Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 1 of 6
`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 1 of6
`
`EXHIBIT J
`EXHIBIT J
`
`

`

`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 2 of 6
`
`A Review on the Evolution of Cellular Technologies
`
`Qazi Kamal Ud Din Arshad
`Faculty of Engineering and
`Technology
`International Islamic University
`Islamabad, Pakistan
`qazi.kamal@hotmail.com
`
`Dr. Ahsan Ullah Kashif
`Faculty of Engineering and
`Technology
`International Islamic University
`Islamabad, Pakistan
`
`Dr. Ijaz Mansoor Quershi
`Faculty of Engineering and
`Technology
`International Islamic University
`Islamabad, Pakistan
`
`Abstract— This paper deal with the comparative analysis of
`cellular technologies from 1st generation (1G) to 5th generation
`(5G). Nowadays 3G offers high data rates,
`improved
`communication links by restraining the noise interference and
`provides multimedia services in addition to video calling and
`quality of service (QoS). Similarly, 4G systems provide better
`services. In addition to HD video calling, high dates throughput,
`better QoS, streaming online gaming services are the key features.
`Now the cellular technology enters in 5th generation (5G) which is
`typically based on 4G network. Hence, 5G cellular infrastructure
`eager to design for users to offer FHD video calling, fast and
`reliable communication services, IOT, advancement in online
`secure banking etc.
`
`In this paper, the goal is to address technology standards, data
`rates and frequencies to express the evolution of mobile cellular
`technologies and their progression over the years.
`
`Keywords— GSM, Mobile cellular communication, data rates,
`
`frequency, IOT, 3G, 4G and 5G
`
`I. INTRODUCTION
`
`Wireless communication was introduced first ~ 1895 by
`sending the Morse code with the help of EM waves using
`Radiotelegraphy. In modern wireless communication the way of
`transmitting and receiving the signal used similar phenomenon
`of EM wave transmission. Wireless transmission is evolving
`over the period of time, then radio telephones and mobile
`network called cellular networks. There is been an exponential
`growth in the field of wireless communication over the years [1].
`
`First generation (1G) of mobile cellular technology was
`launched in 1980’s called NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone),
`provides services like voice. In next generation (2G) of mobile
`systems were digital, introduced ~ 1990’s called the GSM
`(Global System for Mobile communication). 2G provides more
`services e.g. voice, SMS (Short Messaging Service) and MMS
`(Multimedia Messaging Service) etc [2]. Other variant of 2G
`technologies were GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), which
`is used to access WAP/internet services to the customers [3].
`Third generation (3G) of mobile communication systems were
`introduced ~ 2000’s to provide the faster services of voice, SMS,
`MMS, Video calling and internet services etc. There is been an
`
`978-1-5386-7729-2/19/$31.00©2019 IEEE
`
`exponential growth in term of data bandwidth and throughput
`from which the customer services improve [4]. Today Fourth
`generation (4G) system exist which was launched first in 2010.
`It has more advancement as compared to previous generations.
`The major advancement in 4G over 3G and other technologies
`is its higher bandwidth (BW) and data throughput [3]. Now Fifth
`generation (5G) communication system promises the real
`wireless network experience, would provide and support the
`WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web). It is based on CDMA
`(Code Division Multiple Access) and BDMA (Beam Division
`Multiple Access) technology standards with the switching type
`of all IP network. Hence it which supports the core network for
`internet. It would also to support additional features e.g. Ultra
`HD video streaming, Online gaming services, Mobile full HD
`TV,
`reliable and
`secure online banking
`transaction,
`telemedicine, holographic communication etc. [5-6].
`
`II. EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
`
` Progression of mobile generations from 1G - 5G improves
`the user experience with communication systems. The network
`for 5G will be expected to launch in 2020, which is to address
`the current and future needs of the wireless communication
`systems. Progression in the cellular technology over the years
`are shown in figure 1.
`
`Figure 1 Progression of cellular technologies over the years
`
`A. First Generation (1G)
`
` 1G was introduced in the beginnings of 1980’s based on
`analog system having circuit switched network. 1G mobile
`system was used only for voice operations by using a technique
`called FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). Operating
`frequencies was ~ 800 – 900 MHz and channel capacity were
`limited to 30 KHz. It had limited capacity, poor reception,
`deprived performance of battery and background noise
`interference etc. As merit, it has simple infrastructure and
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Fish & Richardson PC. Downloaded on August 17,2021 at 22:52:16 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Proceedings of 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)
`Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th – 12th January, 2019
`
`989
`
`

`

`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 3 of 6
`
`the development.
`for
`less network elements
`required
`Technologies standards used in 1G [7] are illustrated in figure 2.
`
`1G
`
`• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony)
`• AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System)
`• TACS (Total Access Communication System)
`• PTT (Push -to-talk)
`• IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service)
`• MTS (Mobile Telephone Systems)
`
`Figure 2 Technology standards in 1G
`
`
`B. Second Generation (2G)
`
` 2G cellular technology took a big leap towards the
`progression in wireless cellular technology when launched in
`1990’s and was based on digital system technology. In early
`stages of 2G, a limited data services were introduced
`commercially. GSM was the first 2G network, providing
`services like voice and data together.
`
`The advancement in GSM technology is GPRS which is also
`known as 2.5G in which the data speed was enhanced upto 150
`Kbps. After 2.5G, technology was introduced under the
`umbrella of 2G known as EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM
`Evolution). Typically, it has ~ 2.75G, which is the upgradation
`in GPRS with maximum data rate ~ 384 Kbps [10].
`Technologies under 2G are shown in figure 3.
`
`GSM
`
`(2G)
`
`GPRS
`
`(2.5G)
`
`2G
`
`EDGE
`(2.75G)
`
`
`Figure 3 Different technologies under 2G
`
`
`
`In 2G, circuit switched network is used for voice and packet
`for data to transmit and receive the data from source to
`destination. Noise interference and voice quality was also
`improved in 2G. Digital encryption was first introduced in 2G
`to secure data transmission [11].
`
`C. Third Generation (3G)
`
`Characteristically 3G was developed to improve voice
`services, data throughput, high QoS (Quality of Service) and
`information security [8]. 3G cellular technology was introduced
`
`in 2000 by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) called
`IMT-2000. In 3G, 144 Kbps data rate for mobile user, 384 Kbps
`for pedestrian user and 2 Mbps for indoor users was achieved
`successfully [9]. Technologies standards used in 3G are
`demonstrated in figure 4.
`
`3G (Technology Standards)
`
`CDMA-2000
`
`WCDMA
`
`UMTS
`
`TD-SCDMA
`
`(Code
`Division
`Multiple
`Access -
`2000)
`
`
`
`(Wideband
`Code Division
`Multiple
`Access)
`
`(Universal
`Mobile
`Telecommuni
`-cation
`System)
`
`(Time
`Division
`Synchronous
`Code Division
`Multiple
`Access)
`
`
`Figure 4 Technology standards under 3G
`
` Packet switching is used in 3G for voice and data
`communication except
`the air
`interface. Some major
`characteristics of 3G are: digital broadband, high speed internet
`and high QoS for better voice quality over the air interface
`because of its equipment design to cater the noise interference
`problem, which is been a major issue with its predecessor [12].
`
` Digital integrity and data security are upgraded in 3G
`mobile cellular technology. Similarly broadband internet
`service, data speed improved radically from 144 Kbps to 2Mbps.
`Services such as voice, SMS, MMS, video, High speed data,
`video conferencing were introduced adequately.
`
` Two key variants of 3G technology are 3.5G (HSDPA)
`which enhance the data speed of downlink data transmission
`ranging speed from 8Mbps to10Mbps downlink and 3.75G
`(HSUPA) which improves the uplink speed upto 5.8 Mbps with
`decreasing the delay in between the up and downlink. In figure
`5 variants of 3G technology are illustrated.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`3G (Technology Modes)
`
`HSDPA (High Speed Downlink
`Packet Access)
`3.5G
`
`
`
`
`HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet
`Access)
`3.75G
`
`
`Figure 5 Technology modes of 3G
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Fish & Richardson PC. Downloaded on August 17,2021 at 22:52:16 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Proceedings of 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)
` Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th – 12th January, 2019
`
`990
`
`

`

`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 4 of 6
`
`There are some apprehensions in 3G cellular technology like
`increase in power consumption reduces the battery life of a
`device by making it less dependable.
`
`D. Fourth Generation (4G)
`
`In 2010, 4G cellular technology was launched with several
`
`important changes to its predecessors like ITU-IMT incorporate
`the capacity upto 40 MHz and sets its peak speed requirement of
`100 Mbps during handoff stages from one cell to another [13].
`Technologies under 4G are exhibited in figure 6.
`
`LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
`
`WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CDMA
`(Code Division Multiple
`Access)
`
`5G
`
`BDMA
`(Beam Division Multiple
`Accessl
`
`WWWW
`(World Wide Wireless Web)
`
`
`
`Figure 7 Technology standards under 5G
`
`4G
`
`MC-CDMA
`
`Network-LMPS
`
`
`Figure 6 Technology standards under 4G
`
`
`
`The key developments in 4G over its predecessors are:
`switching type and its core network i.e. all IP network is used as
`switching type and core network is internet (3G used packet
`network, 2G used PSTN). Features like high speed and real time
`data streaming vicissitudes the defiance of 4G to next level.
`With the ultra-broadband internet service, data speed ranges
`from 100 Mbps – 1.0Gbps. High speed handoff, MIMO
`technology and Global mobility are some of the foremost
`accomplishment of 4G over its previous generation.
`
` 4G user can relish the following service: - HD voice, SMS,
`MMS, mobile TV, wearable devices, HD streaming, Global
`roaming, gaming services etc.
`
`E. Fifth Generation (5G)
`
` The upcoming mobile cellular technology is 5G, which will
`be going to launch in 2020. 5G is an emerging technology that
`interest in research and development sector, which will
`transform the mindset of a user about slow wireless cellular
`technology. 5G cellular
`technology promptly states
`the
`requirements that at least 1.0 Gbps or more to deliver which
`supports virtual reality environment with ultra-HD audio / video
`applications along with 10 Gbps data speed to support mobile
`cloud service [14].
`
`is based on several
`technology
`5G mobile cellular
`
`technology standards, delineated in figure 7.
`
`
`
`
`
`It will support bi-directional large bandwidth with data rates
`> 1.0 Gbps with the proposed spectrum 3 to 300GHz through
`ubiquitous connectivity. The core network infrastructure will be
`based on internet and cloud computing. In 5G, cloud computing
`platform will be implemented with its maximum functionality.
`Management of previous technologies would become easy
`under the umbrella of cloud computing management solutions.
`All IP network and 5G network interfacing (5G-NI) would be
`used as switching type.
`
`The main leap towards the success of 5G is related to energy
`efficiency and high data rate. Therefore, battery life of 5G
`devices are going to improve as compared its predecessors. With
`the massive MIMO technology, the transmission and reception
`can be improved further. There are also some issues yet to be
`addressed are; the infrastructure laying cost, security and
`privacy concern of a user that needs to design new policies and
`guidelines before execution of 5G.
`
`Some 5G targeted application areas are: -
`
`• Cloud computing
`
`• Online gaming services
`
`• Telemedicine
`
`• Virtual reality
`
`• Wearable wireless devices
`
`• Holographic communication
`
`• Ultra-high definition streaming
`
`• Global roaming
`
`• Gaming services
`
`• Realtime full high definition video calling
`
`III. RELATIVE ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
`
`
`
`Generally, it is observed that mobile generations are
`
`proportional and depends upon data rates, bandwidth and
`operating frequency of cellular technologies, elaborated in
`equation (𝑖).
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Fish & Richardson PC. Downloaded on August 17,2021 at 22:52:16 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Proceedings of 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)
` Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th – 12th January, 2019
`
`991
`
`

`

`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 5 of 6
`
`𝑀𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝑅 ∝ 𝐵𝑤 ∝ 𝑓 … … … … … … (𝑖)
`
`
`
`Where,
`
`𝑅 = 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
`𝐵𝑤 = 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
`𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
`
`
`
`Relative analysis of cellular technologies upto 5G is
`elaborated in figure 8. It is evidently observed that radical
`development towards the improvement and enhancement of the
`mobile cellular technologies are shown, where selective RF
`parameters are chosen for discussion.
`
`Technology standards, Data rates and frequency are
`
`selected over the course of time because they are considered
`as the core of any cellular technology and without these
`parameters, advancement in mobile generations cannot be
`judged.
`
`
`
`High-end applications demand high data rate and more
`
`bandwidth to run applications without any agitations and
`provides error-free environment to enhance the user
`experience.
`
`
`
`IV. CONCLUSION
`
`Figure 8 Mobile Generations with reverence to years, Technology Standards, Data Rates and their Frequencies
`
`introduced the analog communication, followed by 2G in which
`the analog signals convert into the digital signal, results better
`communication (jitter free). After that 3G provides the internet
`to users and opens up a new dimension towards the speed
`
`In earlier stages of wireless communication technology, the
`demands of user were limited, as time goes by the needs of a
`user encourage professionals to design and develop the new
`technology to meet the requirements of customers. 1G
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Fish & Richardson PC. Downloaded on August 17,2021 at 22:52:16 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Proceedings of 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)
` Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th – 12th January, 2019
`
`992
`
`

`

`Case 4:20-cv-07572-JSW Document 54-10 Filed 08/25/21 Page 6 of 6
`
`internet and
`enhancement with better performance of
`multimedia. 4G is the enhancement of 3G technology in which
`data speed enhances, with the improvement in QoS and internet
`facilities. It provides video calling and fast internet.
`
`5G promises to change the field of wireless communication
`with higher data rates to transfer the data from source to
`destination in real time. It would also offer AI features and
`unmatched speed with better performance along with a battery
`life of the devices.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`
`[1] Amritpal Singh, "A Review of Different Generations of Mobile
`Technology," IJARCET, vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015.
`
`[2] Charu, Mr. Rajeev Gupta, "A Comparative Study of Various Generation
`in Mobile Technology," IJETT, vol. 28, pp.328-332, 2015.
`
`[3] Bharti Kalra, Dr.D.K. Chauhan, "A Comparative Study of Mobile
`Wireless Communication Network: 1G to 5G," IJCSITR, vol. 2, Issue
`3,pp.430-433, July-September 2014.
`
`[4] Vivek Sanghvi Jain, Sanchit Jain, Lakshmi Kurup, Aruna Gawade,
`"Overview of Generations of Network: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G," IJCTA, vol.
`5, Issue 5 pp.1789-1794, September – October 2014.
`
`[5] Mohammad Meraj ud in Mir, Dr. Sumit Kumar , "Evolution of Mobile
`Wireless Technology from 0G to 5G," IJCSIT, vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.2545-
`2551, 2015.
`
`[6] Ms. Lopa, J. Vora, " Evolution of Mobile Generation Technology: 1G to
`5G and Review of Upcoming Wireless Technology 5G," IJMTER, vol. 2
`Issue 10, 2015.
`
`[7] Pankaj Sharma, "Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication
`Networks-1G to 5G as well as Future Prospective of Next Generation
`Communication Network," IJCSMC, vol. 2 Issue 8, pp.47-53, August
`2013.
`
`[8] Shivam Jaiswal ,Ajay Kumar, Neha Kumari, " Development of Wireless
`Communication Networks: From 1G to 5G," IJECS, vol. 3 Issue 5,
`pp.6053-6056, May 2014.
`
`[9] Mohammed Alnaas, Elmabruk Laias, Saleh Alghol, Hosian Akeel, "An
`Overview of the Development of Mobile Wireless Communication
`Technologies," American Journal of Computer Science and Engineering
`(AMCSE), vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 22-29, April 9, 2018.
`
`[10] Rajesh Yadav, " Challenges and Evolution of Next generation Wireless
`Communication," IMECS, vol. 2, March 2017.
`
`[11] Roopali Sood, Atul Garg, " Digital Society from 1G to 5G: A
`Comparative Study," IJAIEM, vol. 3 Issue 2, Feburary 2014.
`
`[12] Harish Singh, " Evolution of G: Wireless telephony generations," IJCSIT,
`vol. 3 Issue 2, pp.135-141, Feburary 2016.
`
`[13] P.Karthika, G.Thirumani Aatthi, M.Saranya, S. Suryakala, "An
`Evaluation of Different Network’s Architecture Design," IJIRCCE, vol.
`4 Issue 11, pp.18995-19000, November 2016.
`
`[14] K. Pandya, " Comparative Study on Wireless Mobile Technology: 1G,
`2G, 3G, 4G and 5G," IJRTER, vol. 1 Issue 1, pp.24-27, September 2015.
`
`Authorized licensed use limited to: Fish & Richardson PC. Downloaded on August 17,2021 at 22:52:16 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
`
`Proceedings of 2019 16th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)
` Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th – 12th January, 2019
`
`993
`
`