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`Wilhelm Roentgen | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
`2/25/2021
`Case 3:18-cv-00347-CAB-MDD Document 311-3 Filed 02/26/21 PageID.30220 Page 2 of 10
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`Wilhelm Roentgen
`
`Dr Patrick Rock ◉ and Dr Ayush Goel ◉ et al.
`
`Wilhelm C Roentgen (1845-1923) was a German physicist who is celebrated globally for his discovery of x-
`rays on 8 November 1895.
`On this page:
`
`Article:
`
`Early life
`Discovery of x-rays
`Later life
`Legacy
`Related articles
`References
`
`Images:
`
`Cases and figures
`
`Early life
`
`Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Röntgen in German) was born on 27 March 1845 in Lennep, Germany. He attended
`the primary and secondary school run by Martinus Herman van Doorn in the town of Apeldoorn, Netherlands 1.
`Although born in Germany, with a German father, his mother was Dutch, and he grew up in the Netherlands.
`
`At the age of 17 he moved to Utrecht, also in the Netherlands, and enrolled in the Utrecht Technical School. A
`few years later he was expelled on the grounds of a caricature of one of their teachers on the blackboard; he was
`innocent of this, but refused to say who had been responsible 1.
`
`In 1865, aged 20, Wilhelm enrolled at the Mechanical Technical Division of the Zurich Polytechnicab School in
`Switzerland. Three years later he received the degree of mechanical engineer 1.
`
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`Wilhelm Roentgen | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
`2/25/2021
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`In 1869 he received his PhD in "Studies on Gases", also from Zurich Polytechnicab School, where he remained
`until 1870.
`
`In 1870 he followed his mentor, Professor Kundt, to the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg in Germany.
`This proved to be short-lived, with the appointment proving a disappointment to both Roentgen and Kundt 1.
`
`Two years later, in 1872, both moved to Kaiser Wilhelms University of Strasbourg 1.
`
`At the age of 30, in 1875 he became Professor of Physics at the Academy of Stuttgart-Hohenheim in
`Württemberg, which granted him German citizenship 1. This appointment was also short-lived, and Wilhelm
`moved back to Strasbourg in 1876 as Professor of Theoretical Physics, back at Kaiser Wilhelms University.
`
`Following significant publications, he moved in 1879 to the Justus von Liebig University of Giessen, where he
`was given the opportunity to design a new department.
`
`In 1888 he moved to the Physical Institute at the University of Würzburg (city in region of Franconia, Northern
`Bavaria, Germany) where he was to make the discovery he is most famous for.
`
`In 1900 he moved from Würzburg to take up the Chair of Physics in Munich.
`
`Discovery of x-rays
`
`Towards the end of 1895 Wilhelm became interested in the physical properties of cathode ray tubes, and began
`amassing relevant experimental equipment.
`
`On Friday, 8 November 1895 Wilhelm was reproducing earlier work using low output Lenard tubes, whereby
`fluorescence was visible on a screen coated with barium platinocyanide. He moved on to a higher output Hittorf-
`Crookes tube, and reproduced the same phenomenon on a screen located near the tube. What he noticed, while
`in the darkened room, was similar fluorescence arising from another barium platinocyanide-coated screen over a
`meter away, far further than cathode ray tubes were known to work. Despite moving the screen even further,
`fluorescence was still visible 1.
`
`Enraptured in the thrill of discovery he worked through the night, and soon noticed that these new rays seemed
`to effortlessly pass through many objects opaque to visible light (e.g. books), but were blocked by metal objects,
`their outline visible on the screen. While holding such an object he noted the outline of the bones of his hand 1.
`As the nature of the rays were unknown he called them x-rays.
`
`Arguably the most famous x-ray ever taken, that of the hand of his wife Bertha, was dated 27 December 1895.
`This was not the first x-ray ever taken as is erroneously believed by most. The next day, he delivered a paper
`titled “On a New Kind of Rays” to the Würzburg Physical-Medical Society 1. Only the first page of his original
`manuscript is extant; the other pages were destroyed after his death as he stipulated in his will 2.
`
`Later life
`
`Roentgen was awarded the inaugural Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901, the citation read "The Academy has
`awarded Professor Röntgen of Munich the Nobel Prize for Physics on the grounds of discovery, the name of
`which will always be linked with him as Röntgen rays or as he calls them himself X-rays...From the properties
`associated with Röntgen rays, only those are considered that contribute to the far reaching applications these
`rays have found in medical practice." 2
`
`Accolades
`
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`Wilhelm Roentgen | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
`2/25/2021
`Case 3:18-cv-00347-CAB-MDD Document 311-3 Filed 02/26/21 PageID.30223 Page 5 of 10
`Rumford Medal (1896)
`Matteucci Medal (1896)
`Elliott Cresson Medal (1897)
`Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science (1900)
`Nobel Prize for Physics (1901)
`
`Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen developed colon cancer, eventually dying on 10 February 1923, at the age of 78 1.
`
`Legacy
`
`discovery of x-rays, and arguably, the whole of radiology as we know it
`roentgenology, a synonym for radiology, popular in North America
`roentgen rays, a synonym for x-rays, e.g. ARRS
`rem (roentgen equivalent man), a legacy unit of measurement of effective dose
`roentgen, a legacy unit of measurement of radiation exposure
`element number 111 was named roentgenium (Rg) in his honor 3
`International Day of Radiology is celebrated annually on the anniversary of the discovery of x-rays, i.e. 8
`November
`Deutsche Roentgen-Museum in Remscheid (a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany)
`houses items related to Roentgen and his life. The house where Roentgen was born is nearby and can be
`visited.
`Roentgen Memorial Site in Würzburg, includes the laboratory where Roentgen made his epoch-making
`discovery and an exhibition.
`Roentgen Peak, a mountain in Antarctica
`Roentgen, a crater on the moon 5
`References
`
`Related Radiopaedia articles
`
`History of radiology
`
`key milestones[+]
`key figures in the history of radiology
`Antoine Henri Becquerel
`Gustav Bucky
`Kathleen "Kitty" Clark
`John Wesley Coltman
`William D Coolidge
`Allan M Cormack
`Marie Curie
`Pierre Curie
`Ray V Damadian
`Ian Donald
`Charles T Dotter
`Thomas A Edison
`Charles Thurstan Holland
`Godfrey N Hounsfield
`Frederick Joliot
`Irene Joliot-Curie
`David E Kuhl
`Paul C Lauterbur
`
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`Wilhelm Roentgen | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
`2/25/2021
`Case 3:18-cv-00347-CAB-MDD Document 311-3 Filed 02/26/21 PageID.30224 Page 6 of 10
`Peter Mansfield
`Egas Moniz
`Bernard Ziedses des Plantes
`Wilhelm C Roentgen
`Sven-Ivar Seldinger
`Albert Soiland
`Florence Stoney
`important figures in the history of radiology[+]
`Nobel Prize winners in radiology
`history of modalities[+]
`historical imaging techniques[+]
`history of radiology journals[+]
`history of radiology meetings[+]
`history of radiology organizations[+]
`pioneering radiology books[+]
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`Article information
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`rID: 25344
`Section: Imaging Technology
`Tag: history, history, history
`Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:
`
`Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
`Wilhelm Roentgen
`Wilhelm Rontgen
`Professor Rontgen
`Professor Roentgen
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