Case 4:18-cv-07229-YGR Document 192-6 Filed 04/19/21 Page 1 of 5
`Case 4:18-cv-07229—YGR Document 192-6 Filed 04/19/21 Page 1 of 5
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`EXHIBIT 5
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`EXHIBIT 5
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`2/23/2021
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`CiteSeerX - Wikipedia
`Case 4:18-cv-07229-YGR Document 192-6 Filed 04/19/21 Page 2 of 5
`
`Owner
`
`CiteSeerx
`Type of site
`Bibliographic
`database
`Pennsylvania State
`University College
`of Information
`Sciences and
`Technology
`citeseerx.ist.psu
`.edu (https://citese
`erx.ist.psu.edu/)
`Registration
`Optional
`Launched
`2008 / 1997
`Current status Active
`Content
`Creative Commons
`license
`BY-NC-SA
`license[1]
`
`URL
`
`CiteSeerX
`
`CiteSeerx (originally called CiteSeer) is a public search engine and digital library for
`scientific and academic papers, primarily in the fields of computer and information
`science. CiteSeer is considered as a predecessor of academic search tools such as
`Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search. CiteSeer-like engines and archives
`usually only harvest documents from publicly available websites and do not crawl
`publisher websites. For this reason, authors whose documents are freely available are
`more likely to be represented in the index.
`
`CiteSeer's goal is to improve the dissemination and access of academic and scientific
`literature. As a non-profit service that can be freely used by anyone, it has been
`considered as part of the open access movement that is attempting to change academic
`and scientific publishing to allow greater access to scientific literature. CiteSeer freely
`provided Open Archives Initiative metadata of all indexed documents and links
`indexed documents when possible to other sources of metadata such as DBLP and the
`ACM Portal. To promote open data, CiteSeerx shares its data for non-commercial
`purposes under a Creative Commons license.[1]
`
`CiteSeer changed its name to ResearchIndex at one point and then changed it back.
`
`Contents
`History
`CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST
`CiteSeerx
`Current features
`Automated information extraction
`Focused crawling
`Usage
`Data
`Other SeerSuite-based search engines
`See also
`References
`Further reading
`External links
`
`History
`
`CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST
`
`CiteSeer was created by researchers Lee Giles, Kurt Bollacker and Steve Lawrence in 1997 while they were at the NEC
`Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeer's goal was to actively crawl and harvest
`academic and scientific documents on the web and use autonomous citation indexing to permit querying by citation or by
`document, ranking them by citation impact. At one point, it was called ResearchIndex.
`
`CiteSeer became public in 1998 and had many new features unavailable in academic search engines at that time. These
`included:
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`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX
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`CiteSeerX - Wikipedia
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`Autonomous Citation Indexing automatically created a citation index that can be used for literature search and
`evaluation.
`Citation statistics and related documents were computed for all articles cited in the database, not just the indexed
`articles.
`Reference linking allowing browsing of the database using citation links.
`Citation context showed the context of citations to a given paper, allowing a researcher to quickly and easily see what
`other researchers have to say about an article of interest.
`Related documents were shown using citation and word based measures and an active and continuously updated
`bibliography is shown for each document.
`
`CiteSeer was granted a United States patent # 6289342, titled "Autonomous citation indexing and literature browsing
`using citation context", on September 11, 2001. The patent was filed on May 20, 1998, and has priority to January 5, 1998.
`A continuation patent (US Patent # 6738780) was filed on May 16, 2001 and granted on May 18, 2004.
`
`After NEC, in 2004 it was hosted as CiteSeer.IST on the World Wide Web at the College of Information Sciences and
`Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, and had over 700,000 documents. For enhanced access, performance and
`research, similar versions of CiteSeer were supported at universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
`University of Zürich and the National University of Singapore. However, these versions of CiteSeer proved difficult to
`maintain and are no longer available. Because CiteSeer only indexes freely available papers on the web and does not have
`access to publisher metadata, it returns fewer citation counts than sites, such as Google Scholar, that have publisher
`metadata.
`
`CiteSeer had not been comprehensively updated since 2005 due to limitations in its architecture design. It had a
`representative sampling of research documents in computer and information science but was limited in coverage because it
`was limited to papers that are publicly available, usually at an author's homepage, or those submitted by an author. To
`overcome some of these limitations, a modular and open source architecture for CiteSeer was designed – CiteSeerx.
`
`CiteSeerx
`
`CiteSeerx replaced CiteSeer and all queries to CiteSeer were redirected. CiteSeerx[2] is a public search engine and digital
`library and repository for scientific and academic papers primarily with a focus on computer and information science.[2]
`However, recently CiteSeerx has been expanding into other scholarly domains such as economics, physics and others.
`Released in 2008, it was loosely based on the previous CiteSeer search engine and digital library and is built with a new
`open source infrastructure, SeerSuite, and new algorithms and their implementations. It was developed by researchers Dr.
`Isaac Councill and Dr. C. Lee Giles at the College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University. It
`continues to support the goals outlined by CiteSeer to actively crawl and harvest academic and scientific documents on the
`public web and to use a citation inquiry by citations and ranking of documents by the impact of citations. Currently, Lee
`Giles, Prasenjit Mitra, Susan Gauch, Min-Yen Kan, Pradeep Teregowda, Juan Pablo Fernández Ramírez, Pucktada
`Treeratpituk, Jian Wu, Douglas Jordan, Steve Carman, Jack Carroll, Jim Jansen, and Shuyi Zheng are or have been actively
`involved in its development. Recently, a table search feature was introduced.[3] It has been funded by the National Science
`Foundation, NASA, and Microsoft Research.
`
`CiteSeerx continues to be rated as one of the world's top repositories and was rated number 1 in July 2010.[4] It currently
`has over 6 million documents with nearly 6 million unique authors and 120 million citations.
`
`CiteSeerx also shares its software, data, databases and metadata with other researchers, currently by Amazon S3 and by
`rsync.[5] Its new modular open source architecture and software (available previously on SourceForge but now on GitHub)
`is built on Apache Solr and other Apache and open source tools which allows it to be a testbed for new algorithms in
`document harvesting, ranking, indexing, and information extraction.
`
`CiteSeerx caches some PDF files that it has scanned. As such, each page include a DMCA link which can be used to report
`copyright violations.[6]
`Current features
`
`Automated information extraction
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX
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`CiteSeerx uses automated information extraction tools, usually built on machine learning methods such ParsCit, to extract
`scholarly document metadata such as title, authors, abstract, citations, etc. As such, there are sometime errors in authors
`and titles. Other academic search engines have similar errors.
`
`Focused crawling
`
`CiteSeerx crawls publicly available scholarly documents primarily from author webpages and other open resources, and
`does not have access to publisher metadata. As such citation counts in CiteSeerx are usually less than those in Google
`Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search who have access to publisher metadata.
`
`Usage
`
`CiteSeerx has nearly 1 million users worldwide based on unique IP addresses and has millions of hits daily. Annual
`downloads of document PDFs was nearly 200 million for 2015.
`
`Data
`
`CiteSeerx data is regularly shared under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license with researchers worldwide and has been
`and is used in many experiments and competitions.
`
`Thanks to its OAI-PMH endpoint,[7] CiteSeerX is an open archive and its content is indexed like an institutional repository
`in academic search engines, for instance BASE and Unpaywall consumers.
`Other SeerSuite-based search engines
`
`The CiteSeer model had been extended to cover academic documents in business with SmealSearch and in e-business with
`eBizSearch. However, these were not maintained by their sponsors. An older version of both of these could be once found
`at BizSeer.IST but is no longer in service.
`
`Other Seer-like search and repository systems have been built for chemistry, ChemXSeer and for archaeology, ArchSeer.
`Another had been built for robots.txt file search, BotSeer. All of these are built on the open source tool SeerSuite, which
`uses the open source indexer Lucene.
`See also
`Arnetminer
`arXiv
`Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies
`DBLP (Digital Bibliography & Library Project)
`Disciplinary repository
`Google Scholar
`List of academic databases and search engines
`Microsoft Academic
`Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)
`Semantic Scholar
`
`References
`1. "CiteSeerX Data Policy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120105193216/http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data).
`Archived from the original (http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data) on 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
`2. "About CiteSeerX" (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/about/site). Retrieved 2010-05-07.
`3. "The CiteSeerX Team" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180726034438/http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/team).
`Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original (http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu:80/about/team) on 2018-07-26.
`Retrieved 2018-05-01.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX
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`4. "Ranking Web of World Repositories: Top 800 Repositories" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100724004342/http://repos
`itories.webometrics.info/top800_rep.asp). Cybermetrics Lab. July 2010. Archived from the original (http://repositories.w
`ebometrics.info/top800_rep.asp) on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
`5. "About CiteSeerX Data" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120105193216/http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data).
`Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original (http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data) on 2012-01-05.
`Retrieved 2012-01-25.
`6. For example, "CiteSeerx – DMCA Notice". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.604.4916 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
`doi=10.1.1.604.4916). "The document with the identifier "10.1.1.604.4916" has been removed due to a DMCA
`takedown notice. If you believe the removal has been in error, please contact us through the feedback page, along with
`the identifier mentioned in this page."
`7. Hirst, Author Tony (2011-12-08). "Using OAI-PMH as a Single Record Level Query Interface to Citeseer" (https://blog.o
`useful.info/2011/12/08/using-oai-pmh-as-a-query-interface-to-citeseer/). Retrieved 2020-04-25.
`
`Further reading
`
`Giles, C. Lee; Bollacker, Kurt D.; Lawrence, Steve (1998). "CiteSeer: an automatic citation indexing system".
`Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Digital Libraries. pp. 89–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.30.6847 (https://citeseerx.i
`st.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.6847). doi:10.1145/276675.276685 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F276675.27
`6685). ISBN 978-0-89791-965-4. S2CID 514080 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:514080).
`
`External links
`
`Official website of CiteSeerx (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/)
`CiteSeerX (https://github.com/SeerLabs/CiteSeerX) on GitHub
`SeerSuite (https://sourceforge.net/projects/citeseerx/) on SourceForge.net (historic)
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&oldid=1001491063"
`
`This page was last edited on 19 January 2021, at 22:49 (UTC).
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