MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`LITERATURE
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`MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`Intel 386™SL
`MICROPROCESSOR SUPERSET
`
`MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`Intel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of Its products and assumes no responsibility for any errors which may
`appear in this document nor does It make a commitment to update the information contained herein.
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`Intel retains the right to make changes to these specifications at any time, without notice
`
`Contact your local sales office to obtain the latest specifications before placing your order.
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`The following are trademarks of Intel Corporation and may only be used to Identify Intel products'
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`376, Above, ActlonMedla, BITBUS, Code BUilder, DeskWare, Digital Studio, DVI,
`EtherExpress, ETOX, FaxBACK, Grand Challenge, I, 1287, 1386, i387, i486, i487, i750,
`1860, 1960, ICE, iLBX, Inboard, Intel, Inte1287, Inte1386, Inte1387, Inte1486, Inte1487, Intel
`inSide., Inteliec, IPSC, IRMX, ISBC, ISBX, IWARP, LANPrint, LAN Select, LANShell,
`LANSlght, LAN Space, LANSpool, MAPNET, Matched, MCS, Media Mail, NetPort,
`NetSentry, OpenNet, PR0750, ProSolver, READY-LAN, Reference POint, RMX/80,
`SatisFAXtion, Snapln 386, Storage Broker, SugarCube, The Computer InSide.,
`TokenExpress, Visual Edge, and WYPIWYF
`
`MDS IS an ordering code only and is not used as a product name or trademark, MDS IS a registered trademark of Mohawk
`Data Sciences Corporation.
`
`CHMOS and HMOS are patented processes of Intel Corp.
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`Intel Corporation and Intel's FAST PATH are not affiliated with Kinetics, a division of Excelan, Inc. or ItS FASTPATH
`trademark or products.
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`©INTEL CORPORATION 1991
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`OG-072391
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`MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`intel®
`
`INTEL SERVICE
`
`INTEL'S COMPLETE SUPPORT SOLUTION WORLDWIDE
`Intel Service is a complete support program that provides Intel customers with hardware support, software
`support, customer training, and consulting services. For detailed information contact your local sales offices.
`
`Service and support are major factors in determining the success of a product or program. For Intel this
`support includes an international service organization and a breadth of service programs to meet a variety of
`customer needs. As you might expect, Intel service is extensive. It can start with On-Site Installation and
`Maintenance for Intel and non-Intel systems and peripherals, Repair Services for Intel OEM Modules and
`Platforms, Network Operating System support for Novell NetWare and Banyan VINES software, Custom
`Integration Services for Intel Platforms, Customer Training, and System Engineering Consulting Services. Intel
`maintains service locations worldwide. So wherever you're using Intel technology, our professional staff is
`within close reach.
`
`ON-SITE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
`Intel's installation and maintenance services are designed to get Intel and Intel-based systems and the net(cid:173)
`works they use up and running-fast. Intel's service centers are staffed by trained and certified Customer
`Engineers throughout the world. Once installed, Intel is dedicated to keeping them running at maximum
`efficiency, while controlling costs.
`
`REPAIR SERVICES FOR INTEL OEM MODULES AND PLATFORMS
`Intel offers customers of its OEM Modules and Platforms a comprehensive set of repair services that reduce
`the costs of system warranty, maintenance, and ownership. Repair services include module or system testing
`and repair, module exchange, and spare part sales.
`
`NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT
`An Intel software support contract for Novell NetWare or Banyan VINES software means unlimited access to
`troubleshooting expertise any time during contract hours-up to seven days per week, twenty-four hours per
`day. To keep networks current and compatible with the latest software versions, support services include access
`to minor releases and "patches" as made available by Novell and Banyan.
`
`CUSTOM SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES
`Intel Custom System Integration Services enable resellers to order completely integrated systems assembled
`from a list of Intel386 n, and Intel486 '" microcomputers and validated hardware and software options. These
`services are designed to complement the reseUer's own integration capabilities. Resellers can increase business
`opportunities, while controlling overhead and support costs.
`
`CUSTOMER TRAINING
`Intel offers a wide range of instructional programs covering various aspects of system design and implementa(cid:173)
`tion. In just three to five days a limited number of individuals learn more in a single workshop than in weeks of
`self-study. Covering a wide variety of topics, Intel's major course categories include: architecture and assembly
`language, programming and operating systems, BITBUS ''', and LAN applications.
`
`SYSTEM ENGINEERING CONSULTING
`Intel provides field system engineering consulting services for any phase of your development or application
`effort. You can use our system engineers in a variety of ways ranging from assistance in using a new product,
`developing an application, personalizing training and customizing an Intel product to providing technical and
`management consulting. Working together, we can help you get a successful product to market in the least
`possible time.
`
`CG/LSERVICE/091 091
`
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`T ABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... v
`Manual Objectives and Organization .......................................................................... vi
`Related Publications ................................................................................................... vii
`
`CHAPTER 1: PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS .................................................................... 1
`Technological Challenges of Modem PCs ................................................................... 2
`The Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet ............................................................... 3
`System Design Options ................................................................................................. 4
`Clock Frequency Options ............................................................................................. 5
`Performance Factors ..................................................................................................... 5
`Guaranteed Compatibility ............................................................................................. 6
`The Expanding Horizons of PC Design ........................................................................ 6
`Intermediate Design Options ........................................................................................ 8
`A New Class of "Hybrid" PCs .................................................................................... 10
`Product Highlights Summary ...................................................................................... 11
`
`CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ...................................... 13
`Functional Partitioning ................................................................................................ 14
`Inte1386 SL Microprocessor Functions ................................................................ 15
`82360SL Peripheral I/O Subsystem Functions ..................................................... 15
`82760SL VGA Graphics Control Subsystem Functions ....................................... 16
`External Memory Arrays ............................................................................................ 16
`System Interconnect Buses ......................................................................................... 17
`Main Memory Options ................................................................................................ 18
`SRAM Main Memory ........................................................................................... 19
`DRAM Main Memory ........................................................................................... 20
`Memory System Sizing and Control Mechanisms ................................................ 22
`Cache Memory System ............................................................................................... 23
`Configuration Options ........................................................................................... 24
`Cache Performance Factors ................................................................................... 26
`Cache Power-Consumption Factors ...................................................................... 27
`BIOS Memory Array .................................................................................................. 28
`Flash Memory Support ............................................................................................... 28
`Graphics Display Subsystem ...................................................................................... 29
`CRT Display Modes .............................................................................................. 29
`LCD Display Modes .............................................................................................. 29
`Display Buffer Memory ........................................................................................ 30
`Display Control Mechanisms ................................................................................ 30
`System Timing Requirements ..................................................................................... 30
`Hardware Architecture Summary ............................................................................... 31
`
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`CHAPTER 3: SOFTWARE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ....................................... 33
`Inte1386 Microprocessor Family Architecture Overview ........................................... 33
`Architectural Extensions for System Management ............................................... 34
`Memory System Management .................................................................................... 35
`Virtual Memory Paging ......................................................................................... 35
`LIM 4.0 Memory Expansion ................................................................................. 35
`ROM Shadowing ................................................................................................... 36
`Memory Backfilling and Roll-Over ...................................................................... 36
`Memory Region Retargeting Logic ....................................................................... 36
`CPU and Memory Configuration and Control Registers ...................................... 38
`Standard Peripheral Interface Registers ...................................................................... 38
`VGA Graphics System Registers .......................................................................... 39
`New Peripheral I/O Facilities ..................................................................................... 40
`Peripheral Control Register "Shadow" Latches ................................................... .44
`Compatibility Safeguards ............................................................................................ 46
`A20 Pin Mask ........................................................................................................ 46
`Non-Cachability of Memory-Mapped I/O ............................................................ 46
`Cache Invalidation on LIM Page Changes ............................................................ 46
`Concealing Peripherals From Applications Programs .......................................... 47
`Software Architecture Summary ................................................................................. 47
`
`CHAPTER 4: POWER-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ........................................... 49
`Power Management Overview .................................................................................... 49
`Basic Power Reduction Techniques ...................................................................... 50
`Power Management Hardware Requirements ....................................................... 51
`Power Management Hazards to Software Compatibility ...................................... 51
`Hardware Support for Power Management ................................................................ 52
`Inte1386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet Power Management Strategy ................... 52
`Central Processor Power Reductions .................................................................... 53
`Math Coprocessor Power Reductions ................................................................... 53
`Peripheral Power Reductions ................................................................................ 54
`Memory System Power Reductions ...................................................................... 55
`Graphics Display System Power Reductions ........................................................ 56
`Software Support for Power Management .................................................................. 56
`System Management Interrupt .............................................................................. 57
`Private System Management Memory .................................................................. 57
`SMI Mode Independence ...................................................................................... 57
`Power Management Software Design ......................................................................... 58
`System Management Mode Initialization .............................................................. 58
`Entry and Exit to SMI Service Routines ............................................................... 59
`Power Management Hardware Design Issues ............................................................. 63
`Power Management Summary .................................................................................... 63
`
`ii
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`CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLES ......................................................... 65
`Ultra-Compact "Palm-Top" PC .................................................................................. 65
`Note-Pad PC ................................................................................................................ 66
`Notebook PC ............................................................................................................... 68
`Lap-Top PC ................................................................................................................. 69
`
`III
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`Inte1386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet Delivers Full ISA Compatibility
`in the Smallest Possible Footprint
`
`iv
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`PREFACE
`
`The Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet is the newest addition to the Intel386 32-bit
`microprocessor product line. Contained within just two VLSI components are virtually
`all of the critical elements needed for a range of microcomputer-based products, from
`checkbook-sized "palm-top" personal computers and notebook computers to full(cid:173)
`featured, fully-expandable lap-top portables.
`
`The Intel386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet includes two components which provide: the
`Intel386 SL central processing unit that is fully compatible with the Intel386 micropro(cid:173)
`cessor architecture, main memory and bus interface control system; and the 82360SL
`peripheralI/O subsystem.
`
`The components bring a number of new design techniques to the personal computer
`world for the first time. For instance:
`
`- Extensions to the processor architecture support a new system-management mode with
`which OEM firmware can monitor and control hardware operation and conserve
`battery power without sacrificing Intel386 software compatibility
`
`- Processor and peripheral clock frequencies can be adjusted dynamically to conserve
`power without sacrificing overall system performance
`
`- Each component's internal design is fully static so the clock can be stopped without
`losing critical data
`
`- SmartHit cache control logic boosts performance and saves power by eliminating
`unneeded memory transfers
`
`- FlexLogic circuitry lets software control all operating characteristics and decouple
`system behavior from hardware design
`
`- An uncommitted ideaPort interface lets original equipment manufacturers develop
`unique new value-added functions transparent to existing software
`
`The components contain more than 1.5 million transistors in all and are fabricated from
`Intel's one-micron CHMOS-IV technology. While SL SuperSet-based systems benefit
`from the highest possible integration level, they also deliver significantly better perfor(cid:173)
`mance than is possible with conventional technology.
`
`v
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`The Inte1386 SL SuperSet components comply with all Industry Standard Architecture
`(ISA) design conventions and are thus fully compatible with the IBM PC/AT personal
`computer and its derivatives. Systems built with the Intel SL SuperSet can therefore run
`all existing business and scientific applications developed for the 8086, 80286, 80386,
`and 80486 microprocessors. The SL SuperSet likewise supports all popular microproces(cid:173)
`sor operating systems developed for the original 8086 and Intel386 Family architecture,
`including MS-DOSt, OS/2**, Windows**, Windows-386**, and UNIX11 System V.
`
`Moreover, each component reduces power requirements to an absolute minimum, not just
`for the chips themselves but for the main memory, display interface, and other system
`components. Reductions in run-time power in tum extend the useful operating life of
`battery-operated portable computers, and automatic built-in stand-by modes stretch the
`battery life of idle systems still further.
`
`Manual Objectives and Organization
`
`This manual serves as a basic introduction and overview for the full Intel386 SL Micro(cid:173)
`processor SuperSet family, and is intended to help hardware and software engineers and
`managers evaluate the suitability of the products for personal computers and other
`application areas.
`
`Since the Intel386 SL SuperSet combines the functions of an entire computer system into
`just a few components, different readers will view the Intel SuperSet from different
`perspectives. Hardware engineers will want to understand how the products connect to
`other system components. Programmers developing basic I/O system (BIOS) software
`must understand the capabilities of the on-chip peripheral registers in order to initialize
`the PC with the desired characteristics.
`
`Marketing managers may wish to understand how price reductions allowed by slower
`memories and support components affect overall system performance, and how Intel SL
`SuperSet hardware lets them augment built-in functions with external circuitry for greater
`flexibility and product differentiation. Those concerned with the problems of allocating a
`limited battery-power budget among system resources and peripherals must understand
`the power-management options and capabilities supported by each chip.
`
`In order to address different reader perspectives, this manual is divided into five chapters.
`Chapter 1 is an overview of product-line highlights and surveys a range of personal
`computer configurations that will benefit from various SL SuperSet features. Chapter 2
`discusses system hardware design, including the functions performed by each SL
`SuperSet component and how the components interact with other system elements.
`
`Intel386™ SL, Inte1386™, and Intel486™ are trademarks of Intel Corporation
`CHMOS-IV is a patented process technology of Intel Corporation
`MS-DOS® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
`OS/2™, Windows, and Windows-386 are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
`UNIX® is a registered trademark of AT&T.
`
`t
`**
`tt
`
`vi
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`Chapter 3 covers the processor architecture and memory-address mapping facilities, and
`explores software design issues related to the on-chip peripheral facilities and configura(cid:173)
`tion options.
`
`Chapter 4 goes into greater depth explaining the new system management mode,
`especially as it relates to power management, and discusses its special software require(cid:173)
`ments. The block diagrams in Chapter 5 show example system configurations supported
`by the Intel SL SuperSet, and shows how individual OEMs can add unique functions to
`the Intel SL SuperSet to expand its end-user capabilities.
`
`Related Publications
`
`This manual gives only a glimpse of the architecture and peripheral capabilities of the
`Inte1386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet, and makes no attempt to describe its underlying
`instruction set, electrical specifications, or timing parameters. For design information of
`this type consult the following related publications:
`
`- Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet System Design Guide, Intel Order No. 240816
`- Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet Programmer's Reference Manual, Intel Order
`No. 240815
`- Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet Data Sheet, Intel Order No. 240814
`- Intel386™ Microprocessor Software Writer's Guide, Intel Order No. 231499
`
`vii
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`Chapter 1
`Product Highlights
`
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`CHAPTER 1
`PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
`
`The personal computer industry has expanded in ways its creators never expected. On
`the one hand, designers have converged on a well-defined set of processor, memory,
`peripheral, and system backplane functions that are now part of all industry-standard
`personal computers (see Figure 1-1). On the other hand, the simple, conventional
`desktop computer systems of the mid '80s have evolved into a bewildering array of
`physical configurations. New peripheral devices and new system capabilities continue to
`augment the basic functions of early pes.
`
`ISA Backplane
`
`1/0 Expansion Slots
`
`1 j III III III j
`
`Figure 1-1. Industry-Standard PCs Contain a Common Set
`of System Functions and Peripherals
`
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`PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
`
`While the performance delivered by high-end PCs continues to soar, the market now
`demands a range of alternative designs, at different price points, in different form-factors.
`Satisfying this demand poses a whole new set of challenges to today's microcomputer
`hardware and software engineers.
`
`Technological Challenges of Modern PCs
`
`Standard microcomputers no longer seem as "micro" as they once did. When PCs must
`compete for desk space with telephones, modems, facsimile machines, and other desk-top
`clutter, it's important to keep the PC footprint small.
`
`This is especially true for portable PCs. If it's bigger than a bread box it's no longer in
`vogue: today's users prefer systems that fit a briefcase or coat pocket. Shrinking enclo(cid:173)
`sures demand ever-smaller circuit boards, so the components used must be the most
`highly integrated devices achievable within a given state of the art.
`
`The challenge posed by battery-powered portable systems is doubly severe. Not only are
`size constraints tight, but power conservation is critical. Battery size and capacity are
`limited, so the less power the PC consumes, the longer it can go between charges.
`Unfortunately, past efforts to include power-management capabilities have had mixed
`success: ports, programs, and new resources needed for power-management functions
`unavoidably introduced a hazard that existing software might malfunction on the revised
`hardware.
`
`Efforts to reconcile the competing factors of performance, size, power consumption, and
`software compatibility have created new opportunities and market niches for a remark(cid:173)
`able variety of PC configurations. In order to differentiate their products from the
`competition, PC designers seek to provide unique features such as innovative hardware
`design, effective packaging technology, fast and convenient mass storage, or more natural
`user interfaces (NUIs).
`
`A mouse, track-ball, or note-pad stylus for handwritten data, or other novel input devices
`often augment the standard keyboard, while circuitry for speech recognition and gesture
`detection may allow more intuitive control paradigms. Thus the components from which
`modem PCs are built must leave the hardware designer complete flexibility in adapting
`and extending his product with unique functionality.
`
`At the same time, however, modem PCs must guarantee their users absolute compatibil(cid:173)
`ity with the wealth of applications software developed since the PC business began. This
`compatibility must be assured at all levels of hardware and software: within the processor
`itself, its memory control systems, the peripherals it supports, and the bus interface
`through which third-party add-in boards expand system functions.
`
`2
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`

`

`PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
`
`The Intel386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet
`
`The Inte1386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet (Figure 1-2) addresses each of the above
`concerns. At its heart is a full-featured 32-bit central processor unit that is fully compat(cid:173)
`ible with the industry-standard Inte1386 microprocessor architecture. Built into the CPU
`are a main-memory subsystem controller with a large address space and extensive
`address translation and remapping logic, tag registers and control logic needed for a
`cache memory system, and support for an optional Inte1387™ SX Math CoProcessor.
`
`Figure 1-2. The Intel386™ SL Microprocessor SuperSet Includes
`Two Highly-Integrated Components
`
`Supporting the processor are a host of general-purpose peripheral interface devices,
`including serial ports, parallel ports, timers, interrupt controllers, keyboard and disk
`interfaces. Special power-management circuitry within each chip makes the most
`efficient use possible of limited power supplies.
`
`3
`
`MICROCHIP TECH. INC. - EXHIBIT 1037
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`

`

`PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
`
`System Design Options
`
`The Inte1386 SL Microprocessor SuperSet gives hardware designers a tremendous degree
`of flexibility, as shown in Table 1-1. The main system memory and display buffers can
`be built with static (SRAM) or dynamic (DRAM) memory devices of various sizes and
`speeds, with optional cache subsystems and non-volatile Flash EPROM arrays. End
`users can add memory in various combinations and configurations, typically b