Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 1 of 15
`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 1 of 15
`
`EXHIBIT 23
`EXHIBIT 23
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 2 of 15
`
`MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`Newnes
`Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002784
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 3 of 15
`
`Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`/ A member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
`
`All rights reserved.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`0 Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth-Heinemann
`
`prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
`
`"--"CLc„,"•,.„"" Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global
`,„ ReLeaf program in its campaign for the betterment of trees,
`1:446/1.6 forests, and our environment.
`2000
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modern dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf. —7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics —Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67 1999
`621.381'03 —dc21
`
`99-17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
`For information, please contact:
`Manager of Special Sales
`Butterworth-Heinemann
`225 Wildwood Avenue
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`Tel: 781-904-2500
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`Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002785
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 4 of 15
`
`frequency— frequency discrimination
`
`frequency-1. Symbolized by f. The number of
`recurrences of a periodic phenomenon in a unit of
`time. Electrical frequency is specified as so many hertz.
`Radio frequencies are normally expressed in kilohertz
`at and below 30,000 kilohertz and in megahertz above
`this frequency. 2. The number of complete cycles in 1
`second of alternating current, voltage, or electromagnetic
`or sound pressure waves. 3. Number of alternations or
`repetitions per second in any recurring action. In the case
`of alternating current and other forms of wave motion, it
`is expressed in hertz. 4. With reference to electromagnetic
`radiation, the number of crests of waves that pass a fixed
`point in a given unit of time, in light or other wave motion.
`frequency agile —The ability of a satellite TV
`receiver to select or tune all channels (transponders) from
`a satellite. Receivers not frequency agile are dedicated
`to a single channel, and are most often used in the
`CATV industry. Frequency agility can be via continuously
`variable tuning or discrete-step (channel selection) tuning.
`frequency agility—The rapid and continual shifting
`of a radar frequency to avoid jamming by the enemy,
`reduce mutual interference with friendly sources, enhance
`echoes from targets, or provide necessary patterns of
`ECM (electronic countermeasures) or ECCM (electronic
`counter-countermeasures) radiation.
`frequency allocation—i. The assignment of avail-
`able frequencies in the radio spectrum to specific stations,
`for specific purposes. This is done to yield maximum
`utilization of frequencies with minimum interference
`between stations. Allocations in the United States are
`made by the Federal Communications Commission. 2. A
`band of radio frequencies identified by an upper and lower
`frequency limit ear-marked for use by one or more of
`the 38 terrestrial and space radiocommunication services
`defined by the International Telecommunication Union
`under specified conditions.
`frequency allotment —The designation of portions
`of an allocated frequency band to individual countries or
`geographical areas for a particular radiocommunication
`service; for a satellite service, specific orbital positions
`may also be allotted to individual countries.
`frequency assignment—Authorization given by
`a nation's government for a station or operator in that
`country to use a specific radio frequency channel under
`specified conditions.
`frequency authorization —The document of power
`that legalizes the assignment of a frequency or a frequeney
`band.
`frequency-azimuth-intensity—Pertaining to a
`type of radar display in which frequency, azimuth, and
`strobe intensity are correlated.
`frequency band — A continuous and specific range
`of frequencies. A range of frequencies between a lower
`and an upper limit.
`frequency band of emission —The frequency
`band required for a specific type of transmission and speed
`of signaling.
`frequency bias— A constant frequency purposely
`added to the frequency of a signal.
`frequency changer—See frequency converter.
`frequency-change signaling —A telegraph sig-
`naling method in which one or more particular frequencies
`correspond to each desired signaling condition of a tele-
`graph code. The transition from one set of frequencies to
`the other may be either a continuous or a discontinuous
`change in frequency or in phase.
`frequency-changing circuit —A circuit compris-
`ing an oscillator and a mixer and delivering an output at
`one or more frequencies other than the input frequency.
`
`304
`
`frequency channel—A continuous portion of the
`appropriate frequency spectrum for a specified class of
`emission.
`frequency compensation—i. The technique of
`modifying an electronic circuit or device for the purpose
`of improving or broadening the linearity of its response
`with respect to frequency. 2. The compensation required
`in feedback amplifiers to ensure stability and prevent
`unwanted oscillations.
`frequency constant—The number relating the
`natural vibration frequency of a piezoid (finished crystal
`blank) to its linear dimension.
`frequency conversion—i. The process of con-
`verting a signal to some other frequency by combining it
`with another frequency. 2. Of a heterodyne receiving sys-
`tem, converting the carrier frequency of a received signal
`from its original value to the intermediate-frequency (IF)
`value in a superheterodyne receiver,
`frequency converter—Also called frequency
`changer. A circuit, device, or machine that changes an
`alternating current from one frequency to another, with
`or without a change in voltage or number of phases. In
`a superheterodyne receiver, the oscillator and mixer first-
`detector stages together serve as a frequency converter.
`frequency correction —Compensation, by means
`of an attenuation equalizer, for unequal transmission of
`various frequencies in a line.
`frequency counter —An instrument in which fre-
`quency is measured by counting the number of cycles
`(pulses) occurring during a precisely established time
`interval.
`frequency cutoff —The frequency at which the
`current gain of a transistor drops 3 dB below the low-
`frequency gain.
`frequency demodulation —Removal of the intel-
`ligence from a modulated carrier.
`frequency departure —The amount a carrier or
`center frequency deviates from its assigned value.
`frequency deviation —1. In frequency modula-
`tion, the peak difference between the instantaneous fre-
`quency of the modulated wave and its carrier frequency.
`2. A measure of the output frequency excursion around
`the carrier caused by modulating the oscillator's tun-
`ing input, which produces a frequency-modulated out-
`put signal. 3. The measure of the percentage modulation
`of a frequency-modulated wave. It is the peak differ-
`ence between the instantaneous frequency of a frequency-
`modulated wave and the carrier frequency.
`frequency-deviation meter—An instrument that
`indicates the number of hertz a transmitter has drifted
`from its assigned carrier frequency.
`
`PICKUP
`ANTENNA
`v
`
`MIXER
`
`11 +1?
`OR
`- 12
`
`BEAT
`FREQUENCY
`AMPLIFIER
`
`OSCILLATOR
`(FREQUENCY
`STANDARD(
`
`DC METER
`
`PULSE RATE
`WAVE
`INTERRATORI SHAPER
`
`LIMITER
`
`Frequency-deviation meter.
`
`frequency discrimination — A term applied to the
`operation of selecting a desired frequency or frequencies
`from a spectrum of frequencies.
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002786
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 5 of 15
`
`insulated carbon resistor — insulator
`
`380
`
`10A
`
`PRIMARY
`50A
`
`20A
`241
`
`100A
`
`Instrument transformers.
`
`insulated carbon resistor —A carbon resistor
`encased in fiber, plastic, or other insulation.
`insulated clip— A clip terminating in an insulated
`eye through which flexible cords or wires may be run
`and supported.
`insulated enclosure —A special shielded enclosure
`design providing insulation against weather or providing
`maximum temperature stability. Usually prefabricated as
`an exterior building panel in modular construction.
`insulated-gate field-effect transistor —Abbre-
`viated IGFET. In general, any field-effect transistor that
`has an insulated gate regardless of the fabrication process.
`
`SUBSTRATE
`
`DRAIN
`
`OXIDE
`I NSULATOR
`
`GATE
`
`METAL
`PLATE
`
`SS
`
`CONDUCTING
`CHANNEL
`
`SOURCE
`
`SUBSTRATE
`
`Insulated-gate field-effect transistor.
`
`insulated-substrate monolithic circuit—An
`integrated circuit that may be either an all-diffused device
`or a compatible structure so constructed that the com-
`ponents within the silicon substrate are insulated from
`one another by a layer of silicon dioxide, instead of the
`reverse-biased pn junctions used for isolation in other
`techniques.
`insulated terminals —Solderless terminals pro-
`vided with an insulated sleeve over the barrel to prevent
`a short circuit
`insulated wire —A conductor covered with a non-
`conductive material.
`insulating material—i. A material on or through
`which essentially no current will flow. It is used to confine
`the flow of current within a conductor or to eliminate the
`shock hazard of a bare conductor. 2. Any composition
`primarily adapted for preventing the transfer of electricity
`therethrough, the useful properties of which depend on its
`chemical composition or atomic arrangement.
`insulating sleeve —Tube or tape of insulating mate-
`rial placed around metal-enclosed capacitors to insulate
`the case electrically from other components and wiring.
`
`insulating strength —The measure of the ability
`of an insulating material to withstand electrical stress
`without breaking down. It is defined in terms of the
`voltage per unit thickness necessary to initiate a disruptive
`discharge and usually is measured in volts per centimeter.
`See also dielectric strength; electric strength.
`insulating tape —Tape that is wrapped around joints
`in insulated wires or cables, It is impregnated with an
`insulating material and covered with adhesive on one side,
`insulating varnish —A varnish applied to coils and
`windings to improve their insulation (and, at times, their
`mechanical rigidity).
`insulation-1. A nonconductive material that pre-
`vents the leakage of electricity from a conductor, pro-
`vides mechanical spacing or support, or protects against
`accidental contact. 2. The use of a material that passes
`negligible current to surround or separate a conductor
`to prevent loss of current. 3. A material that offers high
`electric resistance, making it suitable for covering compo-
`nents, terminals, and wires to prevent the possible future
`contact of adjacent conductors resulting in a short cir-
`cuit. 4. Material used to cover electrical wires to prevent
`electrical leakage and short circuiting and to reduce the
`danger of shock.
`insulation displacement termination —A con-
`nector that has insulated wire is forced into a channel
`constructed so that ridges or teeth in the channel cut
`through or displace the insulation and make an air-tight
`contact with the wire.
`insulation piercing — A crimping method in which
`lances pierce wire insulation, enter into the strands, and
`make electrical contact without stripping the wire,
`insulation rating —The dielectric-strength and in-
`sulation-resistance values required to ensure satisfactory
`performance.
`insulation resistance-1. The resistance offered
`by an insulating material to the flow of current result-
`ing from an impressed de voltage. 2. The ratio of the
`voltage applied between two electrodes in contact with
`a specific insulator to the total current between the elec-
`trodes. 3. Industrial specifications usually call for a certain
`minimum value (several thousand megohms) determined
`with a specific voltage applied. 4. The direct current resis-
`tance between the two terminals of a capacitor, or between
`either or both of the terminals and the capacitor case.
`5. The ratio of de voltage impressed across a capacitor
`to the resultant leakage current. For a particular capacitor
`design, the product of insulation resistance and capaci-
`tance (megohm-microfarad) is quite constant. 6. The elec-
`trical resistance of the insulating material (determined
`under specified conditions) between any pair of contacts,
`conductors, or grounding devices in various combina-
`tions.
`insulation resistivity —The insulation resistance
`per unit volume of insulation,
`insulation stress—The molecule separation pres-
`sure caused by a potential difference across an insulator.
`The practical stress on insulation is expressed in volts per
`mil.
`insulation system— All of the insulation materi-
`als used to insulate a particular electrical or electronic
`product.
`insulator —1. A material in which the outer elec-
`trons are tightly bound to the atom and are not free
`to move. Thus, there is negligible current through the
`material when a voltage is applied. The resistivity is
`greater than 108 ohm-cm and generally decreases when
`the temperature rises. 2. A nonconducting substance such
`as porcelain, plastic, glass, rubber, etc. 3. A material of
`such low electrical conductivity that current through it can
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002787
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 6 of 15
`
`497
`
`Naperian logarithm — Also called hyperbolic or
`natural logarithm. A logarithm to the base 2.7128.
`napier —See neper.
`narrow band —1. A band whose width is greater
`than 1 percent of the center frequency and less than one-
`third octave. 2. Pertaining to a communication channel of
`less than voice grade.
`narrow-band amplifier —An amplifier designed
`for optimum operation over a narrow band of frequencies,
`narrow-band axis—In phasor representation of
`the chrominance signal, the direction of the coarse-
`chrominance primary of a color TV system.
`narrow-band FM —See narrow-band frequency
`modulation,
`narrow-band FM adapter—An attachment that
`converts an AM communications receiver to FM.
`narrow-band frequency modulation — Abbre-
`viated NBFM. Frequency modulation that occupies only
`a small portion of the conventional FM bandwidth. Used
`mainly for two-way voice communication by police, fire,
`taxicabs, and amateurs.
`narrow-band interference —Sharply tunable
`interference, having a spectrum that is small compared
`with the bandwidth of the measuring instrument. (Sine-
`wave carriers both modulated and unmodulated are good
`examples.)
`narrow-sector recorder— A radio direction finder
`with which atmospherics are received from a limited
`sector related to the position of the antenna. The antenna
`is usually rotated continuously, and the bearing of the
`atmospherics recorded automatically.
`NARTB—Abbreviation for National Association of
`Radio and Television Broadcasters, the former name of
`the National Association of Broadcasters.
`n-ary code --=-A code in which each element can be
`any one of n distinct kinds or values,
`n-ary pulse-code modulation —A type of pulse-
`code modulation in which the code for each element of
`information can consist of any one of n distinct kinds or
`values.
`NASA —Acronym for National Aeronautics and
`Space Administration. The federal agency charged with
`all scientific space missions.
`National Association of Broadcasters—Abbre-
`viated NAB. The official association of the radio and
`television broadcasting industry. Formerly called the
`NARTB. '
`National Association of Radio and Television
`Broadcasters—Abbreviated NARTB. A name used
`for a number of years by an association of broadcasters. In
`1958 the name was changed back to National Association
`of Broadcasters, an earlier title.
`National Electrical Code— Abbreviated NEC.
`1. A recognized authority on safe electrical wiring. The
`code is used as a standard by federal, state, and local
`governments in establishing their own laws, ordinances,
`and codes on wiring specifications. 2. A set of regula-
`tions governing construction and installation of electri-
`cal wiring and apparatus, established by the National
`Fire Protection Association and suitable for mandatory
`application by governmental bodies exercising legal juris-
`diction. It is widely used by state and local authorities
`within the United States and is incorporated in OSHA
`regulations. It has the force of law only when enforced
`by municipalities or states. 3. A compendium of articles
`pertaining to the general electrical wiring field, contain-
`ing provisions considered essential for the practical safe-
`guarding of persons and property from hazards arising
`from the use of electricity.
`National Electrical Manufacturers Associa-
`tion —Abbreviated NEMA. 1. An organization of
`
`Naperian logarithm — Navaglobe
`
`manufacturers of electrical products. 2. An industry
`association that standardizes specifications for cables,
`wires, and electrical components.
`National Electrical Safety Code — A set of safety
`rules for the installation and maintenance of electric
`supply and communication lines, published as National
`Bureau of Standards Handbook and approved by the
`American Standards Association, It has the force of law
`only if enforced by municipalities or states.
`national paging —Paging service provided on a
`national or regional basis, in which subscribers use a
`single pager that can operate in many different areas.
`This is usually achieved with a single frequency available
`nationwide (called nationwide paging) or through a form
`of networking that uses a pager that receives different
`frequencies in different areas.
`National Television System Committee —Abb-
`reviated NTSC. A committee organized in 1940 and
`comprising all United States companies and organizations
`interested in television. Between 1940 and 1941, it
`formulated the black and white television standards;
`between 1950 and 1953, it formulated the color
`television standards that were approved by the Federal
`Communications Commission.
`nationwide paging —Method of national or
`regional paging in where a single frequency is used
`throughout the nation (or region) for sending messages
`to a paging system subscriber,
`natural antenna frequency—The lowest resonant
`frequency of an antenna operated without external induc-
`tance or capacitance.
`natural binary—i. A number system to the base 2,
`in which the is and Os have weighted value in accordance
`with their relative position in the binary word. Carries may
`affect many digits. (Contrasted with Gray code, which
`permits only one digit to change state.) 2. The usual 2n
`code with 2,4, 8, 16, ... , 2n progression. An input or
`output high, or 1, is considered a signal, whereas a 0
`is considered an absence of signal. This is a positive-true
`binary signal. Zero scale is then all Os, while full scale is
`all is,
`natural frequency-1. The frequency at which a
`system with a single degree of freedom will oscillate
`from the rest position when displaced by a transient
`force. Sometimes used synonymously with damped nat-
`ural frequency. 2. The lowest resonant frequency of a
`circuit or component without adding inductance or capac-
`itance.
`natural frequency of an antenna —The lowest
`resonant frequency of an antenna with no added induc-
`tance or capacitance.
`natural interference —Electromagnetic interfer-
`ence caused by natural terrestrial phenomena (atmo-
`spheric interference) or by natural disturbances outside
`of the atmosphere of the earth (galactic and solar noise).
`natural logarithm —See Naperian logarithm.
`natural magnet—Magnetic ore (e.g., a lodestone)
`that exhibits the property of magnetism in its natural
`state.
`natural period— The period of the free oscillation of
`a body or system. When the period varies with amplitude,
`the natural period is the period when the amplitude
`approaches zero.
`natural radiation —See background radiation.
`natural resonance —See periodic resonance.
`natural wavelength —The wavelength correspond-
`ing to the natural frequency of an antenna or circuit.
`Navaglobe — A long-distance navigational system
`of the continuous-wave, low-frequency type. Bearing
`information is provided by amplitude comparison.
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002788
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`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 7 of 15
`
`597
`
`pull curves —The characteristics relating force to
`displacement in the actuating system of a relay.
`pull-down resistor-1. A resistor connected across
`the output of a device or circuit to hold the output equal to
`or less than the zero input level of the following digital
`device. Also used to lower the output impedance of a
`device. 2. A resistor connected to a negative voltage or
`to ground.
`pull-in current (or voltage) —The maximum
`current (or voltage) required to operate a relay. See also
`pickup current.
`pulling —1. In an oscillator, the undesired change
`from the desired frequency. It is caused either by coupling
`from another source of frequency or by the influence
`of the load impedance. 2. In television, partial loss of
`synchronization.
`pulling figure —The difference between the maxi-
`mum and minimum frequencies of an oscillator whenever
`the phase angle of the load-impedance reflection coef-
`ficient varied through 3600. The absolute value of this
`coefficient is constant and equal to 0.20.
`pull-in rate —The maximum stepping rate at which
`a stepper motor can start its load without missing a step.
`pull-in torque-1. Torque that a synchronous motor
`can exert to bring its driven load into synchronous speed.
`There is no corresponding term for induction motors. 2. A
`measure of the maximum torque that can be applied to the
`shaft of a stepper motor without causing it to miss a step
`when starting.
`pull-out force —The tensile force required to sepa-
`rate a conductor from a contact or terminal, or to separate
`a contact from a connector.
`pull-out rate —The maximum stepping rate at which
`a stepper motor can move its load without losing synchro-
`nism with the field.
`pull-out torque —Also called breakdown torque, or
`maximum torque. 1. The maximum torque a motor can
`deliver without stalling. 2. See running torque. 3. The
`maximum torque that a synchronous motor develops
`at synchronous speed at rated frequency and normal
`excitation, 4. A measure of the maximum torque that can
`be applied to the shaft of a stepper motor running at a
`constant speed within its pull-out ratings before the motor
`loses synchronism with the field.
`pull strength —The values of the pressure achieved
`in a test in which a pulling stress is applied to determine
`breaking strength of a lead or bond.
`pull test —A test for bond strength of a lead,
`interconnecting wire, or a conductor.
`pull the plug —CB radio term for shut off the radio.
`pull-up-1. The placing of the output voltage of a
`logic circuit at the high level by means of an internal cur-
`rent sink or source. 2. A dc voltage imposed on the input
`of an amplifier to move the amplifier's operating point
`out of the offset range. Pull-up is usually accomplished
`by means of a voltage divider network.
`pull-up resistor—i. A resistor connected to the
`positive supply voltage of a transistor circuit, as from
`the collector supply to the output collector. 2. A resistor
`connected across the output of a device or circuit to
`hold the output voltage equal to or greater than the input
`transition level of a digital device. It is usually connected
`to a positive voltage or to the plus supply.
`pull-up torque-1. The minimum torque developed
`by an alternating-current motor during the period of
`acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown
`torque occurs. For motors that do not have a definite
`breakdown torque, the pull-up torque is the minimum
`torque developed up to rated speed. 2. Lowest value of
`torque produced by a motor between zero speed and full-
`load speed.
`
`pull curves — pulse amplitude
`
`pulsating current— Current that varies in amplitude
`but does not change polarity.
`pulsating direct current —A direct current that
`changes its value at regular or irregular intervals but flows
`in the same direction at all times,
`pulsating electromotive force —A direct elec-
`tromotive force and an alternating electromotive force
`combined.
`pulsating quantity—A periodic quantity that can
`be considered the sum of a continuous component and an
`alternating component in the quantity.
`pulsation welding —A form of resistance welding
`in which the power is alternately applied and removed.
`pulse —1. A variation of a quantity whose value is
`normally constant; this variation is characterized by a rise
`and a decay and has finite amplitude and duration. 2. An
`abrupt change in voltage, either positive or negative, that
`conveys information to a circuit. See also impulse. 3. A
`brief excursion of a quantity from normal. 4. Signal char-
`acterized by the rise and decay in time of a quantity
`whose value is normally constant. 5. Voltage level, typ-
`ically 5 volts of very short duration, used in computers
`to represent a bit. 6. Single impulse of a telephone dial.
`Generally transmitted in groups of one to ten to repre-
`sent dialed digits or unique tones to represent digits. 7. A
`sudden and abrupt jump in an electrical quantity from
`its usual level to a higher or lower value, quickly fol-
`lowed by an equally abrupt return. 8. A voltage or current
`that lasts for a short period and is square or Gaussian in
`shape.
`
`OVERSHOOT
`
`SETTLING
`TIME
`
`SAG OR
`DROOP
`
`90%
`
`RINGING 10%
`
`ROUNDING
`
`50%
`
`50%
`
`AMPLITUDE
`
`10%
`
`90%
`
`FALL
`RISE
`TIME "T
`TIME
` - 1/RATE
`
`PRESHOOT
`
`Pulse, 1.
`
`OV
`
`BASE LINE
`OFFSET
`
`pulse amplification —The compression and inten-
`sification of a laser pulse of a specific width into a
`smaller pulse width. A spherical cavity, in conjunction
`with a beam compressor, is efficient for pulse amplifica-
`tion. Cones and fiats are highly effective when used in
`conjunction with swept-line foci.
`pulse amplifier—A wideband amplifier used to
`amplify square waves without appreciably changing their
`shape.
`pulse amplitude —A general term for the magnitude
`of a pulse. For more specific designation, adjectives
`such as average, instantaneous, peak, rms (effective), etc.,
`should also be used.
`
`DEFTS-PA_0002789
`
`

`

`Case 5:20-cv-09341-EJD Document 138-26 Filed 03/18/22 Page 8 of 15
`
`pulse-amplitude modulation — pulse duration
`
`pulse-amplitude modulation —Abbreviated PAM.
`Modulation in which the modulating. wave is caused to
`amplitude modulate a pulse carrier.
`pulse-amplitude modulation/frequency modu-
`lation —A system in Which a carrier is frequency mod-
`ulated by pulse-amplitude-modulated subcarriers.
`pulse analyzer—i. Equipment for analyzing pulses
`to determine their time, amplitude, duration, shape, etc.
`2. The instrument used to analyze a pulsed electromag-
`netic wave to determine its time, amplitude, duration, and
`shape, and to display this information in some appropriate
`form, either visually or digitally.
`pulse arc welding — A type of welding in which
`the material to be welded is positioned together, forming
`one electrode. The other electrode is positioned to form a
`gap with one of the workpieces. An arc is struck and the
`current heats the work-pieces to the melting point at their
`interface. See also arc percussive welding.
`pulse average time —The duration of a pulse,
`measured between two points at 50 percent of the
`maximum amplitude on the leading and trailing edges.
`pulse bandwidth —The smallest continuous fre-
`quency interval outside of which the amplitude of the
`spectrum does not exceed a prescribed fraction of the
`amplitude at a specified frequency.
`pulse capacitor—A capacitor for use with pulses
`of current or voltage.
`pulse carrier —A carrier consisting of a series of
`pulses. Usually employed as a subcarrier,
`pulse code-1. A pulse or series of pulses that,
`by means of waveform, pulse width, pulse time, pulse
`numbers, or pulse sequences, may be used to convey
`information. 2. Loosely, a code consisting of pulses; e.g.,
`Morse, Baudot, binary.
`pulse code modulation —Abbreviated PCM. 1.
`Pulsed modulation in which the signal is sampled peri-
`odically and each sample is quantized and transmitted as
`a digital binary code. 2. A digital technique by which
`information may be carried from one point to another.
`The signal is carried as a series of separate pulses or dig-
`its. No distortion is introduced and no information is lost
`from a signal unless a complete pulse disappears or unless
`a spurious noise pulse is formed that is large enough to be
`accepted by the equipment as a genuine pulse. Thus, many
`channels of communication can be made available along a
`single connecting line. 3. A method of quantizing audio-
`range analog signals into a digital form for transmission in
`digital communications systems, or for processing in DSP.
`Effectively the same as analog-to-digital conversion. 4. A
`time-division modulation technique in which analog sig-
`nals are stamped and quantized at periodic intervals into
`digital signals. The values observed are typically repre-
`sented by a coded arrangement of 8 bits, of which one
`May be for parity.
`pulse-code modulation/frequency modula-
`tion — A system in which pulse-code-modulated subcar-
`riers are used to frequency modulate a second carrier.
`Binary digits are formed by the absence or presence of a
`pulse in an assigned position.
`pulse coder —A circuit that sets up pulses in an
`identifiable pattern.
`pulse coding and correlation —A general tech-
`nique concerning a variety of methods used to change the
`transmitted waveform and then decode upon its reception.
`Pulse compression is a special form of pulse coding and
`correlation.
`pulse compression —A matched filter technique
`used to discriminate against signals that do not correspond
`to the transmitted signal.
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`598
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`pulse counter —A device that gives an indication or
`record of the total number of pulses that it has received
`during a given time interval.
`pulse counter detector —A device designed to
`detect frequency-modulated signals by forming a uni-
`directional pulse from each sine wave. The direct cur-
`rent of the pulse is proportional to the frequency of the
`frequency-modulation signal.
`pulsed Doppler system — A pulsed radar system
`that utilizes the Doppler effect to obtain information about
`the target (not including simple resolution from fixed
`targets).
`pulse decay time—The amount of time required
`for the trailing edge of a pulse to decay from 90 percent
`to 10 percent of the peak pulse amplitude.
`pulse delay time —The time interval between the
`leading edges of the input and output pulses, measured at
`10 percent of their maximum amplitude.
`pulse demoder — Also called a constant delay
`discriminator. A circuit that responds only to pulse signals
`with a specified spacing between them.
`pulse dialing —Older form of phone dialing, utiliz-
`ing breaks in dc current to indicate the number being
`dialed.
`pulse digit—A code element comprising the imme-
`diately associated train of pulses.
`pulse-digit spacing —The time interval between
`the end of one pulse digit and the start of the next.
`pulse discriminator — A device that responds only
`to pulses having a particular characteristic (e.g., duration,
`amplitude, period). One that responds to period is also
`called a time discriminator.
`pulse dispersion —In fiber optics, separation or
`spreading of input optical signals along the length of the
`optical fiber. Pulse dispersion is expressed in time and
`distance as nanoseconds and is sometimes called pulse
`spreading,
`pulsed laser—A laser that emits energy in a wave of
`short bursts or pulses and remains inactive between each
`burst or pulse. The frequency of the pulses is termed the
`pulse repetition frequency.
`pulsed light —A beam of visible radiant energy of
`finite duration. The beam rises to a finite amplitude and
`decays to the same value from which it rose.
`pulsed oscillator-1. An oscillator in which oscil-
`lations are sustained by either self-generated or external
`pulses. 2. An oscillator that generates a carrier-frequency
`pulse or a train of pulses.
`pulsed-oscillator starting time —The interval
`between the leading-edge times of the pulse at the
`oscillator control terminals and the related outpu