Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 1 of 61
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`Exhibit 7
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`

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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 2 of 61
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`2
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`W. PATRICK BENGTSSON (State Bar No. 122198)
`BRIAN J. BEATUS (State Bar No. 205719)
`PILLSBURY MADISON & SUTRO LLP
`50 Fremont Street
`San Francisco, California 94105-8219
`Telephone: (415) 983-1000
`4 Facsimile: (415) 983-1200
`
`3
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`Attorneys for Plaintiff
`DIGITAL ISLAND, INC.
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`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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`NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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`SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION
`
`,JI
`'ltd ~· . ,
`3
`r· ~~~ 00~2095s
`
`COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES
`AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR
`PATENT INFRINGEMENT
`
`DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
`
`DIGIT AL ISLAND; INC.,
`
`Plaintiff,
`
`vs.
`
`AKAMAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,
`
`____ _.c.;_ ________ )
`
`Defep.dant.
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`)
`)
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`Plaintiff, Digital Island, Inc. ("Digital Island") for its complaint
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`avers as follows:
`
`JURISDICTION
`
`ADR.
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`I. This is an action for. patent infringement arising under 35 U.S.C.
`
`§§ 1 et. seq.
`
`2. This Court has proper subject matter jurisdiction over the present
`
`action under the Patent Laws .of the United States, Title 35.
`
`VENUE
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`3. Venue is proper in this judicial district under 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b)
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`because acts of patent infringement by Defendant, Akamai Technologies,
`
`!0425083v2
`
`- 1 -
`
`COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES AND
`INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR PATENT
`INFRINGEMENT
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 3 of 61
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`Inc. ("Akamai") occurred within this jurisdiction.
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`INTRADISTRICT ASSIGNMENT
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`4. Intradistrict assignment to the San Francisco Division is
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`appropriate under Civil Local Rule 3-2(d) because the acts of patent
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`infringement complained of occurred and are occurring, and because
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`6 _Plaintiff is located, within ·_the _County of ~an Francisco.
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`7
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`8
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`5. Plaintiff, Digital Island, is a corporation organized under the laws
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`THE PARTIES
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`9 of Delaware having its principal place of business at 45 Fremont Street, San
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`10 Francisco, California.
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`11
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`6. Defendant Akamai is a corporation organized under the laws of
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`12 Delaware with its ·principal place of business in at 500 Technology Square,
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`13 Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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`COUNT FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT
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`7. United States Letters Patent No. 5,978,791 (the '"791 patent")
`
`entitled<'Data Processing System Using Substantially Unique Identifiers To
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`Identify Data Items, Whereby Identical Data Items Have The Same
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`Identifiers," duly and lawfully issued on November 2, 1999 on an
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`application filed October 24, 1997. Plaintiff Digital Island is an owner of
`!§Se Exhibit "A" attached hereto).
`8. Among other things, the '791 patent relates to and claims various
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`the '791 patent by assignment.
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`uses of unique "fingerprints" of content, including detecting unauthorized
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`tampering of data, avoiding using outdated or stale content and enabling
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`24 networks to optimize content delivery and storage. The patent covers
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`25 multiple uses of.these "fingerprints", e.g., to identify files in data
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`26
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`communication applications such as downloading, copying, backup, and
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`27
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`28
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`caching.
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`9. On information and belief, Akamai, with full knowledge of the
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`10425083v2
`
`- 2 -
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`COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES AND
`INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR PA TENT
`INFRINGEMENT
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 4 of 61
`-~
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`\
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`1
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`'791 patent, has provided and continues to provide an Internet content
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`·2 delivery serviqe, Akamai 's FreeFlow service, that infringes one or more
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`3
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`4
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`5
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`claims of the '791 patent.
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`DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
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`10. Plaintiff Digital lsl~nd demands a jury trial for all claims as
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`6 provided for in Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
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`7
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`8
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`9
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`.RELIEF REQUESTED
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`WHEREFORE, Digital Island prays for:
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`A. A judgment declaring the '791 patent valid and infringed by
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`10 Akamai.
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`11 ·
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`B.. An injunction enjoining Akamai, .its officers, agents, servants,
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`12
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`13
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`14
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`employees and others acting for or on its behalf from continuing
`
`'
`
`'
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`infringement of the '791 pate11t.
`
`C. Monetary damages adequate to compensate Digital Island for
`
`15 Akamai's infringement of the '791 patent, as authorized by 35 U.S.C. § 284.
`
`16
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`D. An award trebling the monetary damages as a result of Akamai's
`
`17 willful conduct, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284.
`
`18
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`E. An award and judgment to Digital Island of its costs and
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`reasonable att,orney fees relating to enforcement of the '791 patent in these
`19
`20 proceedings, as auth'orized by 35 u.s·.c. § 28'5.
`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`Ill
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`10425083v2
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`- 3 -
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`COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES 1.ND
`INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR PATENT
`INFRINGEMENT
`
`

`

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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 5 of 61
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`F. All such other and further relief as the Court deems just.
`
`Dated: September 18., 2000.
`
`PILLSBURY MADISON & SUTRO LLP
`W. PATRICK BENGTSSON
`BRIAN J. BEATUS
`5 0 Fremont Street
`San Francisco, California 94105-2228
`
`OF COUNSEL:
`ARTHUR WINEBURG
`LYNN ECCLESTON
`BRIAN SIRITZKY
`PILLSBURY MADISON & SUTRO, LLP
`1100 New York Avenue, NW
`Ninth Floor
`Washington, DC 20005
`
`1042508lv2
`
`- 4 -
`
`COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES AND
`INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR PATENT
`INFRINGEMENT
`
`

`

`' ' ~-
`
`... ·.
`
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 6 of 61
`
`United States Patent r19J
`Farber et al.
`
`11011111111m11111111111Q11111111111111111u11111111111
`US005978791A
`[111 Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`5,978,791
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`[54] DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM USING
`SUBSI'ANTIALLY UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS TO
`IDENTIFY DATA ITEMS, WHEREBY
`IDENTICAL DATA ITEMS HAVE THE SAME
`IDENTiFIERS
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors: David A. Farber, Ojai, Calif.; Ronald
`D. Lachman, Northbrook. Ill.
`
`[73] Assignee: Klnetcch, Inc., Northbrook, Ill.
`
`[21]
`[22]
`
`Appl. No.: 08/960,079
`Oct. 24, 1997
`Filed:
`
`Related U.S. Appl!catlon Data
`
`[63) ConHmu1tion of application No. 08/425,160, Apr. 11, 1995,
`abandoned.
`InL Cl.' __ __ ,, ........................ G06F 17/30
`[51]
`[52) U.S. Cl ..................................... 707/2: 707/1; 707/200
`[58) Field of Search ..................................... 707/2, 1, 200
`
`[56]
`
`References Clted
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`6/1972 Evongelfsti et nl ••• , .............. 340/1725·
`3,668,647
`1/19B0 Mitcbell et al .................... , .... 364/200
`4,215,402
`9/1981 Cicbellt et al. ..... , ___ 364/200
`4,290,105
`3/1983 Rivest , .................................... 364/900
`4,376,299
`9/1983 Rivest ct al. .......................... , 178/22.1
`4,405,829
`4,414285 10/1983 Neches ct al .......... , ... .,. .......... 364/200
`4,414,624 11/19&3 Sum!Iler, Jr. et al. .................. 364/200
`4,441,155
`4/1984 Fletcher ct aL ......................... 364/200
`4,464,713
`8/1984 Bcnhase ct al. ........................ 364/200
`4~490,782 12/1984 Di"X:on ct al .......... ___ 364/200
`2/1986 Emry, Jr. ct al. ....................... 364/900
`4,571,700
`3/1986 Matick ct aL .......................... '365/189
`4,Y/7,193
`2/1987 Mead<n ..•..•....•.•..•....•............•. 364/900
`4,642,793
`4,675,810
`6/1987 Gruaer ct al. - - - - 364/200
`9/1987 Rivest ct al ......... , ................... 365/185
`4,691,299
`2/1988 Kronstadt ct al, , ..................... 364/209
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`4,773,039
`9/1988 Zamora .............. ___ 364/900
`4,887,235 11/1989 Holloway ct al, ...................... 364/900
`4,888,681 12/1989 Barnes cl al. .......... , .. , ............. 364/200
`
`5/1990 Holloway et al. ...................... 364/200
`4,922,414
`4!)72,361 11/1990 Burke ___ .................... 364/900
`4/1991 Bendcrt ct al. ......................... 395/600
`5,007,658
`6/191J1 Cho - - - - - - 365/230.05
`5,025,421
`SPS0,()74
`9/1991 Marca - - - - - - , · · - 364/200
`S,0S0;z12
`9/1991 Dyson ....................................... 38(¥25
`5,057,!37 10/1991 Colwe!I et al. ......
`-... 341/55
`5,129,081
`7/1992 Kobayashi et al. ..................... 395/600
`7/1992 Tufiog cl al. - - - - - 395/600
`5,129,082
`9/191J2 Pogue, Jr. et al ......................... 380/45
`5,144,667
`1/1993 Colwell et al. ......... , ............... 395/425
`S,l79ti80
`5,202,982
`4/1993 Gramlich el 1:11. ....................... 395/600
`5/1993 ~Uert et al. .. - - - - 380/43
`5,208,858
`1/1994 Howell ct al. ____ 395/800
`5,276,901
`4/1994 Rajani .......... - - - - 395/400_-
`5,301,286
`5,301,316
`4/1994 Hamilton et al. ....................... 395/600
`8/1994 Moore ................................... N . . . . 380/4
`5,343,527
`5,357,623 10/1994 Mcgory-Cohen .. - - -.. 395/425
`111995 Cam10.a .............................. 34Q/825,44
`5,384,565
`5,404,508
`4/1995 Konrad cl al ........................... 395/600
`
`OTIIER PUBLlCAllONS
`Witold Litwin et al, Linear Hashing for Distributed Files,
`ACM SIGMOD, May, 1993 pp. 327--336.
`Ming-Ling Lo, et al, Oo Optimol Processor Allocation to
`Support Pipelined Hash Joins, ACM SIGMOD, pp. 69-78,
`May 1993.
`Thomas A. Berson, Differeotial Cryptanalysis Mod z3
`Applicatinas to MD5, pp. 69-lll, 1992.
`
`2. with
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`Primary Exa,niner-Paul V. Kulik
`Assistant Examiner-Jean R. Homere
`Attorney, Agen/1 oi Finn-Pillsbury Madison & Sutro lLP
`ABSTRACT
`(57]
`
`In a data proc'essing system, a mecbaoism identifies data
`items by substantially unique identifiers which depend OD all
`of the data in the data items aod only OD the data in the data
`items. The system also determines whether a particular data
`item is present in the database by examining the ideo.tifiers
`of the plurality of data items.
`
`48 Claims, 31 Drawing Sheets
`
`..
`
`I
`L. __ _::::::=:-c.:: .. =: .. :-c.::--=--,
`...
`
`&h ibif A.
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 7 of 61
`
`.. )
`·'•
`
`5,978,791
`Page 2
`
`O1HER PUBLICATIONS
`
`William Perrizo, et al., Distnbuted Join Processing Perfor(cid:173)
`mance Evaluation, 1994, 1\venty-Seventh Hawaii Iatero.a(cid:173)
`tional Conference on System Sciences. vol. II, pp. 236-244.
`A concurrency Control Mechanism based on Exlcndible
`Hashing for Main Memory Database Systems, Vijay Kumar,
`pp. 109--113, ACM, vol. 3, 1989.
`Birgit Pfitzmaon, Sorting Out Signature Schemes, Nov.
`1993, 1st Conf. Computer & Comm. Security •93 pp. 74--85,
`Bert dem Boer, ct al., Collisions for the compression func(cid:173)
`tion of MD, pp. 292-304, 1994.
`Sakti Pramanik, et al., Multi-Directory Hashing, 1993, Info.
`Sys., vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 63-74.
`Murlidbar Koushik., Dynamic Hashing With Distnbuted
`Overflow Space: A File Organization With Good Insertion
`Performance, 1993, Info. Sys., vol.18, No. 5, pp. 299-317.
`Witold Litwin, et al, LH•-Lillear Hashing foe Distributed
`Files, HP Labs Tuch. Repon No. HPL-93-21 Jun. 1993 pp,
`1-22.
`Yuliang Zheng, el al., HAVAL - A One-Way Hashing
`Algorithm with Variable Length of Output (Extended
`Abstract), pp. 83-105,Advanoes in Cryptnlogy,AUSCRIPT
`'92, 1992.
`
`Chris Charoes and Josef Pieprzl..1', Llnear Nonequivalence
`versus Nonlinearity, Pieprzky, pp. 156-164, 1993.
`Zbiyu Tian, et al., A New Hashing Function: Statistical
`Behaviour and Algorithm, pp. 3--13, SIGlR Forum, 1993.
`G. L Friedman, Digital Camera With Apparatus For
`Authentication of Images Produced From an Image File,
`NASA Case No. NPO-1910&--1--CU, Serial No, 08/159,980,
`Nov. 24, 1993.
`H. Goodman, Feb. 9, 1994 Ada, Object-Oriented Tech(cid:173)
`niques, aad Concurrency in 'leaching Data Sructures and
`File Management Report Documentation P. AD-A275
`385 -
`94--04277.
`Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT '93, Worbbop on
`tbe Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques
`Lofthus, Norway, May 23-27, 1993 Procecdiogs.
`Proceedings of the 1993 ACM S!GMOD International Con(cid:173)
`ference on Management of Data, vol. 22, Issue 2, Jun.1993.
`Advances in Cryptology-AUSCRYPT '92 - Workshop on
`the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques
`Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Dec. 13--16, 1992 Pro(cid:173)
`ceedings.
`Search Report dated Jun. 24, 1996.
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 8 of 61
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 1 of 31
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`5,978,791
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 9 of 61
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 2 of 31
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 10 of 61
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 11 of 61
`
`'. l
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 4 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG.3
`
`R~ion :CD
`Pathname
`TrUe Name
`TVne
`File :CD
`Time of last access
`Time of last modification
`Safe flag
`Lock flaq
`Size
`owner
`
`FIG. 4
`
`True Name
`.File :to
`Compressed File IO
`Source IDs
`oePendent processors
`Use count
`Time of last access
`Expiration
`Grooming delete count
`
`Region :CD
`Region file ieYStem
`Region pathname
`Re<1ion status
`Mirror processor(sl
`Mirror duplication count
`Policy
`
`FIG.5
`
`138
`
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`
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`
`140
`
`142
`
`.
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 12 of 61
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`
`'i'rue Name
`tyPe of entry
`t
`date of entry
`
`e of entrv -
`
`True Name
`Pathname
`Timestamn
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`
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`source location
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`'
`
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 13 of 61
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 6 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG. IO(a)
`
`SIMPL
`
`DATA ITEM
`
`-------------- ---------------
`S' -, J8
`S212
`COMPUTE MD FUNCTION ON
`DATAITEM
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`APPEND LENGTH MODULO 32 OF
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 14 of 61
`
`"
`
`'
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 7 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`YES
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`o __ ..,
`
`FIG. IO(b)
`
`S220
`PARTITION DATA ITEM INTO
`SEGMENTS
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`: NAME OF SIMPLE :
`:
`DATAITEM
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`ASSIMILATE EACH SEGMENT
`(COMPUTING ITS TRUE NAME)
`
`5224
`CREA TE INDIRECT BLOCK OF
`SEGMENT TRUE NAMES
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`ASSIMILATE INDIRECT BLOCK
`(COMPUTING ITS TRUE NAME)
`
`S228
`REPLACE FINAL 32 BITS OF TRUE
`NAME WITH LENGHT MOD 32 OF DATA
`ITEM
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 15 of 61
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`

`

`'
`
`'
`
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 16 of 61
`
`U.S.Patent
`
`Nov, 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 9 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG.12
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`YES
`
`S240.
`UPDATE
`DEPENDENCY
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`UPDATE CACHE
`S244
`COMPRESS
`(IF DESIRED)
`
`S246
`MIRROR
`(IF DESIRED)
`
`/
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 17 of 61
`
`~--
`
`,)'
`
`'
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 10 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG.13
`
`S250
`SEARCH FOR
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`
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 18 of 61
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet ll of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG.14
`
`(
`
`YES
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`S268
`DELETE
`TRUE FILE
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`CONFIRM THAT
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`
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`CREATE
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`&UPDATE
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`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 19 of 61
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`L-----------.i VE~~Ii~UE I(cid:141)
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 20 of 61
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`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 21 of 61
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 22 of 61
`0
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 15 of 31
`
`5,978,791
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 23 of 61
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`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 24 of 61
`
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`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 25 of 61
`
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`FIG. IS(b)
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`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 26 of 61
`
`0
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`
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`S332
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 27 of 61
`
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`
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`
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 28 of 61
`
`0
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`
`FILE LOCAL
`MAKETRUE
`
`S346
`..
`
`FIG. 20
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 29 of 61
`
`'
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 22 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`S354
`WAIT FOR
`FREEZE LOCK
`TOTURNOFF
`
`S356
`FINDTFR
`ENTRY
`
`FIG.21
`
`S358
`DECREMENT
`REFERENCE
`COUNT
`
`S362
`DELETE
`TRUE FILE
`
`NO
`
`S364
`REMOVE FILE ID
`14----------lAND COMPRESSED
`FILE ID
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 30 of 61
`
`''
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet. 23 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`S365
`GET
`OPERATION
`
`FIG. 22
`
`>---YES,------1-.I
`
`S368
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`ASSIMILATE
`
`YES
`
`S369
`NEWTRUE
`FILE
`
`0
`
`.
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`MODIFY USE
`COUNT OF EACH
`COMPONENT
`
`S370
`RECORD TRUE
`NAME IN AUDIT
`FILE
`
`S379
`FOR EACH PARENT
`DIRECTORY OR FILE,
`UPDATE USE COUNT,
`LAST ACCESS AND
`MODIFY TIMES
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 31 of 61
`
`'
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 24 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG. 23
`
`S382
`VERIFY
`GROOMING
`LOCK OFF
`
`' ...
`S384
`SET
`GROOMING
`LOCK
`
`• r
`S386
`SETGROOM
`COUNTS
`
`• r
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 32 of 61
`
`''
`
`•·
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`· Sheet 25 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`J
`
`FIG. 24
`
`' r
`S388
`FIND LOE
`RECORD
`
`.,
`S390
`FINDTFR
`RECORD
`
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`S392
`INCREMENT
`GROOMING
`DELETE COUNT
`
`·~
`' S394
`ADJUST FILE
`SIZES
`
`' r
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 33 of 61
`
`·"'
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 26 of 31
`
`5,978,791
`
`FIG. 25
`
`S396
`DELETE
`FILE
`
`S398
`UNLOCK
`GROOMING
`LOCK
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 34 of 61
`
`0
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`DETERMINE I
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`FIG. 26(a)-
`
`FILE EXISTS ---......__ YE'S
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 35 of 61
`
`0
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`
`ERASE FILE
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`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 36 of 61
`
`....
`Ul -\Q
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`
`I
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`FILE FROM TRUE
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`
`DETERMINE LDE &
`
`S422
`
`RECORDS FOR
`
`FILE
`
`RT ENTRY
`
`

`

`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 37 of 61
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 38 of 61
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`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 414-7 Filed 04/24/19 Page 39 of 61
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`,
`
`5,978,791
`
`2
`object-oriented programming. locations in memory or on a
`physical device, or the like) are always defined relative to a
`specific context, For instance, the file identified by a par(cid:173)
`ticular file name can only be determined when the directory
`containing the file (the context) is known. The file identified
`by a pathname can be determined only when the file system
`(context) is known. Similarly, the addresses in a process
`address space, the keys in a database table, or domain names
`on a global computer network such as the Internet are
`10 meaningful only because they arc specified relative to a
`context,
`lo prior art systems for identifying data items there is no
`direct relationship between the data names and the data item.
`The same data name in two different contexts may refer to
`15 different data items, and two different data names in the
`.same context may refer to the same data item.
`Io addition, because there is no correlation between a data
`name and the data it refers to, there is no a priori way to
`confirm that a given data item is in fact the one named by a
`data name. For instance, in a DP system, if one processor
`requests that another processor deliver a data item with a
`given data name, the requesting processor cannot, in
`general, verify that the data delivered is the correct data
`(given only the name). Therefore it may require further
`25 processing, typically on the part of the requestor, to verify
`that the dara item it bas obtained is, in fact, the item it
`requested,
`Acommon operation in a DP system is addiDg a new data
`30 item to the system. When a new data item is added to the
`system, a name can be assigned to it only by updating the
`context in which names arc defined. Thus such systems
`require a centralized mechanism for t_he management of
`names. Such a mechanism is required even in a multi~
`35 processing system when data ite~ are created and identified
`at separate processors in distinct locations, and in which
`there is no other need for communication when data items
`are added
`In many dnta processing systems or environments, data
`items are transferred between different locations in the
`system. These locations may be processors in the data
`processing system, storage devices, memory, or the like. For
`example, one processor may obtai.c a data item from another
`processor or from an extemal storage device, such as a
`floppy disk, and may incorporate that data item into its
`system (using the name provided with that data item).
`However, when a processor (or same location) obtains a
`data item from another location in the DP system, it is
`possible that this obtained data item is already present in the
`system (either· at the location of the processor or at some
`other location accessible by the processor) and therefore a
`duplicate of the data item is created. This situation is
`common in a network data processing environment where
`proprietary software products are installed from floppy disks
`onto several processors sharing a common file server. Io
`these systems, it is oftcJJ the case that the same product will
`be installed on several systems, so that several copies of
`each file will reside on the common fl.le server.
`In some data processing systems in which several pro(cid:173)
`cessors arc connected in a network, one system is designated
`as a cache server to maintain master copies of data items,
`and other systems arc designated as cache clients to copy
`local copies of the master data items into a localcacbe on an
`as-needed basis. Before using a cached item, a cache client
`must either reload the cached item, be informed of changes
`to the cached item, or confirm that the master item corre-
`sponding to the cached item has not changed. In other words,
`
`4s
`
`1
`DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM USING
`SUBSTANTIALLY UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS TO
`IDENTIFY DATA ITEMS, WHEREBY
`IDENTICAL DATA ITEMS HAVE TIIE SAME
`IDENTIFIERS
`
`This is a continuation of application Se I. No, 08/4251160,
`filed on Apr. 11, 1995, which was abandoned upon the filing
`hereof.
`
`BACKGROUND OF TIIE INVENTION
`1. Field of the Invention
`This invention relates to data proccssiag systems and,
`more particularly, to data processing systems wherein data
`items are identified by substantially unique identifiers which
`depend on all of the data in the data i[ems and only on the
`data in the data items.
`2. Backgrouad of the Invention
`Data processing (DP) systems, computers, networks of 20
`computers, or tbe like. typically offer users and programs
`various ways to identify the data in the systems.
`Users typically identify data in the data processing system
`by giving the data some form of name. For example, a
`typical operating system (OS) on a computer provides a file
`system in which data items are named by alphanumeric
`identifiers. Programs typically identify .data in the data
`processing system using a location or address, For example,
`a program may identify a record in a file or database by using
`a record number which serves to locate that record.
`In all but the most primitive operating systems, users and
`programs arc able to create and use collections of named
`data items, these collections themselves being named by
`identifiers. These named collections can then, themselves,
`be made part of other named collections. For example, an
`OS may provide mechanisms to group files (data items) into
`directories (collections). These directories can tben, them(cid:173)
`selves be made part of other directories. A data item may
`thus be idcntifi.ed relative to these nested directories using a
`sequence of names, or a so-called pathname, which defines (cid:141) O
`a path through the directories to a particular data item (file
`or directory).
`As aootp.er example, a database management system may
`group data records (data items) into tables and then group
`these tables into database files (collections). The complete
`address of any data record can then be specified using the
`database file name, the table name, and the record number of
`.that data reco