Thomas Declaration - Exhibit A
`
`Part 1 of 2
`
`Page 1 of 260
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`A''‘‘’'“‘' E""“’“ “Z1
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`

`
`DOE/CE/23810-l8
`
`MISCIBILITY OF LUBRICANTS WITH REFRIGERANTS
`
`Final Report
`
`July 1993
`
`Michael B. Pate
`
`Steven C. Zoz
`
`Lyle J. Berkenbosch
`
`Iowa State University of Science and Technology
`Department of Mechanical Engineering
`2028 Black Engineering Bldg.
`Ames, Iowa 50011
`
`Prepared for
`The Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute
`under
`
`ARTI MCLR Project Number 650-50300
`
`in whole or in pact, by U.S. Department of Energy grant number DE—FG02—9lCE238l0: Materials
`This research project is supported,
`Compatibility and Lubricants Research (MCLR) on CFC—Refrigerant Substitutes. Federal funding supporting this project constitutes 93.67% of
`allowable costs. Funding from non—goVernment sources supporting this project consists of direct cost sharing of 6.33 % of allowable costs, and
`in—kind contributions fiom the air—conditioning and refrigeration industry.
`
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`

`
`DISCLAIMER
`
`The U.S. Department of Energy's and the air-conditioning industry's support for the Materials
`Compatibility and Lubricants Research (MCLR) program does not constitute an endorsement by
`the U.S. Department of Energy, nor by the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry, of the
`views expressed herein.
`
`NOTICE
`
`This report was prepared on account of work sponsored by the United States Government.
`Neither the United States Government, nor the Department of Energy, nor the Air-Conditioning
`and Refrigeration Technology Institute, nor any of their employees, nor of any of their
`contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or
`assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any
`information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe
`privately-owned rights.
`
`COPYRIGHT NOTICE
`
`(for journal publication submissions)
`
`By acceptance of this article, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the right of the U.S.
`Government and the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institutes, Inc. (ARTI) to
`retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyrights covering this paper.
`
`F3§8§ SF 328
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`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
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`Table of Contents ............................................................................ .. ii
`
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`3
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`1- ppendix E3 ~ Aci":.1a§ Test §_..::‘-‘firicamis ........................................ »h 255
`
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`
`MISCIBILITY OF LUBRICANTS
`
`WITH REFRIGERANTS
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Miscibility data have been obtained for a Variety of non-CFC refrigerants and their potential
`lubricants. Ten (10) different
`refrigerants
`and fourteen (14) different
`lubricants were
`investigated. Experiments were performed in two phases: Phase I focused on performing
`screening tests for miscibility using refrigerant concentrations of 10, 50 and 95 % and Phase II
`consisted of obtaining further refrigerant concentrations of 20, 35, 65, 80, and 90%. The
`complete data set is presented herein. The miscibility tests were performed in a test facility
`consisting of a series of miniature test cells submerged in a constant temperature bath. The bath
`temperature can be precisely controlled over a temperature range of -50°C to 90°C(-58°F to
`l94°F). The test cells are constructed to allow for complete Visibility of lubricant refrigerant
`mixtures under all test conditions. Each of the refrigerants tested are miscible with at least one of
`the lubricants, with the exception of R-l43a, which exhibits partial miscibility with each of the
`lubricants.
`
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`Phase I - Preliminary Screening
`
`SCOPE
`
`Miscibility tests were performed on refrigerant-lubricant mixtures for refrigerant concentrations
`of 10%, 50% and 95% by weight. These tests were performed by keeping the liquid phase visible
`at all times, by controlling temperatures to ::1°C, and by providing agitation of the test cells.
`
`The following refrigerants were tested for miscibility in 10°C (18°F) increments over the
`temperature ranges indicated below:
`
`- R-22:
`
`-50---60°C(-58---140°F)
`
`- R-134:
`
`-50---60°C(-58---140°F)
`
`- R-32:
`
`-50---60°C(-58---140°F)
`
`- R-134a:-50---90°C(-58---194°F)
`
`- R-123:
`
`-50---60°C(—58---140°F)
`
`- R-142b:-50---90°C(-58---194°F)
`
`- R-124:
`
`-50---90°C(-58---194°F)
`
`- R-143a:-50---60°C(-58---140°F)
`
`- R-125:
`
`-50---60°C(—58---140°F)
`
`- R-152a:-50---90°C(-58---194°F)
`
`Each of the above refrigerants was tested for miscibility with the lubricants listed below. The
`viscosity for the penta erythritol ester mixed acid was ISO 22, while all other lubricants had a
`viscosity of ISO 32.
`
`- mineral oils (<30 ppm moisture, acid number <0.01)
`naphthenic mineral oil
`
`- alkylbenzenes (<30 ppm moisture, acid number <0.01)
`
`- polyglycols(<50 ppm moisture, acid number <0.05)
`polypropylene glycol butyl monoether
`polypropylene glycol diol
`modified polyglycol
`
`- polyolesters(<50 ppm moisture, acid number <0.05)
`penta erythritol ester mixed-acid (ISO 22)
`penta erythritol ester mixed-acid (ISO 32)
`
`During the above miscibility tests, the contents of each test cell were observed for signs of
`cloudiness, floc or precipitate formation, and liquid layer formation. These observations were
`made at each required temperature after equilibrium (i.e., steady state) conditions had been
`reached. Applicable miscibility data consists of the refrigerant/lubricant concentration,
`the
`temperature at equilibrium, and the observations of the test cell contents for evidence of
`immiscibility.
`
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`Phase II - Derivation Of Complete Miscibility Characteristics
`
`Phase II consisted of additional tests made up of an expanded concentration range. In addition to
`Phase I refrigerant concentrations (i.e., 10%, 50%, 95%), refrigerant concentrations of 20, 35,
`65, 80 and 90% were tested for miscibility.
`
`The basis for selecting the lubricant-refrigerant combinations that were tested in Phase II is that
`the combination must have demonstrated single-phase miscibility in at least one of the three test
`points obtained in Phase I. This criteria was met by all of the refrigerant/lubricant combinations
`of Phase I. Therefore, each of the lubricants from Phase I was tested for miscibility in Phase II.
`Also, higher Viscosity Versions of each Phase I lubricant except the modified polyglycol and the
`penta erythritol ester mixed-acid were included in the Phase II test matrix. Additionally, a penta
`erythritol ester branched-acid (two ISO grades) was added to the test matrix. The lubricants are
`listed below along with their associated Viscosities.
`
`o mineral oils (30 ppm moisture, acid number <0.01)
`naphthenic mineral oil, ISO 32 and 68
`
`o alkylbenzenes (<30 ppm moisture, acid number <0.01), ISO 32 and 68
`
`o polyglycols (<50 ppm moisture, acid number <0.05)
`polypropylene glycol butyl monoether, ISO 32 and 68
`polypropylene glycol diol, ISO 32 and 100
`modified polyglycol, ISO 32
`
`o polyolesters (<50 ppm moisture, acid number <0.05)
`penta erythritol ester mixed-acid, ISO 22, 32, and 100
`penta erythritol ester branched-acid, ISO 32 and 100
`
`TEST FACILITY AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
`
`The test facility used in this project was designed for the purpose of measuring the miscibility of
`refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Test cells with glass Viewports are submerged in one of two
`constant temperature baths, and then the miscibility characteristics of the mixture is observed
`and recorded.
`
`Test Cells
`
`The test cells are constructed to allow for complete Visibility of the lubricant/refrigerant mixture
`at all test conditions. Each test cell consists of a double-port seal-cap type liquid indicator, which
`is essentially a 1.25 inch pipe cross with sight windows screwed into opposing ports. Valves for
`charging the refrigerant into the cell are screwed into the other two ports. A temperature sensor
`can be inserted in each cell or in an adjoining reference cell exposed to the same heating or
`cooling conditions.
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`The overall volume of each test cell varies slightly; however, all were measured to have volumes
`around 65 ml. During charging, each cell can be filled so that the vapor space is less than l5% of
`the total volume. In addition, if temperature and pressure data are available, changes in the liquid
`concentration due to vapor space refrigerant can be calculated.
`
`Four charged cells can be placed in a Plexiglas holder, and three such holders can be placed in a
`constant temperature bath to permit the testing of l2 test cells at one time.
`
`Constant Temperature Baths
`
`The temperature of the cells is fixed by placing them in one of two constant temperature baths.
`The hot bath is used to maintain temperatures from l0°C to 90°C(50°F to l94°F), while the cold
`bath is used for temperatures in the range of l0°C to -50°C(50°F to -58°F).
`
`The baths are constructed of glass which allows complete visibility of the test cells and,
`therefore,
`the lubricant/refrigerant mixtures throughout
`the test. Figure I.
`is a photograph
`showing an array of twelve test cells in the bath. Movable fluorescent lights are mounted behind
`a bath to help increase visibility.
`
`Figure l Photograph of test facility.
`
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`Cold Bath
`
`The cold bath fluid is composed of 65% pure ethylene glycol and 35% water. Pure ethylene
`glycol is used so that the bath fluid will be transparent. The bath is cooled with the use of an
`R-502 refrigeration system. A temperature controller and a heater are installed to regulate the
`bath temperature.
`
`The bath is insulated on all sides to ensure a uniform temperature. The insulation on the front
`and back of the bath consists of a double-paned Plexiglass window mounted on the glass bath.
`Condensation is prevented by using a nitrogen purge of the dead air spaces. Insulation on the
`other sides is provided by 2 inches of styrofoam.
`
`Hot Bath
`
`The hot bath fluid is water with rust inhibitor added. Two inch styrofoam provides the insulation
`on the ends of the bath, while the insulation on the front and back of the bath is provided by a
`single Plexiglass window mounted on the glass leaving a half-inch air space.
`
`Instrumentation
`
`The precise temperature of the bath fluid is measured by two internal resistance temperature
`detectors (RTD). These primary temperature probes consist of a platinum RTD connected to a
`signal conditioner/current transmitter that provide a linear response over the temperature range
`-51°C (-60°F) to 149°C (300°F). The RTD's have an accuracy of ::0.l°C. A microcomputer and
`data acquisition hardware under the direction of a data acquisition program monitors and records
`signals from all instruments.
`
`One cell in each bath is assembled with an internal RTD to determine equilibrium (i.e., steady
`state) conditions. The cell is charged with pure lubricant to provide a "worst case" heat transfer
`situation. The temperature difference between the internal RTD and the bath temperature
`indicates when thermal equilibrium between the cell and the bath has been achieved. Steady state
`conditions are typically achieved about thirty minutes after a change (e.g., 5°-10°C) in the
`circulating bath temperature.
`
`Experimental Procedure
`
`Experimental procedures have been developed for measuring refrigerant-lubricant miscibility by
`using the test facility described previously. The cells start out with the front and back windows
`removed for cleaning. After cleaning, the back window is installed and tightened. The prescribed
`amount of lubricant is injected with a syringe through the front window space. The front window
`is then replaced and tightened. A vacuum pump is hooked up to one of the valves and a vacuum
`is pulled to remove any dissolved moisture or air. Fittings are retightened if a failure to hold
`either a vacuum or a set pressure indicates that this is necessary.
`
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`Refrigerant is then injected into the cell from the refrigerant canister by using a manifold that
`allows for the evacuation of the connecting lines. The cells are weighed on a scale before and
`after the injection of the lubricant and the refrigerant. The scale has an uncertainty of ::0.01 gran1.
`The concentration of the liquid in each cell is calculated from the masses of refrigerant and
`lubricant injected. The uncertainty in the concentration measurements is ::0.5% . It is important to
`note that since the refrigerant vapor density changes as the temperature and pressure change, then
`the refrigerant vapor mass also varies. As a result, the liquid concentration varies slightly as the
`temperature and pressure change. For the experimental approach presented here,
`the vapor
`volumes are kept small; less than 15% of the total space is vapor. Therefore, the overall variation
`in refrigerant concentration as temperature and pressure are changed during any particular test are
`small. Once the desired amounts of lubricant and refrigerant have been injected into the cell, it is
`ready for testing.
`
`The cells are then placed in the bath and heated or cooled to the desired temperature. The desired
`temperatures are 10°C increments from either 90°C to -50°C or 60°C to -50°C, depending on the
`refrigerant being tested. Steady state conditions are assumed when two conditions are met: first,
`the bath temperature is within ::0.5°C of the setpoint temperature and second, the difference
`between the instrumented cell and the bath temperature is within 0.5°C. At this point the
`characteristics of the fluid in each cell are noted.
`
`After testing the cells through the temperature range, the cells are removed from the bath. The
`refrigerant/lubricant mixture is drained through one of the valves, and the cell is rinsed three
`times with R-113. The final cleaning of the cell is accomplished by removing the front and back
`window and rinsing with R-113 to remove traces of lubricant. The windows and seals are then
`cleaned and visually examined for defects.
`
`SIGNIFICANT RESULTS
`
`Test Results
`
`Miscibility data have been obtained for R-22, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-
`142b, R-143a, and R-152a, and the following lubricants:
`
`- naphthenic mineral oil (ISO 32)
`
`- alkylbenzene (ISO 32)
`
`- polypropylene glycol butyl monoether (ISO 32)
`
`- polypropylene glycol diol (ISO 32)
`
`- modified polyglycol (ISO 32)
`
`- penta erythritol ester mixed-acid (ISO 22)
`
`- penta erythritol ester mixed-acid (ISO 32)
`
`- penta erythritol ester branched-acid (ISO 32)
`
`- naphthenic mineral oil (ISO 68)
`
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`
`- alkylbenzene (ISO 68)
`
`° polypropylene glycol butyl monoether (ISO 58)
`
`° polypropylene glycol diol (ISO 100)
`
`° penta erythritol ester mixed-acid (ISO 100)
`
`° penta erythritol ester branched-acid (ISO 100)
`
`These tests were performed at refrigerant concentrations of approximately 10%, 20%, 35%, 50%,
`65%, 80%, 90%, and 95% over a temperature range of -50°C to 90°C (tests are concluded at
`60°C for the higher pressure refrigerants as specified in the Work Statement). According to the
`Work Statement, when cloudiness, precipitate formation, or formation of a second liquid phase is
`noticed,
`the mixture is considered immiscible. However,
`in the following discussion, when
`cloudiness or precipitate formation was observed, it will be noted as such, but when the mixture
`separated into two liquid phases,
`it will be noted as immiscible. The observations for each
`refrigerant/lubricant pair are provided below. These data are summarized and also presented in
`IE through 10, with each table containing the data for a specific refrigerant with all of the
`lubricants. :'~\p;?s£3m'i§ A contains tables of data for each refrigerant and lubricant pair.
`
`Refrigerant Concentration
`
`are nominal values for each
`through
`The refrigerant concentrations given in "mbles 1
`lubricant-refrigerant test condition. The measured (actual) concentration may vary from the
`nominal concentration by ::4% (0.04). Measured concentrations are calculated as previously
`described and are included in the tables in A;:>pe;nd.ix
`The measured concentration represents
`the concentration that exists in the cell when the cell
`is at its lowest temperature. At this
`temperature, essentially all of the refrigerant in the cell is in the liquid phase. As the temperature
`is raised in each cell, the density of the vapor phase increases which results in the transport of
`refrigerant from the liquid phase to the vapor phase and, hence, an increase in lubricant
`concentration. However, the volume of the vapor phase decreases due to thermal expansion
`which diminishes some of the impact of this lubricant concentration increase.
`
`These changes in the liquid composition with temperature are small since the vapor volume in
`each cell is minimized during charging. However, in order to cover the entire temperature range,
`a 10 to 20% vapor space is required due to thermal expansion and contraction. For this required
`vapor space, changes in liquid composition are noticeable for refrigerant concentrations lower
`than 30% . For example, for a 10% R-134a mixture with a 15% vapor volume, the liquid
`concentration could decrease up to 2.5% from its initial value.
`
`Naphthenic Mineral Oil (ISO 321 The 12%, 20%, and 95% refrigerant mixtures were miscible
`throughout the test temperature range. The 36%, 47%, 68%, 81%, and 90%
`
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`
`refrigerant mixtures were immiscible at temperatures below -40.3°C, -30.1°C, -20.5°C, -9.7°C,
`and -19.6°C, respectively.
`
`Alkylbenzene gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test temperature
`range.
`
`lene Gl col But 1 Monoether
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`ISO 32
`
`All eight concentrations were miscible
`
`lene Gl col Diol
`
`ISO 32 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test
`
`temperature range.
`
`Modified Polyglycol gISO 321 The 9%, 68%, 81% , 91%, and 95% refrigerant mixtures were
`miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 23% , 39% , and 49% refrigerant mixtures
`became hazy at temperatures below -19.6°C, -19.6°C, and -29.8°C, respectively.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 221 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout
`the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout
`the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Erflhritol Ester Branched-Acid gISO 321
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`All eight concentrations were miscible
`
`The 12% and 22% refrigerant mixtures were miscible
`Naphthenic Mineral Oil gISO 681
`throughout the test temperature range. The 36%, 51%, 64%, 80%, 90%, and 95% refrigerant
`mixtures were immiscible at temperatures below -29.9°C, -10.5°C, 0.0°C, 10.9°C, -10.5°C, and
`-10.5°C, respectively.
`
`Alkylbenzene gISO 681 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test temperature
`range.
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Butyl Monoether gISO 581
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`All eight concentrations were miscible
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Diol gISO 1001 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the
`
`test temperature range.
`
`Penta Erfihritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 1001 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout
`the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Branched-Acid gISO 1001
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`All eight concentrations were miscible
`
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`

`
`Table 1 provides a summary of the test data for each lubricant and R-22 pair. All of the lubricants are
`
`completely miscible with R-22 except for the naphthenic mineral oils (ISO 32 and 68) and the modified
`
`polyglycol, which are all partially miscible with R-22.
`
`Table 1 Summary of miscibility data for R-22 and 14 lubricants.
`
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`
`BE: 13 8328
`Copied from 95002180 on 07/01/2014
`
`Page 13 of 260
`
`Page 13 of 260
`
`

`
`Naphthenic Mineral Oil gISO 321 The 9% refrigerant mixture was immiscible below -0.2°C.
`The seven other concentrations were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Alkylbenzene gISO 321 The 13% refrigerant mixture was immiscible below 205°C. The seven
`other concentrations were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Butyl Monoether §ISO 321 The 14%, 20%, and 34% refrigerant mixtures
`were miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 53%, 63%, and 94% refrigerant
`mixtures became immiscible at temperatures below -30.4°C, -0.1°C, and -19.6°C, respectively.
`Also, the 53%, 63%, and 94% refrigerant mixtures became immiscible at temperatures above
`55.4°C, 300°C, and 387°C,
`respectively. The 80% and 89% refrigerant mixtures were
`immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`lene Gl col Diol
`
`ISO 32 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test
`
`temperature range.
`
`Modified Polyglycol gISO 321 The 12% and 94% rcfrigcrant mixtures were misciblc throughout
`the test temperature range. The 21%, 34%, 48%, and 65% refrigerant mixtures became hazy at
`temperatures below -40.1°C, -0.1°C, 104°C, and -0.1°C, respectively. Also, the 65% refrigerant
`mixture became immiscible at
`temperatures above 604°C. The 80% and 90% refrigerant
`mixtures became immiscible at temperatures above 604°C.
`
`The 14% and 20% refrigerant mixtures were
`Penta Erflhritol Ester Mixed-Acid §ISO 221
`miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 35%, 49%, 65%, 79%, 90%, and 95%
`refrigerant mixtures became immiscible at temperatures below -49.3°C, -19.6°C, -0.3°C, -0.3 °C,
`-10.5°C and -30.4°C,
`respectively. Also,
`the 65% and 79% refrigerant mixtures became
`immiscible at temperatures above 499°C.
`
`Penta Erfihritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 321 The 11%, 21%, and 34% refrigerant mixtures were
`miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 48%, 61%, 79%, 90%, and 95% refrigerant
`mixtures became hazy at temperatures below -40.1°C, -29.7°C, -19.6°C, -19.9°C, and -19.6°C,
`respectively.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Branched-Acid gISO 321 The 12%, 20%, and 36% refrigerant mixtures
`were miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 51%, 65%, 79%, 90%, and 94%
`refrigerant mixtures became immiscible at
`temperatures below -30.0°C,
`-19.9°C,
`-19.9°C,
`-30.0°C, and -40.5°C, respectively.
`
`Naphthenic Mineral Oil gISO 681 The 10% refrigerant mixture was immiscible below 300°C.
`The seven other concentrations were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`BE: 11 81528
`Copied from 95002180 on 07/01/2014
`
`10
`
`Page 14 of 260
`
`Page 14 of 260
`
`

`
`Alkylbenzene gISO 681 The 12% refrigerant mixture was immiscible below 97°C. The seven
`other concentrations were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Butyl Monoether §ISO 581 The 12%, 21%, and 32% refrigerant mixtures
`were miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 47% refrigerant mixture became
`immiscible at temperatures below -19.8°C. The four other concentrations were immiscible
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`The 12%, 21%, and 36% refrigerant mixtures were
`Polypropylene Glycol Diol gISO 1001
`miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 49% refrigerant mixture became immiscible
`at temperatures below -40.3 °C. Also,
`the 49% refrigerant mixture became immiscible at
`temperatures above 498°C. The four other concentrations were immiscible throughout the test
`
`temperature range.
`
`The 12% and 21% refrigerant mixtures were
`Penta Erflhritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 1001
`miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 35%, 51%, and 94% refrigerant mixtures
`became immiscible at temperatures below -30.1°C, 9.9°C, and -0.3°C, respectively. The 65%,
`78%, and 89% refrigerant mixtures were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Branched-Acid gISO 1001 The 12%, 21% , and 35% refrigerant mixtures
`were miscible throughout the test temperature range. The 51% and 65% refrigerant mixtures
`became immiscible at temperatures below -40.3°C, and -20.1°C, respectively. Also, the 65%
`refrigerant mixture became immiscible at
`temperatures above 498°C. The three other
`concentrations were immiscible throughout the test temperature range.
`
`provides a summary of the test data for each lubricant and R-32 pair. The polypropylene
`"fa.‘:_>le
`glycol diol (ISO 32) lubricant is completely miscible with R-32. The rest of the lubricants are
`partially miscible with R-32.
`
`BE: l§ 81528
`Copied from 95002180 on 07/01/2014
`
`11
`
`Page 15 of 260
`
`Page 15 of 260
`
`

`
`Table 2 Summary of miscibility data for R-32 and 14 lubricants.
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`
`BE: 12 8328
`Copied from 95002180 on 07/01/2014
`
`12
`
`Page 16 of 260
`
`Page 16 of 260
`
`

`
`Alkylbenzene gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test temperature
`
`range.
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Butyl Monoether gISO 321
`
`All eight concentrations Were miscible
`
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Polypropylene Glycol Diol gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test
`
`temperature range.
`
`Modified Polyglycol gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout the test
`
`temperature range.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Mixed-Acid §ISO 221 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout
`
`the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Emhritol Ester Mixed-Acid gISO 321 All eight concentrations were miscible throughout
`
`the test temperature range.
`
`Penta Erflhritol Ester Branched-Acid gISO 321
`
`All eight concentrations were miscible
`
`throughout the test temperature range.
`
`Naphthenic Mineral Oil gISO 681 The 11%, 21%, 38%, and 95% concentrations were miscible
`
`throughout the test temperature range. The 47%, 63%, 80%, and 89% concentrations became
`
`hazy at temperatures below -47.7°C, -47.7°C, -40.3°C, and -47.7°C, respectively.
`
`Alkylbenzene