Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 1 of 9
`Case 5:18-md-02834—BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 1 of 9
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`EXHIBIT B
`EXHIBIT B
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`1/9/2019
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 2 of 9
`Go AUG OCT DEC
`http://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/
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`450 captures
`16 Oct 2008 - 4 Jan 2019
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`Amazon Web Services
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`My Account / Console
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`English
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`AWS Products & Solutions
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`AWS Product Information
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`Developers
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`Support
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`
`General
`
`What is Amazon S3?
`What can I do with Amazon S3?
`How can I get started using Amazon S3?
`What are the technical benefits of Amazon S3?
`What can developers do now that they could not before?
`Can I host my static website on Amazon S3?
`What kind of data can I store?
`How much data can I store?
`How can I delete large numbers of objects?
`How can I configure my objects to be deleted after a specific time period?
`What does Amazon do with my data in Amazon S3?
`Does Amazon store its own data in Amazon S3?
`How is Amazon S3 data organized?
`How do I interface with Amazon S3?
`How reliable is Amazon S3?
`What data consistency model does Amazon S3 employ?
`What happens if traffic from my application suddenly spikes?
`What is the BitTorrent™ protocol, and how do I use it with Amazon S3?
`Does Amazon S3 offer a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?
`
`Regions
`
`Where is my data stored?
`How do I decide which Region to store my data in?
`I’m not in the US or Europe; can I use Amazon S3?
`
`Billing
`
`How much does Amazon S3 cost?
`Why do prices vary depending on which Amazon S3 Region I choose?
`How will I be charged and billed for my use of Amazon S3?
`How am I charged for accessing Amazon S3 through the AWS Management Console?
`Do your prices include taxes?
`
`Security
`
`How secure is my data?
`How can I control access to my data stored on Amazon S3?
`Does Amazon S3 support data access auditing?
`What options do I have for encrypting data stored on Amazon S3?
`How does Amazon protect SSE encryption keys?
`Can I comply with EU data privacy regulations using Amazon S3?
`Where can I find more information about security on AWS?
`
`Data Protection
`
`How durable is Amazon S3?
`
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 3 of 9
`Why should I use Versioning?
`How do I start using Versioning?
`How does Versioning protect me from accidental deletion of my objects?
`How can I ensure maximum protection of my preserved versions?
`How am I charged for using Versioning?
`
`Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS)
`
`What is RRS?
`Why would I choose to use RRS?
`What is the durability of Amazon S3 when using RRS?
`How do I know if I lose an RRS object?
`How do I specify that I want to store my data using RRS?
`Are my RRS objects backed with the Amazon S3 Service Level Agreement?
`How will my performance be impacted as a result of using RRS?
`How am I charged for using RRS?
`
`Find more answers in Amazon S3 Technical FAQs
`
`↑ Top
`
`General
`
`Q: What is Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 is storage for the Internet. It’s a simple storage service that offers software developers a highly-scalable,
`reliable, and low-latency data storage infrastructure at very low costs.
`
`Q: What can I do with Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface that you can use to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any
`time, from anywhere on the web. Using this web service, developers can easily build applications that make use of
`Internet storage. Since Amazon S3 is highly scalable and you only pay for what you use, developers can start small
`and grow their application as they wish, with no compromise on performance or reliability. It is designed to be highly
`flexible: Store any type and amount of data that you want; read the same piece of data a million times or only for
`emergency disaster recovery; build a simple FTP application, or a sophisticated web application such as the
`Amazon.com retail web site. Amazon S3 frees developers to focus on innovation, not figuring out how to store their
`data.
`
`Q: How can I get started using Amazon S3?
`To sign up for Amazon S3, click the “Sign up for This Web Service” button on the Amazon S3 detail page. You must
`have an Amazon Web Services account to access this service; if you do not already have one, you will be prompted to
`create one when you begin the Amazon S3 sign-up process. After signing up, please refer to the Amazon S3
`documentation and sample code in the Resource Center to begin using Amazon S3.
`
`Q: What are the technical benefits of Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 was carefully engineered to meet the requirements for scalability, reliability, speed, low-cost, and simplicity
`that must be met for Amazon’s internal developers. Amazon S3 passes these same benefits onto any external
`developer. More information about the Amazon S3 design requirements is available on the Amazon S3 detail page.
`
`Q: What can developers do now that they could not before?
`Until now, a sophisticated and scalable data storage infrastructure like Amazon’s has been beyond the reach of small
`developers. Amazon S3 enables any developer to leverage Amazon’s own benefits of massive scale with no up-front
`investment or performance compromises. Developers are now free to innovate knowing that no matter how successful
`their businesses become, it will be inexpensive and simple to ensure their data is quickly accessible, always available,
`and secure.
`
`Q: Can I host my static website on Amazon S3?
`Yes, you can host your entire static website on Amazon S3. Customers commonly store images, video, and other
`content for their website on Amazon S3. You can also take advantage of root and index document support as well as
`custom HTML errors to host your entire website from your Amazon S3 bucket. To learn more about hosting your
`website on Amazon S3, please visit the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.
`
`Q: What kind of data can I store?
`You can store virtually any kind of data in any format. Please refer to the Amazon Web Services Licensing Agreement
`for details.
`
`Q: How much data can I store?
`The total volume of data and number of objects you can store are unlimited. Individual Amazon S3 objects can range
`in size from 1 byte to 5 terabytes. The largest object that can be uploaded in a single PUT is 5 gigabytes. For objects
`larger than 100 megabytes, customers should consider using the Multipart Upload capability.
`
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 4 of 9
`Q: How can I delete large numbers of objects?
`You can use Multi-Object Delete to delete large numbers of objects from Amazon S3. This feature allows you to send
`multiple object keys in a single request to speed up your deletes. Amazon does not charge you for using Multi-Object
`Delete.
`
`Q: How can I configure my objects to be deleted after a specific time period?
`You can use the Object Expiration feature to remove objects from your buckets after a specified number of days. You
`can define the expiration rules for a set of objects in your bucket through the Lifecycle Configuration policy that you
`apply to the bucket. Each Object Expiration rule allows you to specify a prefix and an expiration period. The prefix field
`identifies the objects subject to the rule. To apply the rule to an individual object, specify the key name. To apply the
`rule to a set of objects, specify their common prefix (e.g. “logs/”). For expiration period, provide the number of days
`from creation date (i.e. age) after which you want your objects removed. You may create multiple rules for different
`prefixes. For example, you could create a rule that removes all objects with the prefix “logs/” 30 days from creation,
`and a separate rule that removes all objects with the prefix “backups/” 90 days from creation.
`
`After an Object Expiration rule is added, the rule is applied to objects that already exist in the bucket as well as new
`objects added to the bucket. Once objects are past their expiration date, they are identified and queued for removal.
`You will not be billed for storage for objects on or after their expiration date, though objects may still be accessible
`while they are in queue before they are removed. As with standard delete requests, Amazon S3 doesn’t charge you for
`removing objects using Object Expiration. For more information on using Object Expiration, please refer to the Object
`Expiration topic in the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.
`
`Q: What does Amazon do with my data in Amazon S3?
`Amazon will store your data and track its associated usage for billing purposes. Amazon will not otherwise access your
`data for any purpose outside of the Amazon S3 offering, except when required to do so by law. Please refer to the
`Amazon Web Services Licensing Agreement for details.
`
`Q: Does Amazon store its own data in Amazon S3?
`Yes. Developers within Amazon use Amazon S3 for a wide variety of projects. Many of these projects use Amazon S3
`as their authoritative data store, and rely on it for business-critical operations.
`
`Q: How is Amazon S3 data organized?
`Amazon S3 is a simple key-based object store. When you store data, you assign a unique object key that can later be
`used to retrieve the data. Keys can be any string, and can be constructed to mimic hierarchical attributes.
`
`Q: How do I interface with Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 provides simple, standards-based REST and SOAP web services interfaces that are designed to work with
`any Internet-development toolkit. The operations are intentionally made simple to make it easy to add new distribution
`protocols and functional layers.
`
`Q: How reliable is Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage
`infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites. The service was designed for 99.99%
`availability, and carries a service level agreement providing service credits if a customer’s availability falls below
`99.9%.
`
`Q: What data consistency model does Amazon S3 employ?
`Amazon S3 buckets in the US West (Oregon), US West (Northern California), EU (Ireland), Asia Pacific (Singapore),
`Asia Pacific (Tokyo), and South America (Sao Paulo) Regions provide read-after-write consistency for PUTS of new
`objects and eventual consistency for overwrite PUTS and DELETES. Amazon S3 buckets in the US Standard Region
`provide eventual consistency.
`
`Q: What happens if traffic from my application suddenly spikes?
`Amazon S3 was designed from the ground up to handle traffic for any Internet application. Pay-as-you-go pricing and
`unlimited capacity ensures that your incremental costs don’t change and that your service is not interrupted. Amazon
`S3’s massive scale enables us to spread load evenly, so that no individual application is affected by traffic spikes.
`
`Q: What is the BitTorrent™ protocol, and how do I use it with Amazon S3?
`BitTorrent is an open source Internet distribution protocol. Amazon S3’s bandwidth rates are inexpensive, but
`BitTorrent allows developers to further save on bandwidth costs for a popular piece of data by letting users download
`from Amazon and other users simultaneously. Any publicly available data in Amazon S3 can be downloaded via the
`BitTorrent protocol, in addition to the default client/server delivery mechanism. Simply add the ?torrent parameter at
`the end of your GET request in the REST API.
`
`Q: Does Amazon S3 offer a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?
`Yes. The Amazon S3 SLA provides for a service credit if a customer’s monthly uptime percentage is below our service
`commitment in any billing cycle. More information can be found here.
`
`Regions
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20121005123555/http://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 5 of 9
`Q: Where is my data stored?
`Amazon S3 offers storage in the US Standard, US West (Oregon), US West (Northern California), EU (Ireland), Asia
`Pacific (Singapore), Asia Pacific (Tokyo), South America (Sao Paulo), and AWS GovCloud (US) Regions. You specify a
`Region when you create your Amazon S3 bucket. Within that Region, your objects are redundantly stored on multiple
`devices across multiple facilities.
`
`Q: How do I decide which Region to store my data in?
`There are several factors to consider based on your specific application. You may want to store your data in a Region
`that…
`
`...is near to your customers, your data centers, or your other AWS resources in order to reduce data access
`latencies.
`...is remote from your other operations for geographic redundancy and disaster recovery purposes.
`...enables you to address specific legal and regulatory requirements.
`...allows you to reduce storage costs. You can choose a lower priced Region to save money. Please see the
`pricing section on the S3 detail page.
`
`Q: I’m not in the US or Europe; can I use Amazon S3?
`Anyone can use Amazon S3. You just have to decide which Region you want Amazon S3 to store your data in.
`
`↑ Top
`
`Billing
`
`Q: How much does Amazon S3 cost?
`With Amazon S3, you pay only for what you use. There is no minimum fee. You can estimate your monthly bill using
`the AWS Simple Monthly Calculator.
`
`We charge less where our costs are less. Some prices vary across Amazon S3 Regions and are based on the location of
`your bucket. There is no Data Transfer charge for data transferred within an Amazon S3 Region via a COPY request.
`Data transferred via a COPY request between Regions is charged at regular rates. There is no Data Transfer charge for
`data transferred between Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3 within the same Region or for data transferred between the
`Amazon EC2 Northern Virginia Region and the Amazon S3 US Standard Region. Data transferred between Amazon EC2
`and Amazon S3 across all other Regions (i.e. between the Amazon EC2 Northern California and Amazon S3 US
`Standard Regions) will be charged at Internet Data Transfer rates on both sides of the transfer.
`
`For S3 pricing information, please visit the pricing section on the S3 detail page.
`
`Q: Why do prices vary depending on which Amazon S3 Region I choose?
`We charge less where our costs are less. For example, our costs are lower in the US Standard Region than in the US
`West (Northern California) Region.
`
`Q: How will I be charged and billed for my use of Amazon S3?
`There are no set-up fees or commitments to begin using the service. At the end of the month, your credit card will
`automatically be charged for that month’s usage. You can view your charges for the current billing period at any time
`on the Amazon Web Services web site, by logging into your Amazon Web Services account, and clicking “Account
`Activity” under “Your Web Services Account”.
`
`With the AWS Free Usage Tier*, you can get started with Amazon S3 for free in all regions except the AWS GovCloud
`Region. Upon sign-up, new AWS customers receive 5 GB of Amazon S3 standard storage, 20,000 Get Requests, 2,000
`Put Requests, 15GB of data transfer in, and 15GB of data transfer out each month for one year.
`
`Amazon S3 charges you for the following types of usage:
`Note: The calculations below assume there is no AWS Free Tier in place.
`
`Storage Used:
`
`Amazon S3 storage pricing is summarized on the Amazon S3 Pricing Chart.
`
`The volume of storage billed in a month is based on the average storage used throughout the month. This includes all
`object data and metadata stored in buckets that you created under your AWS account. We measure your storage
`usage in “TimedStorage-ByteHrs,” which are added up at the end of the month to generate your monthly charges.
`
`Storage Example:
`Assume you store 100GB (107,374,182,400 bytes) of standard Amazon S3 storage data in your bucket for 15 days in
`March, and 100TB (109,951,162,777,600 bytes) of standard Amazon S3 storage data for the final 16 days in March.
`
`At the end of March, you would have the following usage in Byte-Hours:
`Total Byte-Hour usage
`= [107,374,182,400 bytes x 15 days x (24 hours / day)] + [109,951,162,777,600 bytes x 16 days x (24 hours / day)]
`= 42,259,901,212,262,400 Byte-Hours.
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 6 of 9
`Let’s convert this to GB-Months:
`42,259,901,212,262,400 Byte-Hours x (1 GB / 1,073,741,824 bytes) x (1 month / 744 hours) = 52,900 GB-Months
`
`This usage volume crosses three different volume tiers. The monthly storage price is calculated below assuming the
`data is stored in the US Standard Region:
`1 TB Tier: 1024GB x $0.125 = $128.00
`1 TB to 50 TB Tier: 50,176 GB (49×1024) x $0.110 = $5,519.36
`50 TB to 450 TB Tier: 1,700 GB (remainder) x $0.095 = $161.50
`
`Total Storage Fee = $128.00 + $5,519.36 + $161.50 = $5,808.86
`
`Network Data Transferred In:
`
`Amazon S3 Data Transfer In pricing is summarized on the Amazon S3 Pricing Chart.
`
`This represents the amount of data sent to your Amazon S3 buckets. Data Transfer is $0.000 per GB for buckets in the
`US Standard, US West (Oregon), US West (Northern California), EU (Ireland), Asia Pacific (Singapore), Asia Pacific
`(Tokyo), South America (Sao Paulo), and AWS GovCloud (US) Regions.
`
`Network Data Transferred Out:
`
`Amazon S3 Data Transfer Out pricing is summarized on the Amazon S3 Pricing Chart.
`
`Data Transfer Out pricing rate tiers take into account your aggregate Data Transfer Out within a given region across
`Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon SimpleDB, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS and Amazon VPC. For Amazon
`S3, this charge applies whenever data is read from any of your buckets.
`
`Data Transfer Out Example:
`Assume you transfer 1TB of data out of Amazon S3 from the US Standard Region every day for a given 31-day month.
`Assume you also transfer 1TB of data out of an Amazon EC2 instance from the same region over the same 31-day
`month.
`
`Your aggregate Data Transfer would be 62 TB (31 TB from Amazon S3 and 31 TB from Amazon EC2). This equates to
`63,488 GB (62 TB * 1024 GB/TB).
`
`This usage volume crosses three different volume tiers. The monthly Data Transfer Out fee is calculated below
`assuming the Data Transfer occurs in the US Standard Region:
`10 TB Tier: 10,240 GB (10×1024 GB/TB) x $0.120 = $1,228.80
`10 TB to 50 TB Tier: 40,960 GB (40×1024) x $0.090 = $3,686.40
`50 TB to 150 TB Tier: 12,288 GB (remainder) x $0.070 = $860.16
`
`Total Data Transfer Out Fee = $1,228.80+ $3,686.40 + $860.16= $5,775.36
`
`Requests:
`
`Amazon S3 Request pricing is summarized on the Amazon S3 Pricing Chart.
`
`Request Example:
`Assume you transfer 10,000 files into Amazon S3 and transfer 20,000 files out of Amazon S3 each day during the
`month of March. Then, you delete 5,000 files on March 31st.
`Total PUT requests = 10,000 requests x 31 days = 310,000 requests
`Total GET requests = 20,000 requests x 31 days = 620,000 requests
`Total DELETE requests = 5,000×1 day = 5,000 requests
`
`Assuming your bucket is in the US Standard Region, the Request fees are calculated below:
`310,000 PUT Requests: 310,000 requests x $0.01/1,000 = $3.10
`620,000 GET Requests: 620,000 requests x $0.01/10,000 = $0.62
`5,000 DELETE requests = 5,000 requests x $0.00 (no charge) = $0.00
`
` *
`
` * Your usage for the free tier is calculated each month across all regions except the AWS GovCloud Region and
`automatically applied to your bill – unused monthly usage will not roll over. Restrictions apply; See offer terms for
`more details.
`
`Q: How am I charged for accessing Amazon S3 through the AWS Management Console?
`Normal Amazon S3 pricing applies when accessing the service through the AWS Management Console. To provide an
`optimized experience, the AWS Management Console may proactively execute requests. Also, some interactive
`operations result in more than one request to the service.
`
`Q: Do your prices include taxes?
`Except as otherwise noted, our prices are exclusive of applicable taxes and duties, including VAT and applicable sales
`tax. For example, our prices for the Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region are inclusive of Japan consumption tax.
`
`Security
`https://web.archive.org/web/20121005123555/http://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/
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`1/9/2019
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 7 of 9
`Q: How secure is my data?
`Amazon S3 is secure by default. Only the bucket and object owners originally have access to Amazon S3 resources
`they create. Amazon S3 supports user authentication to control access to data. You can use access control
`mechanisms such as bucket policies and Access Control Lists (ACLs) to selectively grant permissions to users and
`groups of users. You can securely upload/download your data to Amazon S3 via SSL endpoints using the HTTPS
`protocol. If you need extra security, you can use your own encryption libraries to encrypt data before storing it in
`Amazon S3 or use the Server Side Encryption (SSE) option provided by Amazon S3 to encrypt data stored-at-rest in
`Amazon S3.
`
`Q: How can I control access to my data stored on Amazon S3?
`Customers may use four mechanisms for controlling access to Amazon S3 resources: Identity and Access Management
`(IAM) policies, bucket policies, Access Control Lists (ACLs) and query string authentication. IAM enables organizations
`with multiple employees to create and manage multiple users under a single AWS account. With IAM policies,
`companies can grant IAM users fine-grained control to their Amazon S3 bucket or objects while also retaining full
`control over everything the users do. With bucket policies, companies can define rules which apply broadly across all
`requests to their Amazon S3 resources, such as granting write privileges to a subset of Amazon S3 resources.
`Customers can also restrict access based on an aspect of the request, such as HTTP referrer and IP address. With
`ACLs, customers can grant specific permissions (i.e. READ, WRITE, FULL_CONTROL) to specific users for an individual
`bucket or object. With query string authentication, customers can create a URL to an Amazon S3 object which is only
`valid for a limited time. For more information on the various access control policies available in Amazon S3, please
`refer to the Access Control topic in the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.
`
`Q: Does Amazon S3 support data access auditing?
`Yes, customers can optionally configure Amazon S3 buckets to create access log records for all requests made against
`it. These access log records can be used for audit purposes and contain details about the request, such as the request
`type, the resources specified in the request, and the time and date the request was processed.
`
`Q: What options do I have for encrypting data stored on Amazon S3?
`You can choose to encrypt your data in Amazon S3 using Server Side Encryption (SSE) or using a client library like the
`Amazon S3 Encryption Client. Both enable you to protect sensitive data stored on Amazon S3. If you are using a client
`library, you retain control of keys used to encrypt. Some customers prefer this additional control of keys; others prefer
`not to incur the overhead required to manage and protect keys. If you are using SSE, AWS handles key management
`and key protection for you. You should choose SSE if you prefer AWS to manage your keys. SSE uses one of the
`strongest block ciphers available, 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-256). 256-bit is the largest key size
`defined for AES. Both client side encryption and Server Side Encryption are supported for objects stored in Standard
`Storage and Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS). For more information on using Amazon S3 Server Side Encryption,
`please refer to the topic on Using Server Side Encryption in the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.
`
`Q: How does Amazon protect SSE encryption keys?
`With SSE, every protected object is encrypted with a unique key. This object key is itself encrypted by a separate
`master key. A new master key is issued at least monthly. Encrypted data, encryption keys and master keys are stored
`and secured on separate hosts for multiple layers of protection.
`
`Q: Can I comply with EU data privacy regulations using Amazon S3?
`Objects stored in the EU (Ireland) Region never leave the EU unless you transfer them out. However, it is your
`responsibility to ensure that you comply with EU privacy laws.
`
`Q: Where can I find more information about security on AWS?
`For more information on security on AWS please refer to our Amazon Web Services: Overview of Security Processes
`document.
`
`↑ Top
`
`Data Protection
`
`Q: How durable is Amazon S3?
`Amazon S3 is designed to provide 99.999999999% durability of objects over a given year. This durability level
`corresponds to an average annual expected loss of 0.000000001% of objects. For example, if you store 10,000 objects
`with Amazon S3, you can on average expect to incur a loss of a single object once every 10,000,000 years. In
`addition, Amazon S3 is designed to sustain the concurrent loss of data in two facilities.
`
`Q: How is Amazon S3 designed to achieve 99.999999999% durability?
`Amazon S3 redundantly stores your objects on multiple devices across multiple facilities in an Amazon S3 Region. The
`service is designed to sustain concurrent device failures by quickly detecting and repairing any lost redundancy. When
`processing a request to store data, the service will redundantly store your object across multiple facilities before
`returning SUCCESS. Amazon S3 also regularly verifies the integrity of your data using checksums.
`
`Q: What checksums does Amazon S3 employ to detect data corruption?
`Amazon S3 uses a combination of Content-MD5 checksums and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) to detect data
`corruption. Amazon S3 performs these checksums on data at rest and repairs any corruption using redundant data. In
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`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 8 of 9
`addition, the service calculates checksums on all network traffic to detect corruption of data packets when storing or
`retrieving data.
`
`Q: What is Versioning?
`Versioning allows you to preserve, retrieve, and restore every version of every object stored in an Amazon S3 bucket.
`Once you enable Versioning for a bucket, Amazon S3 preserves existing objects anytime you perform a PUT, POST,
`COPY, or DELETE operation on them. By default, GET requests will retrieve the most recently written version. Older
`versions of an overwritten or deleted object can be retrieved by specifying a version in the request.
`
`Q: Why should I use Versioning?
`Amazon S3 provides customers with a highly durable storage infrastructure. Versioning offers an additional level of
`protection by providing a means of recovery when customers accidentally overwrite or delete objects. This allows you
`to easily recover from unintended user actions and application failures. You can also use Versioning for data retention
`and archiving.
`
`Q: How do I start using Versioning?
`You can start using Versioning by enabling a setting on your Amazon S3 bucket. For more information on how to
`enable Versioning, please refer to the Amazon S3 Technical Documentation.
`
`Q: How does Versioning protect me from accidental deletion of my objects?
`When a user performs a DELETE operation on an object, subsequent default requests will no longer retrieve the object.
`However, all versions of that object will continue to be preserved in your Amazon S3 bucket and can be retrieved or
`restored. Only the owner of an Amazon S3 bucket can permanently delete a version.
`
`Q: How can I ensure maximum protection of my preserved versions?
`Versioning’s MFA Delete capability, which uses multi-factor authentication, can be used to provide an additional layer of
`security. By default, all requests to your Amazon S3 bucket require your AWS account credentials. If you enable
`Versioning with MFA Delete on your Amazon S3 bucket, two forms of authentication are required to permanently delete
`a version of an object: your AWS account credentials and a valid six-digit code and serial number from an
`authentication device in your physical possession. To learn more about enabling Versioning with MFA Delete, including
`how to purchase and active an authentication device, please refer to the Amazon S3 Technical Documentation.
`
`Q: How am I charged for using Versioning?
`Normal Amazon S3 rates apply for every version of an object stored or requested. For example, let’s look at the
`following scenario to illustrate storage costs when utilizing Versioning (let’s assume the current month is 31 days
`long):
`
`1) Day 1 of the month: You perform a PUT of 4 GB (4,294,967,296 bytes) on your bucket.
`2) Day 16 of the month: You perform a PUT of 5 GB (5,368,709,120 bytes) within the same bucket using the same key
`as the original PUT on Day 1.
`
`When analyzing the storage costs of the above operations, please note that the 4 GB object from Day 1 is not deleted
`from the bucket when the 5 GB object is written on Day 15. Instead, the 4 GB object is preserved as an older version
`and the 5 GB object becomes the most recently written version of the object within your bucket. At the end of the
`month:
`
`Total Byte-Hour usage
`[4,294,967,296 bytes x 31 days x (24 hours / day)] + [5,368,709,120 bytes x 16 days x (24 hours / day)] =
`5,128,190,951,424 Byte-Hours.
`
`Conversion to Total GB-Months
`3,942,779,977,728 Byte-Hours x (1 GB / 1,073,741,824 bytes) x (1 month / 744 hours) = 6.419 GB-Months
`
`The storage fee is calculated below assuming data is stored in the US Standard Region:
`0 to 1 TB Tier: 6.419GB x $0.125 = $0.80
`
`↑ Top
`
`Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS)
`
`Q: What is RRS?
`Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS) is a new storage option within Amazon S3 that enables customers to reduce their
`costs by storing non-critical, reproducible data at lower levels of redundancy than Amazon S3’s standard storage. RRS
`provides a lower cost, less durable, highly available storage option that is designed to sustain the loss of data in a
`single facility.
`
`Q: Why would I choose to use RRS?
`RRS is ideal for non-critical or reproducible data. For example, RRS is a cost-effective solution for sharing media
`content that is durably stored elsewhere. RRS also makes sense if you are storing thumbnails and other resized images
`that can be easily reproduced from an original image.
`
`Q: What is the durability of Amazon S3 when using RRS?
`https://web.archive.org/web/20121005123555/http://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/
`
`7/8
`
`

`

`1/9/2019
`
`Amazon Simple Storage Service FAQs
`Case 5:18-md-02834-BLF Document 338-2 Filed 01/09/19 Page 9 of 9
`RRS is designed to provide 99.99% durability of objects over a given year. This durability level corresponds to an
`average annual expected loss of 0.01% of objects. For example, if you store 10,000 objects using the RRS option, you
`can on average expect to incur an annual loss of a single object (i.e. 0.01% of 10,000 objects). This annual loss
`represents an expected average and does not guarantee the loss of 0.01% of objects in a given year.
`
`The RRS option stores objects on multiple devices across multiple facilities, providing 400 times the durability of a
`typical disk drive, but does not replicate objects as many times as standard Amazon S3 storage, and thus is even more
`cost effective. In addition, RRS is designed to sustain the loss of data in a single facility.
`
`Q: How do I know if I lose an RRS object?
`If an RRS object has been lost, Amazon S3 will return a 405 error on requests made to that object. Amazon S3 also
`offers notifications for Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS) object loss. Customers can configure their bucket so that
`when Amazon S3 detects the loss of an RRS object, a notification will be sent through Amazon Simple Notification
`Service (SNS). This enables customers to replace lost RRS objects.
`
`Q: How do I specify that I want to store my data using RRS?
`All objects in Amazon S3 have a storage class setting. The default setting is STANDARD. You can use an optional
`header on a PUT request to specify the setting REDUCED_REDUNDANCY.
`
`Q: Are my RRS objects backed with the Amazon S3 Service Level Agreement?
`Yes, you can utilize RRS without sacrificing the availability of your data. RRS