Pathologists, 170 F.3d 53, 55 (1*
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`Cir. 1999) (“the factual allegations must be specific enoughto justify dragging a defendantpast
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`the pleading threshold”; “the price of entry, even for discovery, is for the plaintiff to allege a
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`factual predicate concrete enough to warrant further discovery, which may be costly and
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`burdensome’’) (quotations and citations omitted; emphasisin original).
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`Onefinal point bears noting. IBM was deprived of the opportunity to move to dismiss
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`plaintiffs’ claims against it on the groundsthat this Court had no personaljurisdiction over it by
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`plaintiffs’ blatant failure to properly plead the pertinent facts allegedly supportingplaintiffs’
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`claims. Indeed, there was nothingin plaintiffs’ complaint to alert IBM to the fact that those
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`claims have no connection to the State of Connecticut at all. Had IBM knownthatplaintiffs’
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`claims againstit arose from plaintiff Conrad Johns’ employment by IBM in Texas, Kentucky,
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`and New Jersey, it could have, and would have, moved to dismiss those claims on the grounds
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`that a Connecticut court does not have jurisdiction over IBM, a New York corporation, for
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`claimsthat do not arise out of IBM’s contacts with Connecticut. See, e.g., Adams v. Aircraft
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`Spruce & Specialty Co., SC 20505 (Nov. 22, 2022).
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`If this case continues, in one form or another, IBM therefore requests leave to move to
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`dismiss plaintiffs’ claims against it, Practice Book § 10-30 notwithstanding, on the grounds that
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`plaintiffs’ failure to properly plead the facts of their claims against IBM has unfairly surprised
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`and prejudiced IBM. Cf Pitchell v. Hartford, 247 Conn. 422 (1999) (holding that there was no
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`
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`basis for departing from a strict construction of Practice Book § 10-32 [then § 144] because there
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`was no showingof surprise or prejudice sufficient to invoke Practice Book § 1-8).
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`Here, however,plaintiffs’ omission has plainly prejudiced and surprised IBM,since the
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`fact that plaintiffs’ claims against IBM had no connection to Connecticut did not surface until
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`plaintiff's deposition in March, long past the time allowed by Practice Book § 10-30.
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`Practice Book § 1-8 should therefore be applied. That section provides that:
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`The design of these rules being to facilitate business and advancejustice, they will
`be interpreted liberally in any case whereit shall be manifest that a strict
`adherence to them will work surprise or injustice.
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`Therefore,if this motion is not granted, orif plaintiffs replead, IBM respectfully requests
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`leave to move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims against it for lack of personal jurisdiction overit.
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`
`
`CONCLUSION
`
`WHEREFORE,for the reasons set forth above, it is respectfully submitted that IBM is
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`entitled to: a) an order staying discovery pending the determination ofthis motion; and b) dismissal
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`of all claims against IBM because they are barred by the Connecticut Workers’ Compensation
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`exclusivity bar.
`
`Respectfully submitted,
`
`The Defendant,
`INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
`CORPORATION,
`Byits attorneys,
`
`/s/ Mark. J. Hoover
`
`Judith A. Perritano
`
`Mark J. Hoover
`
`Pierce Davis & Perritano LLP
`10 Post Office Square, Suite 1100N
`Boston, MA 02109
`(617) 350-0950
`Juris No.: 440466
`
`Juris No.: 410899
`
`Dated: April 12, 2023
`
`CERTIFICATION
`
`I, Mark J. Hoover, hereby certify that a true copy of the above document was served
`electronically via e-mail to all parties of record.
`
`/s/ Mark J. Hoover
`
`
`Mark J. Hoover
`
`10
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`
`
`EXHIBIT A
`
`
`
`In the Matter Of:
`
`Alfa Laval, Inc., et al.
`
`Conrad Johns and Elizabeth Johns vs
`
`
`
`CONRAD JOHNS
`
`March 07, 2023
`
`
`
`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`
`
`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`sat here knowing the machine had a rhythm that
`
`349
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`you learned.
`
`The guy sitting behind me had a
`
`rhythm.
`
`I tried like hell to beat him every
`
`time.
`
`I knew when he was making one.
`
`I knew
`
`I -- I tried to make sure I made one faster
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`than he did.
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`It took a long time for me to get
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`to that rhythm, but I got it there because I
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`had to be top producer to get the hell out of
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`there.
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`Q.
`
`I understand.
`
`Now, you also mentioned
`
`a cloth material that was associated with this?
`
`A.
`
`Q.
`
`Correct.
`
`You don't have any knowledge of who
`
`manufactured that cloth material?
`
`A.
`
`Q.
`
`No,
`
`I don't.
`
`And do you have any knowledge that
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`cloth material contained asbestos?
`
`A.
`
`I have no idea.
`
`They were ink coated
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`in that mechanical products area by the same
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`people that were coating all that other stuff.
`
`Q.
`
`In your area where you were doing the
`
`spooling machine work, was there any other
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`equipment or machinery that was being used?
`
`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier —_Lexitas
`
`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier
`
`—Lexitas
`
`888-267-1200
`
`
`
`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`
`
`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`the cloth material,
`the pellets that
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`paper,
`
`369
`
`we've been talking about associated with the
`
`extruder, any of that stuff, any knowledge
`
`whatsoever, as you sit here today,
`
`that any of
`
`that contained asbestos?
`
`A.
`
`Q.
`
`Absolutely not.
`
`All right.
`
`So the next thing I have
`
`here is that you were working with the card
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`ledger machine?
`
`
`
`—_Lexitas
`
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`A.
`
`Q.
`
`Correct.
`
`And that was different than what you
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`were doing before, right?
`
`A.
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`Q.
`
`Right.
`
`Because you -- so you were no longer
`
`in the chemical products building?
`
`A.
`
`Q.
`
`Absolutely.
`
`That was when you had -- you were a
`
`top producer so they moved you up a little bit?
`
`A.
`
`Q.
`
`Correct.
`
`Describe your work for me with the
`
`card ledger machine.
`
`A.
`
`Card ledger machine, as I recall, was
`
`a tubular frame.
`
`The tubes were probably an
`
`inch by an inch, square steel. Had four legs.
`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier
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`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier
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`—_Lexitas
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`888-267-1200
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`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
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`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`to be adjusted to the right thickness, if you
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`373
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`will.
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`So you'd do that, and you'd adjust these
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`rollers to where they were the right way.
`
`Q.
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`The rollers,
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`I'm picturing like a
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`rubber roller?
`
`A.
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`Yeah, or you know, a bar with these
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`rollers on it. Roll the card, yeah.
`
`Q.
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`Any knowledge that any part of that
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`machine contained asbestos?
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`A.
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`QO.
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`No knowledge of that at all.
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`When you were doing the card ledger
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`machine and the assembly part with the card
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`ledger machine, you said you left the chemical
`
`products division altogether. Where were you
`
`doing this work?
`
`
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`
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`A.
`
`Q.
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`A.
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`Q.
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`name?
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`A.
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`Q.
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`In another building.
`
`A whole other building?
`
`A whole other building, right.
`
`Did that particular building have a
`
`Not that I recall.
`
`Were there any other pieces of
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`equipment or machinery that were being operated
`
`in that whole other building?
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`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier —Lexitas
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`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier
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`—Lexitas
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`888-267-1200
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`A.
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`Q.
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`No.
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`Let me just explain what I'm getting
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`at.
`
`I'm not just talking about asbestos.
`
`I'm
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`talking about hazardous materials in general,
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`potential exposures to anything that might be
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`used either on the manufacturing or assembly
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`floor that could hurt somebody.
`
`A.
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`I don't recall that being part of the
`
`training process.
`
`Q.
`
`How about training about hard hats and
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`gloves and eyewear and things of that nature?
`
`A.
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`I don't remember that being part of
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`the process.
`
`It was more administrative
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`training, as I recall.
`
`Q.
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`Administrative in terms of filling out
`
`reports?
`
`A. Well,
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`some of the things that you're
`
`talking about already existed.
`
`I mean, if you
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`worked in the warehouse, you had to wear
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`steel-toed shoes.
`
`IBM probably had created an
`
`environment for workers that was significantly
`
`better than what OSHA may require. More
`
`sensitive to those issues -—- OSHA wasn't
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`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`
`—_ Conradtehas—Mareh07 2023
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`402
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`
`
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`—www.lexitasLegal.com/Premier—Lexitas
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`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier—Lexitas 888-267-1200
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`
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`Conrad Johns - March 07, 2023
`
`_——————______-Gonrad_tehns—MVareh-97 2023
`
`403
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`anything new to IBM. We were introduced to the
`
`OSHA development, but there was no changes that
`
`had to be made because of that.
`
`Q.
`
`I think what you're telling me is that
`
`even before OSHA,
`
`IBM had some sort of safety
`
`stuff?
`
`A.
`
`Oh, people worked with safety,
`
`absolutely.
`
`Probably more strict than OSHA
`
`even required.
`
`Q.
`
`And when you were in the chemical
`
`products division,
`
`things like steel-toed
`
`boots, gloves, stuff like that, was that the
`
`kind of things that they would require you to
`
`wear?
`
`A.
`
`No,
`
`I don't remember wearing any
`
`gloves or any steel-toed shoes. Steel toed
`
`shoes came as part of my distribution warehouse
`
`activity. No,
`
`I don't know of any -- I don't
`
`know of any safety things that were required
`
`for my chemical products work.
`
`I wore what
`
`clothes I walked in there with, and I didn't --
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`I don't -- there wasn't even an apron or
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`anything.
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`Q.
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`Okay.
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`www.LexitasLegal-com/Premier—Cexitas
`www.LexitasLegal.com/Premier
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